SHS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Quarter 2 – Module 2
Week 2
The Laws of Physics are
Universal

1
Physical Science – Grade 11/12
Quarter 2 – Module 2, Week 2: The Laws of Physics are Universal

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Agnes P. Rabelas and Jose Angelo S. Nate

Editors/Reviewers: Jocelyn Navera, Brenly Mendoza, Kristina Nieves, Aster

Malto,Jeanine Cristobal and Kenneth De la Fuente

Layout Artist:Jose Gamas Jr.

Language Editor: Diana Desuyo

ii
 1) Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical
motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion.(S11/12PS-IVc-46)
2) Explain how Galileo inferred that objects in a vacuum fall with uniform
acceleration, and that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal
motion.(S11/12PS-IVc-47)
3) Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (Law of
Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain
horizontal motion.(S11/12PS-IVd-51)

Self-Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

Every day, we wonder about motions going on in

our surroundings. What is behind the motion of a freely
falling body and why does it behave in such a manner as
to fall in a particular direction? What might cause one
object to remain at rest and another object to accelerate?
From everyday experiences you know that a force is needed to change the motion of
a body. Somehow, you have developed a basic understanding of the concept of
force and motion as you consider the forces that act on the body and the mass of the
body.

In this module, you will investigate what causes change in motion. This
module contains three lessons:

Lesson 1 - Aristotelian and Galilean Concepts of Motion

Lesson 2 - Galileo’s Uniform Acceleration
Lesson 3 - Galileo’s Assertion on Horizontal Motion and Newton’s Law of Inertia

iii
 Knowing the three laws of planetary motion is
essential in understanding the nature of motion.
Hence, this knowledge will give us how Aristotle and
Galileo analyze motion and ascertains its true nature.
Read on and accomplish the tasks prepared for you in
this module.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. describe Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of vertical motion, horizontal
motion and projectile motion;

2. compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical

motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion;

3. explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform
acceleration and that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion; and

4. explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s first law of motion (Law of
Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain
horizontal motion:

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write

your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. According to Aristotle, which of the following objects shows projectile

motion?

a. a fired cannon ball c. a leaf falling from a tree

b. a coin tossed in the air d. the rain falling from the sky

2. Which of the following agrees with Galileo’s view of motion?

a. Smoke rises because the sky is its natural place.
b. A feather will be as fast as an iron ball if dropped in a vacuum.
c. If a 10-kg boulder is dropped to the sea, it will stop midway.
d. Planets revolve around the sun because of a Prime Mover.

3. A box sliding on the floor slowly stops. Why is this so?

a. There was a force that impeded the sliding box.
b. The boxes are usually made of earth, so the box, being a heavy element,
stops.
c. The resistive force from the floor is equal to the applied force.
d. The applied force from the pusher disappeared.

1
4. Three objects A, B, and C with mass 5 kg, 8 kg, and 15 kg, respectively, were
dropped simultaneously from the same height. Neglecting air resistance,
which object will reach the ground first?
a. Object A will reach the ground first.
b. Object B will reach the ground first.
c. Object C will reach the ground first.
d. The three objects will reach the ground at the same time.

5. All statements below are similarities of Galileo’s assertion on horizontal

motion and Newton’s 1st law of motion except _________.
a. Force is required to change the state of motion of an object.
b. All objects have inertia that tends to increase or decrease its speed.
c. No force is needed in order to keep an object moving in a straight line with
constant speed.
d. Inertia is the property of an object that keeps it from changing its state of
motion.

Hi! How did you find the test?

Please check your answers at the answer key section
and see how you did. Don’t worry if you got a low
score, this just means that there are more things that
you can learn from this module. So, hop on!

Lesson 1 – Aristotelian and Galilean Concepts of Motion

During the time of Galileo, the prevailing thought was an extension of ancient
Greek thought mostly influenced by the writings of Aristotle. Aristotle wrote
extensively on many subjects, one of which was physics. While studying at the
University of Pisa, Galileo learned of Aristotle’s theory on motion. Later, he
formulated his thought experiment regarding motion.

Activity 1: “Picture Analysis”

Photo credits: https://kayejhanani.wordpress.com Photo credits: https://images.app.goo.gl/236bzYXCNtz39biKA

Image 1 Image 2

2
Guide Questions:
1. In Image 1, describe the motion of the cart pulled by the horse and the motion of
an arrow by a stretched bow? What are the commonalties and differences
between the two scenarios?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the motion of the smoke in Image 2?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. Compare the motion shown in each image?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. What kind of motion is presented in image 1? and image 2?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

The activity you answered helps you the basic

knowledge of Aristotelian concepts of motion.
The first lesson will provide a context on
Aristotelian concept of motion.

Aristotelian Concept of Motion

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of
Stagira, Chalcidice, on the Northern periphery of classical Greece.
Aristotle used two philosophical terms to define and analyze motion. He
defined motion as the actuality of a potentiality. Potentiality refers to any "possibility"
that a thing can be said to have. In contrast, actuality is the actual change in motion
or activity that represents an exercise or fulfillment of a possibility, when a possibility
becomes realistic in the fullest sense. Aristotle’s definition seems to involve a
contradiction. However, St. Thomas Aquinas emphasized and maintained that this is
the only way to define motion.

Aristotle described motion into two kinds: natural and violent motion. Natural
motion can be described as any motion in which any object does naturally. If it is
moved, it will return to its natural state. In addition, solid materials (or liquids) fall as
they seek their natural resting place. Air likes to rise upwards, as do flames, since

3
that is their natural resting place. Natural motion is either straight up or straight
down. Examples of natural motions include:

A book lying at rest on a table naturally remains at rest.

If you let go of a book it naturally falls toward the earth’s center.
Smoke naturally rises.
The sun naturally rises in the east, crosses the sky, and then sets in the west.

Violent motion, on the other hand, is the type of motion which requires an
external push or pull for the object to move. Examples of violent motion include:

Pushing a book along a table

Lifting a book

Image 1 in the previous activity shows violent motion because the cartwheel
moves due to an external pull applied by the horse. The arrow will also move due to
the applied pull by the stretched bow. Image 2, on the other hand, manifests natural
motion because smoke naturally rises.

Aristotle’s Views on Motion

The Greek believed that everything was made of four elements - air, water,
fire and earth. These four elements possess vertical motion; the earth moves down
toward its natural resting place. Water’s natural place is just above earth. Air is
another element in which generally it rises to its natural place in the atmosphere. Fire
rises to the atmosphere which is its natural place. Aristotle also believed that heavy
objects fall faster than lighter ones. He thought that objects fall at a speed
proportional to their weights; the heavier the object, the faster it falls.
Aristotle views horizontal motion of the projectile as the result of the tendency
of any object in motion to remain in motion at constant velocity. Due to the absence
of horizontal forces, a projectile remains in motion with constant horizontal velocity.
Projectile motion is the motion of an object upon which the only force acting is
gravity. A projectile is any object that once thrusted upwards continues in motion by
its own inertia and is pulled downward by force of gravity that manifest horizontal
motion.

He also had his view on the projectile motion of an object. He believed that an
impetus is given to an object thrown at a certain angle which is a force or energy that
permits an object to move. The object will continue to move in the same direction
until the impetus is lost and the object falls to the ground and returns to its natural
state.
As a summary, Aristotle believed that:

 All objects naturally seek their resting places.

4
  All motion on the Earth is linear.
 All motion in the heavens (outer space) is curved. The speed at which
an object falls is directly related to the mass of an object. Heavy
objects fall faster than lighter ones.
 Motion continues for as long as a force is applied to an object.
Removing the force stops the object.

Activity 2: Who is Right?

Photocredits. https://images.app.goo.gl/fg2e8EppoNw13Lhz6 Photocredits: https://images.app.goo.gl/pV5P4X4jXzwLHMUn6

Direction: Read carefully the conversation between Aristotle and Galileo.

Your job is to perform a simple activity to find out who was right among them. You
will prepare bottles that are the same size but are made of different materials.
Measure the masses of the given bottle and write the results in the table.

Bottle Materials Mass (grams)

1 Aluminum
2 Glass
3 Plastic

Answer the following questions after you performed the simple activity
1. What did you observe from the experiment?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. If you drop two objects of the same size, but of different masses/weights at the
same time from the same height, which object will hit the ground first? Explain
your answer.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5
3. How did Galileo come up with the idea about motion that objects of different
masses dropped simultaneously from same height will reach the ground at the
same time?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. Who do you think is right? Aristotle or Galileo. Support your answer

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Galileo's Conceptions of Motion

Galileo built his concepts of motion from Aristotle’s ideas. These are his ideas
on horizontal and vertical motion:

Horizontal motion. A moving object has the tendency to remain in motion at

constant velocity. A ball rolling on a plane will continue rolling with constant velocity.
If unimpeded and no external force acts on the ball, it will remain in motion with a
constant horizontal velocity. If the Earth is flat and extended infinitely, any moving
object will continue to move indefinitely. This motion, however, is not evident in
nature as there are always external forces acting on all objects.

Vertical motion. Objects fall at the same time regardless of their weight in the
absence of resistance. If an object encounters a resistive force from a fluid equal or
greater than its weight, it will slow down and reach uniform motion until it reaches the
bottom and stop. For example, in the absence of resistance, a piece of paper and a
piece of nail released from the same height will reach the bottom at the same time.

Galileo believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the

horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction. If it is
not impeded, it will continue to move even without an applied force. However, he
began to challenge Aristotle’s ideas when he did actual experiments. Eventually, he
presented his own description of motion, different from Aristotle’s.
Galilean Conceptions vs. Aristotelian Conceptions

According to Aristotle, motion can either be natural or violent. In natural

motion, an object will move and return to its natural state based on its material or
composition. In violent motion, on the other hand, an external push or pull is required
for the object to move.

In natural motion, the object will move and will return to its natural state
based on the object's material or composition. In contrast, an object moving in a
violent motion requires an external push or pull for the object to move. For

6
projectile motion, he believed that an object thrown at a certain angle is given an
impetus—a force or energy that permits an object to move. The projectile will
continue to move until it loses its impetus. The object will return to its natural state
causing it to stop and fall to the ground.

Galileo disproved Aristotle’s claims and believed that the motion of objects is
not simply due to the composition of objects. He posited that motion can be
measured using physical variables such as time and distance and thus can be
described mathematically. Through his experiments, he was able to prove that:

1. an object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional to the

time it will take to travel;
2. a uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed proportional to some
factor of time; and
3. an object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion; an external
force is not necessary to maintain the motion.

Direction: Answer the table below, about similarities and

differences between views of Aristotle and Galileo about
motion. Clues are provided inside the box.

-An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion.

-The element Earth moves down towards its natural resting place.

- Bodies need to be pushed or pulled to maintain horizontal motion.

-An object is influenced by the downward force of gravity.

-If two objects of different weight are dropped simultaneously from the
same height both will hit the ground at the same time in the absence of air
resistance.

-Projectiles follow a curved path

Contribute to science progress about motion

Aristotle Conception Galileo Conception

Vertical Motion
Horizontal
Differences
motion
Projectile
Motion
Similarities Motion

7
Lesson 2 - Galileo’s Uniform Acceleration

Activity 3: Let’s Do Our TASK!!!

Direction: Below are some tasks that you can do at home to be able
to understand better the behavior of falling objects.

Task # 1: Hold a book and a piece of paper at the same height, then drop
them simultaneously. Did the objects reach the ground at the same time? If
no, which object reached the ground first?

Task # 2: Now, perform the same procedure, but this time, crumple the paper.
Did the objects reach the ground at the same time? If no, which object
reached the ground first?

Task # 3: Place two coins on top (near the edge) of a table and release them
at the same time. One coin will be dropped from the table, and the other will
be projected horizontally from the table. Observe the coins as they fall from
the table. Did the coins hit the floor at the same time? If no, which coin hit the
floor first?

Try to guess what behavior of objects each scenario exhibits and observe
what happens to the falling objects. Write your answers and observations following
the format below.

Task Observation Explanation

1
2
3

How Galileo Inferred That Objects in Vacuum Fall with

Uniform Acceleration

The viewpoint of Aristotle regarding freely falling objects which prevailed until
th
the 17 century was challenged by Galileo. Galileo disproved Aristotle’s theory by
pure reasoning and logical arguments. In one of his experiments, he used three
boxes of equal weights. The three boxes A, B, and C were placed side to side and
made to fall at the same time from the same height. Following Aristotle’s theory, the
boxes will fall at the same time. If boxes A and B were glued together and made to
fall at the same time as box C, will they fall faster than box C? Galileo argued that
they will still fall and reach the bottom at the same time. He argued further that B will

8
not pull A faster as B alone was moving as fast as C. A cannot push down B faster
since A alone was moving as fast as C. This shows that although twice as heavy as
C, A, and B together was falling as fast as C and therefore reach the bottom at the
same time as C.

Figure 1. When the three boxes are placed side to side and made to fall
from the same height at the same time, they will fall to the bottom at the
same time. If box A was glued to box B and made to fall at the same time as
box C, they will still reach the bottom at the same time.

Galileo proved with his experiments that when objects are dropped
simultaneously, they will reach the ground at the same time regardless of their
masses and air resistance. In another set of experiments, he discovered that objects
fall with uniform acceleration.

Galileo was fascinated by the behavior of falling objects. He knew that falling
objects increase their speed as they go down. This change in speed is acceleration.
Galileo used inclined planes to investigate the motion of objects as he did not have
equipment to measure this change.

On his experiment, he had observed the following:

 A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same value after
every second. For example, the speed of a rolling ball was found to increase by 2
m/s every second. The table below shows the changes in speed:
Time (s) Speed
(m/s)
0 0
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10

As the inclined plane becomes steeper, the acceleration of the rolling ball increases.

 When the inclined plane was positioned vertically, the rolling ball reached its
maximum acceleration as if the ball is simply falling.

9
 These observations led Galileo to conclude that regardless of the mass of
objects, when air resistance is small enough to be neglected, falling objects would
always have uniform acceleration.

Direction: Answer the following exercises. Write

your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. If an object rolls down an inclined plane with an acceleration of 5 m/s2, what

would be its speed after five seconds given that it starts at 0 m/s at 0 s? You
may complete the following table to know your answer.

Time Speed (m/s)

0 0
1
2
3
4
5

2. The acceleration due to gravity has a standard value of 9.8 m/s 2. Two balls
are thrown at the same time. One ball is released from rest, while the other
ball is thrown with an initial velocity of 10 m/s. How will you describe the
acceleration of the two balls?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

LESSON 3 –Galileo’s Assertion on Horizontal Motion and Newton’s

Law of Inertia
Activity 4: Galileo’s Thought Experiment

Direction: Answer the following questions using the illustration above as reference.
A ball is released from position A to run down a bent rail.

10
 1. How will you compare the speed of the ball from (a) AB to BC? (b) from
AB to BD?; (c) from AB to BE?

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. Will the ball be able to rise up to the height of A if (a) the rail is bent along
ABC? (b) the rail is bent along ABD? (c) the rail is bent along ABE? and,
(d) the rail is bent along ABF, where BF is horizontal?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

3. What are the forces which influence the behavior of the ball as it runs
down the bent rail?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

Galileo’s Experiments About Motion

For many centuries, nobody was successful in challenging Aristotle’s ideas.

After two thousand years, Galileo was able to challenge Aristotle’s theories about
motion. He tested Aristotle’s ideas through ―thought‖ experiments which he did not
actually perform except in his mind. However, he arrived at conclusions through
logical thought. Through his experiments, and with a clear logic and mathematical
knowledge, he showed that a body moving along a frictionless horizontal surface
does not need an external force to maintain its uniform speed.
What were Galileo’s contributions to the concept of motion?

Galileo tested his assertions by letting balls run down bent rails. As the ball is
released from position A and allowed to run down the bent rail ABC, the ball rises to
position C, which is nearly the same height as A. The ball is also made to run down
the bent rail ABD and ABE and the ball again rises to nearly the same height as
position A. He observed that as the ball rolls down the rail, its speed increases; as it
rolls up, its speed decreases. Consequently, the ball will only reach nearly the same
height as the original position. This difference in height is due to the friction between
the ball and the rail surface.

He also observed that as the ball runs down the bent rail, its speed increases.
However, as the ball moves up the rail, its speed decreases. This change in speed is
due to gravity.

11
 Figure 2. When the ball rolls down the bent rail AB, it increases its speed
because it is moving with gravity. When the ball rolls up the bent rail BC, it
moves against gravity, decreasing its speed.

When the ball is made to run down the bent rail ABF, where BF is horizontal,
the ball will never be able to rise to nearly the same height as position A. Instead, the
ball will continue to move at constant speed in a straight line.

Galileo showed that there is a natural tendency for objects to continue its
state of motion unless a push or a pull compels it to change that state. If the ball is
moving, it will continue to do so at constant velocity just as it will remain at rest if it
was stationary. Galileo called this natural tendency inertia.

His assertions became the inspiration for Newton’s first law of motion. They
both imply that no force is needed to keep the motion of an object and that the
object’s inertia would keep it from changing its state of motion. Newton’s first law of
motion states that “an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains
in motion at constant speed and constant direction unless acted upon by an external
force.”

What is the difference between Galileo’s assertion on horizontal motion

and Newton’s first law of motion?

There is a very subtle difference between Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s

first law of motion. The difference lies in the concept of force. Galileo knew about
friction but did not know about the concept of force. He used the terms ―push and
pull‖ to signify forces. It was Sir Isaac Newton who defined the concept of force and
its relation to motion. Newton’s first law of motion is also called the Law of Inertia.
How is the first law of motion used in everyday life?

The motion of a ball falling from the sky or a model rocket being launched up
into the atmosphere is examples of the law of inertia. It can also be used to explain
the principle behind safety features used in cars such as seat belts, head rest and air
bags. These safety features are installed to prevent injuries to passengers.

If a speeding car suddenly stops, the driver and the passenger are thrown
forward. This is due to inertia keeping them moving forward. On the other hand,
when a car accelerates, the driver and the passenger tend to move backward
because of their tendency to remain at rest. This could also happen during collision

12
where the passenger is thrusted forward while the head tends to remain at rest. This
could lead to serious head injuries which can be life threatening. This is the reason
why cars are now equipped with these safety features.

Seat belts and air bags are designed to protect the passengers from injuries if
they are thrown forward while head rests are designed to protect passengers if they
are thrown backward. The law requires that the driver and passengers wear
seatbelts.

https://images.app.goo.gl/8Z5cLwnE4 https://images.app.goo.gl/iVgnt414qL https://images.app.goo.gl/XjS4CUdQw

HSp26mC7 QrYJ9M7 bM2ZmDi7

Figure 3. (a) seat belt, (b) head rest, (c) air bag

Direction: Read the questions carefully and provide the

answers by writing your responses in a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Explain Newton’s first law of motion as they occur in the following everyday
events. Make sure to use full sentences in your answers.

a. You are riding a skateboard and you suddenly hit something with the
front wheel.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

b. The magician pulls the tablecloth out from under a table full of dishes.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

c. The difficulty in pushing a dead car.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

13
 d. Pushing a cart on an unpaved road versus pushing a cart on an asphalt
road.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

2. Is inertia good or bad? Briefly explain your answer.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Directions: Complete the given statements below.

Now, I realized that…..

To strengthen what you have learned from this module, identify instances in
your everyday life where inertia plays a role. Determine whether these are beneficial
or harmful effects of inertia. For the harmful effects of inertia, identify ways by which
resulting problems are addressed. You may use the table to organize your
responses.

Beneficial effects of Harmful effects of How the problem is or can

inertia… inertia… be solved…

14
 The following terms used in this module are defined as follows:

Acceleration – is the rate of change of velocity with time.

Impetus – a force or energy that permits an object to move.
Inertia – the natural tendency of an object to resist any change in motion,
including direction
Motion – is an object’s change in position with respect to a reference
point/object.
Natural motion – the motion of an object returning to its natural state, could
be either straight up or straight down (for all things on earth) or it could be
circular (for celestial bodies)
Projectile motion – the motion of an object that moves along a curved path
under the influence of gravity alone.
Violent motion – an impose motion which is the result of an external force
(push or pull) applied on an object

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write

your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following are true about the natural motion of an object
according to Aristotle?
a. An object will return to the ground if it has a similar material with earth.
b. An object will fall to the ground because it is thrown upward.
c. An object will go back to the air if it has a similar material with the air.
d. An object will return to its natural state depending on its composition.

2. Which of the following agrees with Galileo’s view of motion?

a. A flying baseball has both uniform motion and uniformly accelerating motion.
b. A box will stop sliding in a frictionless plane if the applied force is removed.
c. A balloon rises because it is mostly air, and the sky is its natural place.
d. An iron ball will always fall faster than a rubber ball.

15
3. As Galileo changed the angle of inclination of the planes he used, what
happened to the value of the acceleration of the rolling ball?
a. The acceleration of the rolling ball increased as the steepness of the plane
was increased.
b. Galileo observed that the speed of the rolling ball increased as it went down,
and its acceleration increased as the steepness of the inclined plane is
increased.
c. The acceleration of the rolling ball stayed the same as the steepness of the
plane was increased.
d. The acceleration of the rolling ball became zero as the steepness of the plane
was increased.

4. Three objects A, B, and C with masses 5 kg, 8 kg, and 15 kg, respectively,
were dropped simultaneously. Neglecting air resistance, which object will have
the greatest acceleration upon reaching the ground?
a. Object A will have the greatest acceleration.
b. Object B will have the greatest acceleration.
c. Object C will have the greatest acceleration.
d. The three objects will have the same acceleration.

5. What is the difference between Galileo’s assertion of horizontal motion and

Newton’s 1st law of motion?
a. Newton’s 1st law emphasizes that a force is required to keep the motion of
the object.
b. Galileo did not use the concept of force in his assertions but only used ―push
or pull‖.
c. Newton’s inertia is based on mass, while Galileo’s inertia is based on weight.
d. Galileo asserted that a force is needed to keep the motion of the object.

Congratulations on finishing the

supplementary learning module! You have
just had an amazing learning journey and for
sure, you will have the same in the
succeeding modules.
,

16
TRY THIS

1. A 4. D
2. B 5. B
3. A

ACTIVITY 1 (Expected Answers)

1. Image 1 - the cartwheel moves because of the external force (pull) applied by the
horse and the arrow will also move because of the force applied by the stretched
bow.
Yes. Similarities– both objects move because of the applied external force and
they both exhibit horizontal motion. Differences - They differ on the amount of
force being exerted or applied
2. In Image 2, the smoke naturally rises moving upward.
3. Image 1 VIOLENT MOTION requires an external force (push or pull) for the
object to move. Image 2 NATURAL MOTION, motion that an object
does naturally,
4. The motion shown in image 1 is a violent motion while image 2 is a natural
motion.

ACTIVITY 2 (Expected Answers)

1. Galileo was right, because objects of different masses dropped from the same
height will reach the ground at the same time, in the absence of air resistance.
2. If two objects of the same size but of different masses are dropped from the
same height, they reach the ground at the same time. This is because if air
resistance is negligible, all objects fall at the same rate regardless of their
masses.
3. Galileo conducted experiments with gravity, such as dropping cannonballs from
the Leaning Tower of Pisa. He discovered that they hit the ground at the same
time despite having different weights.

ACTIVITY 3 (Expected answers)

Task Observation Explanation

The piece of paper fell slower

The book reached the ground first. than the book because of air
1
resistance. Since the paper is of
very low mass, air resistance

17
 appreciably alters its motion.

Galileo’s findings that when

The book and the crumbled paper,
there is little or no air resistance,
dropped simultaneously from the same
objects that are dropped
2 height, reached the ground at the same
simultaneously will reach the
time even though they have different
ground at the same time,
masses
regardless of their masses
The coins hit the ground at the
same time because both are
influenced by gravity and
Both coins, released from the same therefore have the same
3
height, hit the floor at the same time. acceleration. The horizontal
motion of the coin in projectile
motion does not affect its vertical
motion.

ACTIVITY 4

1. The speed of the ball increases as it falls through AB while the speed
decreases as it rises through BC, BD, and BE.
2. (a-c) The ball will be able to reach only nearly the same height as A. (d) No.
Instead, the ball will continue to move in a straight line.
3. Friction and gravity

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

LESSON 1
ARISTOTLE GALILEO
CONCEPTION CONCEPTION
Contribute to science Contribute to science
Similarities progress about motion progress about motion

Vertical The element Earth moves If two objects of

Motion down towards its natural different weights are
resting place. dropped from the same
height, both will hit the
ground at the same
Differences time, in the absence of
resistance.
Horizontal Bodies need to be pushed An object in motion, if
motion or pulled to maintain unimpeded, will
horizontal motion. continue to be in
motion.

18
 Projectile An object is influenced by Projectiles follow a
Motion the downward force of curved path
gravity.

LESSON 2
1.
Time Speed (m/s)
0 0
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25

2. Both balls will have the same acceleration which is due to gravity.

LESSON 3
1. a. You will fall as you will keep moving forward while the skateboard is
stopped suddenly by the object.
b. The dishes will remain on top of the table.
c. Because of inertia, one would have to exert an effort (a push or a pull) to
move a dead car.
d. There would be less friction in an asphalted road which will require less
effort to push a car than in an unpaved road.
2. Inertia is neither good nor bad. Inertia can be necessary to keep objects
moving or in place. On the other hand, it can get tough when moving a
stationary object or changing the direction of a moving object.

REINFORCEMENT (answers may vary)

ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. D 4. D
2. A 5. B
3. C

19
n.d. https://www.quipper.com/ph/teacher/.
n.d.http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physics/phynet/mechanics/newton1/Aristotle.html.
n.d. http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/vectors/u3l2a.cfm.
n.d. http://slideplayer.com/slide/7941245/.
Bulataran, R., R. Olipane, and J. Santos. 2016. Conceptual science and beyond:
physical science.
Caintic, Helen E. 2016. Physical Science.

Commission on Higher Education. 2015. Teaching Guide of Senior High School

Physical Science.
Giancoli, Douglas C. 1991. Physics: Principle with Application. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
Giordano, Nicholas. 2013. College Physics: Reasoning and Relationships. 2nd.
Boston, Massachussets: Brooks/Cole.

20