PHY1014F

Force and Motion

(Dynamics)

Newton’s First Law PHY1014F

“…and an object which

is moving will continue
to move...”

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Newton’s First Law PHY1014F

“An object which is at rest will remain at rest, or an object

which is moving will continue to move with constant
velocity, if and only if the net force acting on the object is
zero.”
Key phrases:
• at rest: the system is in static equilibrium
• constant velocity: the system is in dynamic equilibrium
• constant velocity: neither speed nor direction changes
• if and only if: no change  no force; no force  no
change
• net force: balanced forces may be present, but effect no
change
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Newton’s First Law PHY1014F

static equilibrium mechanical equilibrium

dynamic equilibrium

A system in (mechanical) equilibrium has zero

acceleration and defines what we mean by zero total force.

Newton’s first law is also known as the law of inertia

[Latin, inertia : slothfulness, sluggishness, laziness].

Inertia is the property of a body which causes it to resist

acceleration.
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Think-Pair-Share 1 PHY1014F

The sketch is a top view

of a ball being swung
around in a horizontal B
C
A
circle at the end of a piece D
of string.
If the string breaks at the E
instant shown, along
which path will the ball
continue?

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Think-Pair-Share 2 PHY1014F

A ball thrown up at an angle, in the

absence of air friction, follows the path in
the diagram. The ball is shown on its
X
way UPWARD along this path, at point
X.
Which one of the following indicates the
direction(s) of the force(s) acting on the
ball at X?

A B C D

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Newton’s Second Law PHY1014F

“A system of mass m subjected to a number of forces

whose vector sum is 𝐹Ԧnet undergoes an acceleration (in
the direction of 𝐹Ԧnet ) which is directly proportional to 𝑎Ԧ
and inversely proportional to the mass of the system.”
Notes:
F
• 𝐹Ԧ net is the vector sum of all the a = net
m
individual forces acting on the system.
• If 𝐹Ԧ net = 0, the system is in equilibrium. This does not
mean that there are NO forces acting on the system, merely that
the vector sum of all the forces is zero (i.e. the forces are all
“balanced” – a term which may be used ONLY when referring to
forces acting on a single system).

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Newton’s Second Law PHY1014F

More notes:
F
• m is the inertial mass of the system, which a = net
m
relates the response of the system to the total
force on it. (Mass can thus be regarded as a numerical
measure of inertia.)
Fnet = ma
• The left and right sides of this equation
are not equivalent. On the left are the physical forces
acting on the system; the right represents the system’s
response to these forces.
• Units: [kg m/s2  newton, N]
• One newton is the force required to accelerate a 1 kg
mass at 1 m/s2.
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Example 1 PHY1014F

A 500 kg piano is being lowered into position by a crane while

two people steady it with ropes pulling to the sides. Bob's rope
pulls to the left, 15° below horizontal, with 500 N of tension.
Ellen's rope pulls toward the right, 25° below horizontal.

a) What tension must Ellen maintain in her rope to keep the

piano descending at a steady speed?

b) What is the tension in the main cable supporting the piano?

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Mass and Weight PHY1014F

Mass and weight are not the same thing

• Mass is the amount of matter in an object
• Weight is a force.

Your sensation of weight, i.e. how heavy you

feel due to the contact (normal) forces
pressing against you is defines as your
apparent weight.

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Think-Pair-Share 3 PHY1014F

An elevator that has descended from the 50th floor is

coming to a halt at the 1st floor. As it does your apparent
weight is

a) more than your true weight

b) less than your true weight
c) equal to your true weight
d) zero

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Example 2 PHY1014F
A resourceful engineering student investigates
the motion of a lift simply by standing on an 68 kg
bathroom scale in the lift and taking certain
readings.
As the doors close on the ground floor, the 54 kg
scale reads 68 kg. The reading climbs to 77
kg for 3 s, returns to 68 kg for another
5 s, and then drops to 54 kg for a short while
before settling once again on 68 kg as the
doors open…
68 kg
…on which floor?!

(The building has 3.63 m between floors.)

77 kg

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Example 2 PHY1014F
stop
68 kg
a

54 kg

a =0

68 kg

v 77 kg
start

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Example 2 PHY1014F
y0 = v0y = t0 = 0 y

a0y = ? y3, v3y, t3

y1 = ? v1y = v2y = ? t1 = 3 s
a1y = 0 a2y
y2 = ? t2 = 3 + 5 = 8 s y2, v2y, t2
a2y = ?
y3 = ? v3y = 0 t3 = ?
a1y= 0

y1, v1y, t1

a0y
y0, v0y, t0
0

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Example 2 PHY1014F

 F2 y = ma2 y
y
Fsp 2
 Fsp 2 ˆj + mg ( − ˆj ) = ma 2 y ˆj
a2y Fsp
Fnet

 54  9.8 − 68  9.8 = 68a2 y w w

 a 2 y = − 2.02 m/s 2
Fsp1

Fsp
a1y= 0
w w

 F0 y = ma0 y Fsp 0
 Fsp 0 ˆj + mg ( − ˆj ) = ma0 y ˆj Fsp
Fnet a0y
 77  9.8 − 68  9.8 = 68a0 y
w
 a0 y = 1.30 m/s 2 w 0

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Example 2 PHY1014F
y0 = v0y = t0 = 0 y

a0y = +1.30 m/s2 y3, v3y, t3

y1 = ? v1y = v2y = ? t1 = 3 s
a1y = 0 a2y
y2 = ? t2 = 3 + 5 = 8 s y2, v2y, t2
a2y = –2.02 m/s2
y3 = ? v3y = 0 t3 = ?
a1y= 0
y1 = y0 + v0y(t1 – t0) + ½a0y(t1 – t0)2
 y1 = 0 + 0 + ½  1.3  32 = 5.84 m y1, v1y, t1

v1y = v0y + a0y(t1 – t0) a0y

 v1y = 0 + 1.3  3 = 3.89 m/s y0, v0y, t0
0

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Example 2 PHY1014F
y0 = v0y = t0 = 0 y

a0y = +1.30 m/s2 y3, v3y, t3

y1 = +5.84 m v1y = v2y = +3.89 m/s t1 = 3 s
a1y = 0 a2y
y2 = ? t2 = 3 + 5 = 8 s y2, v2y, t2
a2y = –2.02 m/s 2

y3 = ? v3y = 0 t3 = ?
a1y= 0
y2 = y1 + v1y(t2 – t1) + ½a1y(t2 – t1)2
 y2 = 5.84 + 3.89  5 + 0 = 25.3 m y1, v1y, t1

v3y = v2y + a2y(t3 – t2) a0y

 0 = 3.89 + (–2.02)(t3 – 8)  t3 = 9.93 s y0, v0y, t0
0

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Example 2 PHY1014F
y0 = v0y = t0 = 0 y

a0y = +1.30 m/s2 y3, v3y, t3

y1 = +5.84 m v1y = v2y = +3.89 m/s t1 = 3 s
a1y = 0 a2y
y2 = +25.3 m t2 = 3 + 5 = 8 s y2, v2y, t2
a2y = –2.02 m/s 2

y3 = ? v3y = 0 t3 = 9.93 s
a1y= 0
y3 = y2 + v2y(t3 – t2) + ½a2y(t3 – t2)2
 y3 = 25.3 + 3.89  1.93 + ½  (–2.02)  1.932 y1, v1y, t1

 y3 = 29.0 m

( )
a0y
 She stops on the 29.0 = 8th floor.
3.63 y0, v0y, t0
0

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Example 3 PHY1014F

Zach, whose mass is 80 kg, is in an elevator descending at

10 m/s. The elevator takes 3.0 s to brake to a stop at the first
floor.

(a) What is Zach's apparent weight before the elevator

starts braking?

(b) What is Zach's apparent weight while the elevator is

braking?

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Weightlessness PHY1014F

Normal force
is zero

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 Friction PHY1014F

• Friction model (not a physical law)

• Kinetic and rolling friction are straightforward, but

static friction is tricky.

• Knowing which way the static friction force points.

• Normal force is not always equal to the weight of an

object.

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Static Friction PHY1014F

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 Kinetic Friction PHY1014F

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PHY1014F

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Rolling Friction PHY1014F

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Model of Friction PHY1014F

Static:
𝑓Ԧ𝑠 ≤ 𝜇𝑠 𝑛, direction as necessary to prevent motion

Kinetic:
𝑓Ԧ𝑘 ≤ 𝜇𝑘 𝑛, direction oppposite to the motion

Rolling:
𝑓Ԧ𝑟 ≤ 𝜇𝑟 𝑛, direction oppposite to the motion

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Coefficients of Friction PHY1014F

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Example 4 PHY1014F

A 4000 kg truck is parked on a 15° slope.

a) How big is the friction force on the truck?

b) Can you determine the coefficient of static friction

between the truck and the slope?

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Example 5 PHY1014F

A 1500 kg car skids to a halt on a wet road where

μk = 0.50.

How fast was the car travelling if it leaves 65 m

long skid marks?

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Example 6 PHY1014F

A 2.0 kg wood block is launched up a wooden ramp that is

inclined at a 30°. The block's initial speed is 10 m/s.

a) What vertical height does the block reach above its starting
point?

b) What speed does it have when it slides back down to its

starting point?

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Example 7 PHY1014F

The 2.0 kg wood box in the

figure slides down a vertical
wooden wall while you push
on it at a 45° angle. What
magnitude of force should you
apply to cause the box to slide
down at a constant speed?

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Friction PHY1014F

• Friction model (not a physical law)

• Kinetic and rolling friction are straightforward, but

static friction is tricky.

• Knowing which way the static friction force points.

• Normal force is not always equal to the weight of an

object.

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Parasitic Drag PHY1014F

Parasitic drag is caused by

moving a solid object through
a fluid medium. It's three
primary components are;

• Form drag

• Interference drag

• Skin friction

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Form Drag PHY1014F

• The force that air exerts

on an object as the object
moves through air.

• Opposite direction to
velocity.

• Increases in magnitude as
the object’s speed
increases.

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Model of Drag PHY1014F

• Object’s size is between a few millimetres and a

few meters.

• The object’s speed is less that a few hundred

meters per second.

• The object is moving through the air near the

earth's surface.

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Cross-Sectional Area PHY1014F

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Cross-Sectional Area PHY1014F

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Cross-Sectional Area PHY1014F

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Think-Pair-Share 4 PHY1014F

The three boxes move through the air as shown. Rank

the magnitudes of the three drag forces acting on the
boxes.

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Vertically Moving Ball PHY1014F

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Terminal Speed PHY1014F

When the drag force on a falling

object equals the weight, the object
is not accelerating but falling at
constant (terminal) speed.

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Selected Terminal Velocities PHY1014F

Skydiver (30 km) 986 km/h

Skydiver (4 km) 526 km/h
Skydiver (typical) 198 km/h
Bullet 162 km/h
Coin 104 km/h
Cat 90 km/h
Hail 144 km/h
Raindrop 47 km/h
Parachute 22 km/h
Snowflake 5 km/h
Ant 5 km/h
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Think-Pair-Share 5 PHY1014F

A sky diver of mass 80.0 kg (including parachute)

jumps off a plane and begins her descent.

At the beginning of her fall, does the sky diver have

an acceleration?

A. No; the sky diver falls at constant speed.

B. Yes and her acceleration is directed upward.
C. Yes and her acceleration is directed downward.

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Think-Pair-Share 6 PHY1014F

A sky diver of mass 80.0 kg (including parachute)

jumps off a plane and begins her descent.

At some point during her free fall, the sky diver

reaches her terminal speed. What is the magnitude of
the drag force Fdrag due to air resistance that acts on
the sky diver when she has reached terminal speed?

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Think-Pair-Share 7 PHY1014F

A sky diver of mass 80.0 kg (including parachute)

jumps off a plane and begins her descent.

When the sky diver descends to a certain height from

the ground, she deploys her parachute to ensure a safe
landing. Immediately after deploying the parachute,
does the skydiver have a nonzero acceleration?

A. No; the sky diver falls at constant speed.

B. Yes and her acceleration is directed upward.
C. Yes and her acceleration is directed downward.

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Think-Pair-Share 8 PHY1014F

The terminal speed of a

Styrofoam ball is 15 m/s.
Suppose a Styrofoam ball
is shot straight down with
an initial speed of 30 m/s.
Which velocity graph is
correct?

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Think-Pair-Share Answers PHY1014F

1. B
2. A
3. A
4. 𝐷𝑎 > 𝐷𝑏 = 𝐷𝑐
5. C
6. 784 N
7. B
8. D

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Example Answers PHY1014F

1.

3.

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Example Answers PHY1014F
4.

5.

6.

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Example Answers PHY1014F

7.

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