A project Report on

Title: AIR POLLUTION

Subject - Pollution and Control Engineering

Submitted by

AITHA VANINATH 2203A51268

CHDIRALA RAKSHITH 2203A51276
CHITLA JAYDEEP 2203A51277
GOLLA CHITRALEKA 2203A51288
JANGA VARUN RAJ 2203A51293

DEPARTMENT OF CS & AI
SR University, Warangal
November 2023
 Abstract
Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful or excessive quantities of substances in
the air that can be detrimental to human health, the environment, and wildlife. These pollutants
can be either natural or human-made and are categorized into primary and secondary pollutants.
Primary pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere from sources such as vehicles,
industrial processes, and natural events. Examples include particulate matter (PM), nitrogen
oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), and various heavy metals. Secondary pollutants are formed in the atmosphere through
chemical reactions between primary pollutants. Ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant formed
when NOx and VOCs react in the presence of sunlight. The impacts of air pollution on human
health can range from mild respiratory issues to severe conditions such as asthma, lung disease,
heart problems, and even premature death. It can also harm the environment by damaging
crops, forests, and bodies of water, and contributing to climate change.

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 Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Air Pollution

1.1. Definition of Air Pollution
1.2. Historical Perspective
1.3. Importance of Addressing Air Quality
1.3.1. Human Health
1.3.2. Environmental Impact

2. Types of Air Pollutants

2.1. Primary Pollutants
2.1.1. Particulate Matter (PM)
2.1.2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
2.1.3. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
2.1.4. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2.1.5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
2.1.6. Heavy Metals
2.2. Secondary Pollutants
2.2.1. Ozone (O3)
2.2.2. Acid Rain

3. Causes of Air Pollution

3.1. Industrial Emissions
3.2. Transportation Sources
3.3. Agricultural Practices
3.4. Residential Heating and Cooking
3.5. Natural Sources (Wildfires, Volcanic Activity)

4. Effects of Air Pollution

4.1. Human Health Impacts
4.2. Environmental Impact
4.2.1. Ecosystems
4.2.2. Wildlife
4.2.3. Climate Change

5. Air Pollution and Public Health

5.1. Respiratory Issues
5.2. Cardiovascular Problems
5.3. Long-term Health Risks
5.4. Vulnerable Populations

6. Monitoring and Measuring Air Quality

6.1. Air Quality Index (AQI)
6.2. Monitoring Systems and Devices
6.3. Data Collection and Analysis

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7. Regulations and Control Measures
7.1. Environmental Policies and Laws
7.2. Technological Solutions
7.3. Emission Standards

8. Mitigation and Solutions

8.1. Renewable Energy Sources
8.2. Sustainable Transportation
8.3. Urban Planning and Green Spaces
8.4. Public Awareness and Behavioral Changes

9. Future Trends and Challenges

9.1. Emerging Technologies
9.2. Global Initiatives
9.3. Challenges in Implementation

10. Case Study- New Delhi

10.1. Abstract
10.2. Air Pollution
10.3. Causes of Air Pollution
10.4. Problems Caused by Air Pollution
10.5. Steps Taken to Control Delh’s Air Pollution
10.6. Measures Taken to Address Air Pollution
10.7. Method of Analysis
10.7.1. Summary statistics and analysis of time series
10.7.2. Frequency analysis
10.7.3. Correlation analysis

11. Conclusion

12. References

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1. Introduction to Air Pollution:
1.1. Definition of Air Pollution:
Air pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances into Earth's atmosphere,
which can cause adverse effects on the environment and human health. These
substances, known as pollutants, can be natural or human-made and can exist in
various forms, including gases, particulates, biological molecules, or other materials.
These pollutants, when present in high concentrations, can degrade air quality and
disrupt the natural balance of the atmosphere. They might originate from industrial
activities, transportation, agriculture, energy production, natural events like wildfires
or volcanic eruptions, and various other sources. Common air pollutants include
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, ozone, volatile
organic compounds, and heavy metals, among others. The impact of air pollution can
be far-reaching, affecting not only human health but also ecosystems, climate
patterns, and the overall quality of life. It's a complex environmental problem that
requires continual monitoring, regulation, and efforts to reduce and control the
emission of these pollutants to safeguard both the environment and public health.

Fig.1.1. Air Pollution

1.2. Historical Perspective:
Air pollution has been a concern throughout human history, but it became a more
significant issue with the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th
centuries. The burning of coal and other fossil fuels to power industries led to the
release of large quantities of pollutants into the air. Cities became notorious for their
smog-filled skies, and health issues among urban populations became increasingly
prevalent. Key historical events in the understanding and management of air
pollution include the Great Smog of London in 1952, where a severe air pollution
event led to thousands of deaths and prompted the implementation of stricter air
quality regulations. Similar incidents in other parts of the world further highlighted
the detrimental effects of air pollution.

1.3. Importance of Addressing Air Quality:

1.3.1. Human Health:
Poor air quality contributes to a range of health issues, including respiratory
problems, cardiovascular diseases, aggravated asthma, and even premature
death. Addressing air quality is essential for public health and the well-being of
communities.

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 1.3.2. Environmental Impact:
Air pollution affects ecosystems, wildlife, and vegetation. It can lead to acid
rain, soil and water contamination, and damage to forests and bodies of water.
Additionally, certain pollutants contribute to climate change by affecting the
atmosphere's composition.
2. Types of Air Pollution:
2.1. Primary Pollutants:
2.1.1. Particulate Matter (PM):
Particulate matter refers to tiny particles of solids or liquids suspended in the
air. They vary in size and can be produced by various sources, including
industrial processes, vehicle emissions, construction activities, and natural
events like dust storms or wildfires. PM is categorized based on size: PM10
(particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less) and PM2.5 (particles with
a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less). These particles can penetrate deep into
the lungs, leading to respiratory issues and other health complications.

2.1.2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):

Nitrogen oxides are a group of gases composed of nitrogen and oxygen. They
are produced during high-temperature combustion processes, such as those
occurring in vehicle engines and industrial facilities. NOx contributes to the
formation of ground-level ozone and particulate matter. It can irritate the
respiratory system, aggravate asthma, and contribute to the formation of smog
and acid rain.

2.1.3. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2):

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It is primarily produced
by burning fossil fuels containing sulfur, such as coal and oil, particularly in
industrial processes and power generation. SO2 contributes to the formation of
particulate matter and acid rain. Exposure to high levels of SO2 can lead to
respiratory problems and aggravate existing heart and lung diseases.

2.1.4. Carbon Monoxide (CO):

Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas produced by the incomplete
combustion of carbon-containing fuels like gasoline, natural gas, and wood.
Mainly emitted from vehicles and industrial processes, CO can reduce the
blood's ability to carry oxygen, leading to symptoms like headaches, and
dizziness, and, in high concentrations, can be fatal.

2.1.5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):

Volatile organic compounds are a diverse group of carbon-based chemicals
that easily evaporate into the air. They're emitted from various sources,
including vehicle exhaust, industrial processes, and solvents used in many
products. VOCs contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and smog.
Prolonged exposure can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation and may lead to
more severe health issues.

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 2.1.6. Heavy Metals:
Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium, are released into the
environment from industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and natural sources.
They can bioaccumulate in the food chain and cause severe health problems.
Exposure to heavy metals can lead to neurological disorders, organ damage,
developmental issues in children, and various other health complications.

Fig.2.1. Types of Air Pollution

2.2. Secondary Pollutants:
2.2.1. Ozone (O3):
Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed in the atmosphere through chemical
reactions involving precursor pollutants, particularly nitrogen oxides (NOx)
and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. While
ozone in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) plays a crucial role in protecting
the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation, ground-level ozone is a
significant component of smog. Ground-level ozone is a key element in
photochemical smog and can be harmful to human health and the
environment. It is a major component of urban air pollution. Prolonged
exposure to high levels of ground-level ozone can cause respiratory issues,
aggravate asthma, and lead to lung inflammation and other health problems.

2.2.2. Acid Rain:

Acid rain is a form of precipitation (rain, snow, fog, or dew) that is unusually
acidic due to elevated levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides
(NOx) in the atmosphere. These gases undergo chemical reactions with water,
oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When these
acids fall to the ground through precipitation, they can have harmful effects on
the environment. Acid rain can damage forests, freshwater ecosystems, soil,
and buildings. It also impacts aquatic life by acidifying water bodies, which
can be detrimental to fish and other aquatic organisms. Additionally, it can
corrode buildings, monuments, and infrastructure.
3. Causes of Air Pollution:
3.1. Industrial Emissions:
Industries contribute significantly to air pollution through the release of various
pollutants. Factories, power plants, and manufacturing facilities emit substances like
particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, heavy

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 metals, and other chemicals as byproducts of their operations. Industrial processes
involving burning fossil fuels, chemical production, and waste incineration release
pollutants into the air. Efforts to control industrial emissions involve the use of
cleaner technologies, better emission control systems, and adherence to
environmental regulations.

3.2. Transportation Sources:

Vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, and ships, are major sources of air
pollution. They produce emissions that contain nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, and greenhouse gases like carbon
dioxide. Internal combustion engines in vehicles burn fossil fuels, contributing
significantly to the emission of pollutants. Strategies to reduce transportation-related
air pollution include promoting the use of electric vehicles, improving fuel efficiency,
investing in public transportation, and implementing stricter emission standards.

3.3. Agricultural Practices:

Agricultural activities can generate air pollutants through various means. One
significant source is the use of fertilizers, which release ammonia into the air.
Livestock farming is another significant contributor, as it produces methane and
ammonia emissions. These gases can contribute to the formation of particulate matter
and ozone, impacting air quality. Sustainable farming practices, better manure
management, and techniques to reduce emissions from fertilizers are some strategies
to mitigate agricultural-related air pollution.

Fig.3.1. Causes of Air Pollution

3.4. Residential Heating and Cooking:

Heating and cooking in households, especially in urban areas or regions without
access to clean energy sources, can lead to air pollution. Burning wood, coal,
charcoal, or other solid fuels for heating and cooking releases particulate matter,
carbon monoxide, and other pollutants. Inefficient stoves or appliances exacerbate
the issue. Transitioning to cleaner and more efficient cooking technologies, such as
clean cookstoves or using cleaner fuels, is essential to reduce indoor and outdoor air
pollution.

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 3.5. Natural Sources (Wildfires, Volcanic Activity):
Natural events such as wildfires and volcanic eruptions can release large amounts of
pollutants into the atmosphere. Wildfires emit smoke and particulate matter, while
volcanic eruptions release ash, sulfur dioxide, and other gases. These natural events
can have short-term but significant impacts on air quality and can sometimes affect
air quality on a regional or even global scale. While human intervention may be
limited in preventing such natural occurrences, preparedness, monitoring, and
appropriate response measures are crucial to mitigate their impact on air quality.
4. Effects of Air Pollution:
4.1. Human Health Impacts:
Air pollution has significant adverse effects on human health. Inhalation of
pollutants, such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, ozone, and volatile organic compounds, can lead to a range of
health issues. These pollutants can cause respiratory problems like asthma,
bronchitis, and reduced lung function. Long-term exposure is linked to more severe
conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and strokes, and can even
contribute to premature death. Vulnerable populations, including children, the
elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions, are particularly at risk.

Fig.4.1. Effects of Air Pollution

4.2. Environmental Impact:

Air pollution poses various threats to the environment. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides, for instance, contribute to the formation of acid rain, which can damage
forests, soil, aquatic ecosystems, and buildings. Particulate matter can accumulate on
surfaces, leading to the degradation of buildings, monuments, and infrastructure.
Moreover, air pollution can have negative effects on plants' growth and agricultural
productivity.

4.2.1. Ecosystems:
Air pollution affects natural ecosystems in several ways. Pollutants can deposit
onto the surfaces of leaves, disrupting photosynthesis and damaging plants.
Additionally, nitrogen compounds from air pollution can alter nutrient cycles

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 and disrupt the balance of ecosystems. This can lead to changes in species
composition, decreased biodiversity, and overall ecosystem degradation.

4.2.2. Wildlife:
Wildlife can also be negatively impacted by air pollution. Birds, mammals,
aquatic organisms, and insects may suffer from habitat destruction, reduced food
sources, and toxic effects due to polluted air and water. Airborne pollutants can
contaminate water bodies and soil, affecting the entire food chain and causing
harm to various species.

4.2.3. Climate Change:

Certain air pollutants, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and black carbon,
contribute to climate change. These greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's
atmosphere, leading to global warming and altering weather patterns. Black
carbon, for instance, accelerates the melting of snow and ice, contributing to
rising sea levels. This, in turn, affects coastal communities and ecosystems.

5. Air Pollution and Public Health:

5.1. Respiratory Issues:
Air pollution, particularly the presence of pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5),
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and volatile organic compounds, is closely
linked to respiratory problems. When individuals inhale polluted air, these pollutants
can irritate the respiratory system. This irritation can lead to conditions such as
coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, aggravation of asthma, chronic bronchitis,
and other respiratory ailments. Prolonged exposure to poor air quality can cause lung
inflammation and impair lung function.

Fig.5.1. Air Pollution and Public Health

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 5.2. Cardiovascular Problems:
Air pollution doesn't just affect the respiratory system; it also significantly impacts
cardiovascular health. Pollutants like nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter can
enter the bloodstream and cause inflammation, affecting blood vessels and the heart.
Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of heart
attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases. It can also exacerbate pre-existing
conditions in individuals with heart problems.

5.3. Long-term Health Risks:

Chronic exposure to air pollution is associated with long-term health risks. Studies
have shown that prolonged exposure to high levels of air pollutants, especially in
urban areas with heavy traffic or industrial activities, can contribute to the
development of more severe health conditions. These include chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), reduced lung function over time, lung cancer, and
various cardiovascular issues. The cumulative effect of ongoing exposure to air
pollution can significantly impact an individual's health in the long term.

5.4. Vulnerable Populations:

Certain groups are more susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution. Vulnerable
populations, such as children, the elderly, individuals with pre-existing respiratory or
cardiovascular conditions, and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities, are at
higher risk. Children breathe more air per unit of body weight, and their developing
bodies make them more vulnerable to the impacts of pollutants. Similarly, the elderly
and those with pre-existing health conditions are more susceptible to the exacerbation
of their conditions due to poor air quality.
6. Monitoring and Measuring Air Quality:
6.1. Air Quality Index (AQI):
The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a standardized tool used to communicate the quality
of the air in a specific area to the general public. It provides information about the
potential health effects of air pollution. The AQI typically focuses on common air
pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The AQI categorizes air quality levels into
different categories, often ranging from "Good" to "Hazardous," assigning a color
code and associated health messages for each category. This system helps individuals
understand the potential health risks associated with the air quality in their area and
take necessary precautions.

6.2. Monitoring Systems and Devices:

Various monitoring systems and devices are used to measure and assess air quality.
These include ground-based monitoring stations that measure air quality at specific
locations, using equipment that can detect and quantify various pollutants. Satellite-
based monitoring is another method, providing a broader perspective by observing
air quality on a larger scale. Additionally, portable air quality monitoring devices are
becoming more popular, allowing for personal monitoring of air quality in real time.
These tools provide crucial data for understanding pollution levels, tracking trends,
and assessing the effectiveness of air quality improvement measures.

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 Fig.6.1. Air Quality Index

6.3. Data Collection and Analysis:

Data collection involves gathering information from monitoring stations, devices,
and satellite observations. This collected data includes pollutant levels,
meteorological conditions, and other relevant parameters. Analyzing this data helps
identify trends, correlations, and potential sources of pollution. It assists in
understanding how air quality fluctuates over time, in different locations, and under
various weather conditions. Moreover, data analysis helps in assessing compliance
with air quality standards and guides decision-making processes for implementing
measures to improve air quality.
7. Regulation and Control Measures:
7.1. Environmental Policies and Laws:
Governments worldwide implement environmental policies and laws to regulate and
control air pollution. These policies set standards, guidelines, and regulations that
govern emissions from industries, transportation, and other sources. They establish
limits on the amount of pollutants that can be emitted and outline penalties for non-
compliance. Environmental laws also often focus on protecting air quality, preserving
natural habitats, and safeguarding public health.

Fig.7.1. Control Measures

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 7.2. Technological Solutions:
Technological advancements play a significant role in reducing air pollution.
Innovations in cleaner energy production, such as renewable energy sources (solar,
wind, hydro, etc.), help decrease reliance on fossil fuels, subsequently lowering
emissions. Additionally, advancements in emission control technologies for vehicles,
industrial processes, and power plants help reduce the release of harmful pollutants
into the atmosphere. These solutions aim to make processes more efficient and
environmentally friendly.

7.3. Emission Standards:

Emission standards are guidelines that set limits on the amount of pollutants that can
be released from specific sources. For example, vehicle emission standards dictate
the maximum permissible levels of pollutants that a vehicle can emit. Similarly,
industrial emission standards regulate the release of pollutants from factories and
power plants. Compliance with these standards helps in controlling pollution,
protecting air quality, and reducing the impact of harmful emissions on human health
and the environment.

7.4. International Cooperation:

Air pollution is a transboundary issue that often requires international cooperation.
Nations collaborate to address air pollution that crosses borders. Agreements and
treaties among countries set common goals and standards for reducing emissions and
improving air quality on a global scale. For instance, the Paris Agreement focuses on
combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. International
cooperation involves sharing best practices, and technological advancements, and
supporting developing countries in their efforts to control pollution.
8. Mitigation and Solutions:
8.1. Renewable Energy Sources:
Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and
geothermal power helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels, which are a major source of
air pollutants. Renewable energy generation produces minimal to zero air pollutants
and greenhouse gas emissions, thus contributing to cleaner air and a healthier
environment. Increasing the use of renewable energy in power generation helps
combat air pollution and climate change.

Fig.8.1. Mitigation and Solutions

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 8.2. Sustainable Transportation:
Promoting sustainable transportation methods is crucial in mitigating air pollution.
Encouraging the use of public transportation, walking, cycling, and electric vehicles
reduces reliance on traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles, which are significant
contributors to air pollution. It decreases emissions of pollutants such as nitrogen
oxides, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide. Initiatives like expanding public
transit systems, building bike lanes, and incentivizing electric vehicle adoption
contribute to cleaner air in urban areas.

8.3. Urban Planning and Green Spaces:

Urban planning that prioritizes green spaces, parks, and tree planting contributes to
better air quality in cities. Trees and green spaces help absorb air pollutants, provide
oxygen, and reduce temperatures in urban areas, creating healthier environments for
residents. Additionally, efficient urban design, including mixed land use, pedestrian-
friendly layouts, and reduced congestion, can minimize the need for extensive
vehicular travel, thereby reducing pollution levels.

8.4. Public Awareness and Behavioral Changes:

Public awareness campaigns and initiatives aimed at changing behaviors and habits
play a significant role in mitigating air pollution. Educating the public about the
impact of their actions on air quality encourages individuals to make environmentally
conscious choices. Simple changes like carpooling, reducing energy consumption,
proper waste disposal, and using eco-friendly products contribute to reducing air
pollution.
9. Future Trends and Challenges:
9.1. Emerging Technologies:
Future advancements in technology hold promise for combating air pollution.
Innovations in clean energy, such as more efficient solar panels, advanced wind
turbines, and energy storage systems, aim to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and
decrease emissions. Additionally, developments in electric vehicle technology, smart
grid systems, and cleaner industrial processes continue to evolve, offering more
sustainable alternatives.

Fig.9.1. Future Trends and Challenges

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 9.2. Global Initiatives:
Various international agreements and global initiatives are essential in addressing air
pollution on a larger scale. Initiatives like the Paris Agreement, which focuses on
climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, represent a collective effort
by numerous countries to combat air pollution and its broader environmental
impacts. Collaborative efforts and shared commitments among nations foster the
exchange of knowledge, resources, and best practices to address air quality issues on
a global level.

9.3. Challenges in Implementation:

Implementing measures to reduce air pollution faces several challenges. Economic
constraints, political complexities, and resistance from industries and certain sectors
reluctant to change their traditional practices can hinder the implementation of
cleaner technologies and stricter regulations. Additionally, disparities in regulatory
standards across different regions and the need for coordinated efforts between
countries pose challenges for tackling air pollution, especially considering the
transboundary nature of pollutants.
10. Case Study:
10.1. Abstract:
This study has made an attempt to analyze the impact of air pollution on health, its
causes and level of awareness by conducting a field survey on the youth of Delhi,
studying in different universities and colleges in Delhi. The survey broadly aims to
capture awareness about air pollution, it causes and its health effects. Also the study
proposes certain solutions to contain the environmental degradation. For this, a total
number of 419 respondents were surveyed during September 2016 to January 2017.
The collected data has been assessed with multiple techniques like descriptive
statistics, frequency tables, cross tabulation and chi-square test of independence on
sources, effects, and solutions to air pollution. The study reveals that vehicular
pollution is identified as the major cause of pollution in Delhi followed by industrial
pollution and crop burning by neighboring states. The survey reveals that more than
60% of the respondents recognized lung infections as the major health effect of air
pollution followed by cold & cough, and bronchitis. Finally, the study concludes that
a large number of awareness campaigns should be organized involving a greater
participation from all sections of the society along with better implementation of
present laws.

10.2. Air Pollution in Delhi:

India is one of the most polluted countries in the world and among the capital cities,
Delhi is probably one of the most polluted cities. Indian cities feature largely in the
top 50 polluted cities of the world according to many parameters.

The problem, however, is particularly severe in the capital Delhi and its adjoining
areas, commonly called Delhi – NCR.

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The Environment Performance Index 2020 gives India a global ranking of 169.

Air pollution (both indoors and outdoors) is the second-most serious risk factor for
public health in the country (the first being malnutrition) and it contributes to an
estimated 2.5 million deaths annually.

But what makes Delhi’s air pollution so severe compared to the rest of the country,
and what specifically makes it more harmful during the winter months? This is
discussed in the following sections.

New Delhi ties for first place, along with Beijing, China, for having the world’s worst
air. New Delhi is one of India’s most important cities considering the fact that it is
India’s capital. Unfortunately for it’s inhabitants, New Delhi’s air is fatal. The
statistics are alarming. Specific to New Delhi, the numbers of vehicles on the road
have increased by sixty-five percent since 2003. The more vehicles on the road mean
that there are more harmful pollutants being put into the atmosphere. Another main
cause of Delhi’s air pollution is simply all the dirt that is being left in the atmosphere
creating a haze throughout the whole city. Geography also plays a role in New Delhi’s
traumatic air pollution because it is a landlocked city unlike Mumbai or Chennai.
There is no coastal breeze eradicating the pollutants.

Fig.10.1. Delhi covered with smog

In November 2012, pollutions levels in New Delhi were at least seven times greater
than the national standard for safe air. One measurement that was taken near the
University of Delhi appeared to be 908 micrograms per cubic meter, which is far
greater than the standard limit of 100 micrograms per cubic meter. When it comes to
air pollution, Delhi differs from its competing city, Beijing. The Chinese government
has finally acknowledged the air pollution problem in Beijing and is acting on it. New
Delhi, on the other hand, is not equivalent. New Delhi’s government has not spoken
out about the grave situation at hand or taken out precautions for the city.
Environmentalists suggest that the government must focus on decreasing the number
of vehicles on the road and improving the public transportation system. It’s a small
start, but at least it is a start

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10.3. Causes of Air Pollution in Delhi:
Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or
biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other
living organisms, damage the natural and the built environment.

Fig.10.2. Causes of Air Pollution in Delhi

The severe air pollution that affects life is not restricted to Delhi but to a huge airshed
around it that includes the NCR. This encompasses Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ghaziabad,
Noida, places in Haryana, UP, and even Alwar (Rajasthan).

The most important causes of air pollution in Delhi and adjoining areas are as follows:

 Increasing population and related developmental activities at the cost of

environmental damage.
 The development of the region has largely been unplanned and often,
industrial units that spew harmful chemicals into the atmosphere are located in
residential and commercial areas and not designated areas.
 Increased vehicular traffic (which has not come down despite the Delhi metro)
and the consequent rise in air and noise pollution.
 Almost 8,000 m tonnes of solid waste is being generated in Delhi (National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute) every day, however, the
authorities manage to clear only about 5000 – 5500 m tonnes of waste daily.
This adds to the garbage piling up. This is not counting the hazardous and
non-hazardous waste from industries.
 There is a rather high dependence on fossil fuels, whose burning causes a lot
of emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere.
 Large scale construction activities lead to increased dust pollution, which
leads to around 56% of PM10 and the PM2.5 load.
 The landlocked geography of Delhi also causes more air pollution as
compared to other cities. The north-westerly winds coming from Rajasthan,
sometimes Pakistan and Afghanistan bring in the dust to the region. The
Himalayas obstruct the escape route of the air. This causes the dust and
pollutants to settle in the region. This is more prominent during the winters

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 because of low-level inversion (upward movement of air from the layers
below is stopped). It is because of this landlocked geography of Delhi that it
faces greater pollution when compared to the coastal city of Chennai (where
despite high automobile population, has the sea breeze which provides an
effective entry and exit for dispersing pollutants).
 Stubble burning also contributes to the air pollution in the region. During the
winter months, the large scale stubble burning practised in Punjab, Haryana
and Rajasthan cause a thick blanket of smog to cover Delhi-NCR. According
to a study, the burning of crop residue released about 149 million tonnes of
carbon dioxide, more than 9 million tonnes of carbon monoxide, 0.25 million
tonnes of oxides of sulphur (SOX), 1.28 million tonnes of particulate matter
(PM) and 0.07 million tonnes of black carbon. As evident, it contributes to a
lot of greenhouse gas emissions.
 Firecrackers, although not the top reason for air pollution, also contributes to
the problem.

10.4. Problems Caused by Air Pollution:

 Air pollution severely affects human health. It is found to cause low birth
weight in children, tuberculosis, asthma, ischemic heart disease,
nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers, cataracts, etc.
 According to some research, air pollution can also impair cognitive
development.
 Air pollution is associated with infections & diseases that kill around 600,000
children under five years of age every year.
 Several studies reveal a higher prevalence of symptoms of chronic bronchitis
in areas with higher particulate air pollution.
 Nearly 2.5 million people die worldwide each year from the effects of outdoor
or indoor air pollution. (National Geographic)
 Air pollution also affects the environment adversely. Many pollutants are
greenhouse gases and this leads to global warming. Burning fossil fuels
releases carbon dioxide which has the biggest impact on global warming.

Fig.10.3. Delhi’s Air Pollution

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10.5. Steps Taken to Control Delhi’s Air Pollution:
 In October 2020, the Supreme Court-appointed a one-man committee, Justice
Lokur Committee, to monitor and curb the occurrences of stubble burning in
Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Read more about this committee in CNA
dated Oct 17, 2020.
 The Ministry of Environment, Climate Change and Forests notified the
Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) in 2017.
 These are institutionalised measures to be taken only when the air quality in
Delhi NCR deteriorates beyond a certain threshold.
 It is only to be implemented in emergency situations.
 The steps would be taken to prevent PM10 and PM2.5 levels to go beyond the
‘moderate’ national Air Quality Index (AQI) category.
 GRAP enumerates a series of measures to be taken based on the quality of air.
 In the case of severe+ category, one of the measures also includes shutting
down of schools.
 Read more on the Graded Response Action Plan in the linked article.
 Construction & demolition (C&D) waste management rules have been
notified which mandate the segregation of C&D waste into various categories
for safe disposal and further processing.
 Red Light On, Gaadi Off campaign was an initiative by the Delhi
Government that ran in Oct-Nov 2020 under which commuters driving
vehicles were urged to switch off their vehicle engines while waiting for the
green light at traffic lights.
 The Odd-even rule was introduced by the Delhi Government according to
which vehicles with odd and even registration numbers would ply on the road
on alternate days. This was particularly aimed at reducing smog in the region.
 The state government of Delhi also introduced a policy to preserve and plant
trees in a bid to increase the green cover and have carbon sinks.
 Anti-smog guns and smog towers are installed and used in the city.
 Prevention of stubble burning is a key component of reducing air pollution in
the Delhi NCR area.
 The subsidy is provided to the farmers for procuring the Turbo Happy Seeder,
which is a machine fitted on tractors that can cut and uproot stubble and
eliminates the need to burn stubble.
 The ICAR has also come up with the PUSA Decomposer, which is a capsule
that can be used to make a spray which when sprayed on crop residue hastens
its decomposition.
 Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS) is being built as a means to provide
citizens with non-polluting alternative sources of transportation.
 The adoption of the Bharat Stage VI norms and the big push being given to
electric vehicles steps in the right direction in curbing vehicular pollution.

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 Fig.10.4. PM levels of Delhi in October for the years 2019-2023
A case study on Delhi’s air pollution was conducted by the Council on Energy,
Environment and Water (CEEW)1. The study assessed Delhi’s air pollution scenario
in the winter of 2021 and the actions taken to tackle it1. Here are some key findings
from the study:

 The control measures mandated by the Commission of Air Quality

Management (CAQM) in Delhi National Capital Region and adjoining areas
were rolled out1.
 The study assessed the reliability of different forecasts and gauged the impact
of the emergency measures on Delhi’s air quality levels1.
 It was found that while air quality forecasts picked up the pollution trends,
they are not yet very accurate in predicting high pollution episodes (‘very
poor’ and ‘severe’ air quality days)1.
 When restrictions were in place like a ban on entry of trucks, construction &
demolition activities, and others, air quality did not descend into the ‘severe +’
category1.
 However, when the restrictions were finally lifted, the air quality spiraled back
into the ‘severe’ category resulting in the longest six days ‘severe’ air quality
spell of the season1.
 There has been no significant improvement in Delhi’s winter air quality since
2019. In winter 2021, air quality was in the ‘very poor’ to ‘severe’ category on
about 75 per cent of days1.
 In the winter of 2021, transport (∼ 12 per cent), dust (∼ 7 per cent) and
domestic biomass burning (∼ 6 per cent) were the largest local contributors1.
 About 64 per cent of Delhi’s winter pollution load comes from outside of
Delhi’s boundaries1.

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10.6. Measures Taken to Address Air Pollution:
 Odd-Even Scheme: The Delhi government has implemented the odd-even
road rationing scheme to reduce the number of vehicles on the road during
peak pollution seasons.
 Improved Public Transportation: Expanding the metro network and
promoting the use of public transport to reduce the reliance on private
vehicles.
 Promotion of Electric Vehicles: Incentives and policies to encourage the
adoption of electric vehicles to reduce vehicular emissions.
 Anti-pollution Regulations: Stringent emission standards for industries,
construction sites, and waste disposal facilities.
 Crop Residue Management: Collaborative efforts with neighboring states to
address crop residue burning through incentives and alternative agricultural
practices.
 Air Quality Monitoring: A network of air quality monitoring stations to
provide real-time data for decision-making and public awareness.

Fig.10.5. Smog and Air Pollution in Delhi

10.7. Methods of analysis:
10.7.1. Summary statistics and analysis of time series:
Summary statistics of climatic variables, air pollutants, and hospital visits of the
patients such as mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, and different
quartiles were computed using the SPSS 25 version of the software. Daily
hospital visit counts for three years (2016–2018) in SMCH were structured
based on the patient’s age, sex, and visit dates. Violin plots were developed for
three air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and CO), two climatic variables (T, RH), and
hospital visits of patients regarding five seasons of Delhi, indicating the
distribution of data prevailing in the city during different seasons. Violin plots
have been drawn with XLSTAT statistical software. Time series plots were
developed using the SPSS 25 version of the software with time dimensions on
the horizontal axis and hospital visits, pollutants and, meteorological variables

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 on the vertical coordinate axes to shed light on the data distribution for three
years.

10.7.2. Frequency analysis:

The seasonal distribution of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in Delhi during
2016–18 has been done by frequency analysis [35]. Under frequency analysis,
first, the city level average concentrations of PM per day were calculated by
averaging the concentration of 11 monitoring stations. Then, PM concentrations
(both for PM10 and PM2.5), i.e., number of per day observations for the period
2016–18 falling under six categories like 0–25, 25–50, 50–100, 100–200, 200–
300, and more than 300 μg m-3 worked out. So, the three-year period (2016–18)
data or 1096 observations were segregated session-wise for each of the six
categories, and the frequency of their appearances was then expressed in
percentage terms. The calculations were done with the help of data analysis
’ToolPak’ of excel. As per the air quality index (AQI) Of India, the range 0–100
is considered a good category, 100–200 as moderate, 200–300 as poor, and
above 300 as very poor or severe.

10.7.3. Correlation analysis:

To understand the interrelationship between climatic variables and air pollutants
data for Delhi (2016–2018), we executed Pearson correlation analysis using
SPSS version 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software. The coefficients of
correlations were established between daily meteorological variables and air
pollutants for Delhi. The correlation coefficients at p < .01 were accepted as
statistically significant [36]. For better visualization, correlation matrix plots
have been drawn with R software’s ’corrplot’ package.

11. Conclusion:
Air pollution is a serious problem that affects the environment, crops, forests, animals,
and the human body. The biggest contribution to the increase in air pollution is of fossil
fuels which produce nitric and sulphuric oxides. Air pollution is caused by solid and
liquid particles and certain gases that are suspended in the air. These particles and gases
can come from car and truck exhaust, factories, dust, pollen, mold spores, volcanoes and
wildfires. Humans are working to eradicate the problem that they have created. In
conclusion, air pollution remains a critical global challenge with detrimental impacts on
public health, the environment, and our quality of life. Urgent and comprehensive
measures are necessary to reduce emissions, enhance air quality, and protect our well-
being. Addressing air pollution requires a collective effort from governments, industries,
and individuals to ensure a cleaner and healthier future for all. Air pollution is a
significant global issue that poses serious threats to human health and the environment.
It is caused by a variety of factors, including industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust,
burning of fossil fuels, and natural disasters. The harmful effects of air pollution include
respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and premature death. Despite the severity
of the problem, solutions are within reach. These include adopting cleaner technologies,
improving waste management, promoting renewable energy sources, and implementing
strict environmental regulations. Public awareness and individual actions also play a
crucial role in combating air pollution. In conclusion, while air pollution is a complex

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 and pervasive issue, concerted efforts at the individual, community, and governmental
levels can significantly mitigate its impacts. It is our collective responsibility to ensure a
cleaner and healthier environment for future generations.
12. References:
“List of references - Pollution and Property” by the Council on Energy, Environment
and Water (CEEW).
“AIR POLLUTION REFERENCE LIST - The Clean Breathing Institute” which
includes a comprehensive list of references on the burden of disease attributable to air
pollution.
“Summary and Conclusion” by SpringerLink, which discusses the harmful effects of air
pollution.

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