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Software Lab1

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Rahul Dey
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34 views

Software Lab1

Uploaded by

Rahul Dey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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🚀🔬 Rectangular Waveguide (WR90)

Title: Design of a rectangular waveguide and determination of cut off frequency of


dominant mode(TE10).

Tools Used: CST Studio Suite Learning Edition (Student Edition)

Specification: Windows 10, 8gb RAM, intel i5 (10th gen) processor

Problem: Design a WR90 waveguide having an inside dimension of 22.86 mm × 10.16 mm


and of thickness 1.27 mm. Determine cut off frequency for the dominant mode.

Theory: A waveguide is a structure designed to confine and guide the propagation of waves
by restricting their energy to one or a limited number of allowable modes. These modes are
governed by the geometry and material properties of the waveguide. They are mostly used for
high frequency signals. They are used in a variety of applications, including
telecommunications, radar, and medical imaging.

WR90 Specifications

 Recommended Frequency Band: 8.4 to 12.4 GHz


 Cutoff Frequency of Lowest Order Mode: 6.56
GHz
 Dimension: 0.9 Inches [22.86 mm] × 0.4 Inches [10.16 mm]

Certainly! Let’s dive into designing your WR90 waveguide using CST Studio Suite. I’ll
provide detailed instructions for each step:

Designing a WR90 Waveguide in CST Studio Suite

Step 1: Create a New Project

1. Open CST Studio Suite: Launch the CST Studio Suite application on your Windows
10 system.
2. Create a New Project:
o Select the “Microwaves and RF/Optical” application area.
o Choose “Antennas” and then select “Waveguide (Horn, Cone, etc.)”.
o Opt for “Time Domain” and proceed to the next step.

Step 2: Define the Waveguide Dimensions

1. Set the Frequency Range:


o Based on your specifications, set the frequency range from 3 GHz to 9 GHz.
2. Create a Rectangular Brick:
o In the CST Studio Suite, select the Modeling tab.
o Choose the “Brick” option in the Shapes group.
o Press ESC to open the Brick Dialog Box.
o Enter the name of the solid (e.g., “WR90 Waveguide”).
o Input the dimensions for the WR90 waveguide:
 Larger dimension (a): 22.86 mm
 Smaller dimension (b): 10.16 mm
 Thickness (l): 1.27 mm
o Click “Preview” and then “OK” to create the required solid.

Step 3: Hollow the Waveguide

1. Make the Waveguide Hollow:


o Select the solid you created in Step 2.
o Use the Boolean operation to subtract the inner volume from the solid. This
will create the hollow waveguide.

Step 4: Create Ports

1. Define the Ports:


o Add two rectangular ports at the ends of the waveguide.
o Set the port dimensions to match the cross-section of the waveguide.
o Assign appropriate excitation modes (e.g., TE10 mode) to the ports.

Step 5: Simulate and Analyze

1. Run the Simulation:


o Set up the solver settings (mesh, time domain parameters, etc.).
o Perform a transient analysis or frequency sweep.
2. Obtain Simulation Results:
o Check S-parameters, field distributions, and other relevant data.
o Analyze the cutoff frequency for the dominant mode (TE10) based on the S-
parameters.

Certainly! Let’s summarize the observations and conclusions from the S-parameter
graph:

Result and Analysis of Simulation


1. S11 (Reflection Coefficient at Port 1):
o The red line represents S11.
o Most values are negative, indicating that most of the signal is
transmitted through the waveguide.
o The dips below -140 dB around 6 GHz and 10 GHz suggest specific
frequencies where reflections are minimal.
o Conclusion: Good impedance matching with minimal reflection.
2. S21 (Transmission from Port 1 to Port 2):
o The blue line represents S21.
o It remains fairly consistent, with a magnitude around -3 dB.
o Conclusion: Efficient transmission with minimal loss.
3. S12 (Transmission from Port 2 to Port 1):
o The purple line (almost identical to S21) indicates reciprocity.
o Conclusion: Balanced bidirectional communication.
4. S22 (Reflection Coefficient at Port 2):
o The yellow line represents S22.
o Similar to S11, it shows minimal reflection with specific frequencies
where it’s minimized further.
o Conclusion: Manageable reflections at port 2.

Overall Conclusion:
 The system exhibits excellent transmission characteristics with minimal
reflection losses.
 Reciprocity between S21 and S12 confirms a balanced design.
 Target the specific frequencies where reflections are minimized for optimal
performance.

Include these insights in your lab report, and feel free to reach out if you need
further assistance! 🚀🔬

3.
4. Excellent Impedance Matching(vswr):
o Both VSWR1 and VSWR2 values consistently hover
around 1.000001.
o This indicates excellent impedance matching between the
waveguide and the load (antenna or transmission line).
o Low VSWR values imply minimal signal reflection.

5.Reference Impedance Analysis


1. Graph Description:
o The graph shows the real part of the reference
impedance as a function of frequency.
o Two lines are plotted: zRef (1,1) (in red) and zRef (2,1) (in
green).
o The x-axis represents frequency (in GHz), ranging from
approximately 5 GHz to 12 GHz.
o The y-axis represents impedance (in Ohms), ranging from 0
Ohms to 10000 Ohms.
2. Observations:
o Both lines have the same impedance values across the
frequency range.
o There is a sharp increase in impedance around 6 GHz,
reaching nearly 10000 Ohms.
o Beyond approximately 7 GHz, both lines decrease and
stabilize just below 1000 Ohms.
3. Conclusion:
o The system exhibits excellent impedance matching at
most frequencies.
o The spike around 6 GHz warrants further investigation for
potential resonances or design adjustments.

Include these insights in your report, and feel free to ask if you need
further clarification! 🚀🔬

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