INTERNET OF THINGS

- AS PER BPUT SYLLABUS FOR B.TECH.(CS STREAM) 7TH SEMESTER

“The distance between dreams and reality is called action.”
— Brian Tracy

Module-III

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal

Dean(School of Computing), Dean(Project & Consultancy)
Professor in Comp. Sc. Engg.
AGENDA – COURSE DELIVERY MODULE-III
IoT Platforms Design Methodology (Chapter-5)
• IoT Design Methodology
➢ Step 1: Purpose & Requirements Specification
➢ Step 2: Process Specification
➢ Step 3: Domain Model Specification
➢ Step 4: Information Model Specification
➢ Step 5: Service Specifications
➢ Step 6: IoT Level Specification
➢ Step 7: Functional View Specification
➢ Step 8: Operational View Specification
➢ Step 9: Device & Component Integration
➢ Step 10: Application Development
• Case Study on IoT System for Weather Monitoring
• Motivation for Using Python
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
AGENDA – COURSE DELIVERY MODULE-III
IoT Physical Devices & Endpoints (Chapter-7)
• What is an IoT Device
➢ Basic building blocks of an IoT Device
• Exemplary Device: Raspberry Pi
• About the Board
• Linux on Raspberry Pi
• Raspberry Pi Interfaces
➢ Serial, SPI, I2C
• Programming Raspberry Pi with Python
➢ Controlling LED with Raspberry Pi, Interfacing an LED and Switch with Raspberry Pi, Interfacing a Light
Sensor (LDR) with Raspberry Pi
• Other IoT Devices
➢ pcDuino, Beagle Bone Black, Cubieboard

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-1
Purpose & Requirements Specification
• The first step in IoT system design methodology is to define the purpose
and requirements of the system.
• In this step, the system purpose, behavior and requirements (such as data
collection requirements, data analysis requirements, system management
requirements, data privacy and security requirements, user interface
requirements...) are captured.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-1: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY
Purpose & Requirements
Applying this to our example of a smart home automation system, the purpose and
requirements for the system may be described as follows:
• Purpose: A home automation system that allows controlling of the lights in a home
remotely using a web application.
• Behavior: The home automation system should have auto and manual modes. In auto
mode, the system measures the light level in the room and switches on the light when it
gets dark. In manual mode, the system provides the option of manually and remotely
switching on/off the light.
• System Management Requirement: The system should provide remote monitoring and
control functions.
• Data Analysis Requirement: The system should perform local analysis of the data.
• Application Deployment Requirement: The application should be deployed locally on
the device, but should be accessible remotely.
• Security Requirement: The system should have basic user authentication capability.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-2
Process Specification
• The second step in the IoT design methodology is to define the process
specification.
• In this step, the use cases of the IoT system are formally described based on
and derived from the purpose and requirement specifications.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-2: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY
Process diagram for the
home automation system
• two modes of the system:
• Auto and Manual
• Circle denotes the start of a
process
• Diamond denotes a
decision box
• Rectangle denotes a state
or attribute

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3
Domain Model Specification
• The third step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Domain
Model.
• The domain model describes the main concepts, entities and objects in the
domain of IoT system to be designed.
• Domain model defines the attributes of the objects and relationships
between objects.
• Domain model provides an abstract representation of the concepts, objects
and entities in the IoT domain, independent of any specific technology or
platform.
• With the domain model, the IoT system designers can get an understanding
of the IOT domain for which the system is to be designed.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY
The entities, objects and concepts defined in the
domain model include:
Physical Entity
• These are discrete and identifiable entity in the
physical environment (e.g., a room, a light, an
appliance, a car, etc.).
• IoT system provides information about the Physical
Entity (using sensors) or performs action upon the
Physical Entity (e.g., switching on a light).
• In the home automation example: two Physical
Entities involved - one is the room in the home (of
which the lighting conditions are to be monitored)
and the other is the light appliance to be controlled.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY
Virtual Entity
• Virtual Entity is a representation
of the Physical Entity in the digital
world.
• For each Physical Entity, there is a
Virtual Entity in the domain
model.
• In the home automation
example, there is one Virtual
Entity for the room to be
monitored, another for the
appliance to be controlled.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY
Device
• Device provides a medium for interactions between
Physical Entities and Virtual Entities.
• Devices are either attached to Physical Entities or
placed near Physical Entities.
• Devices are used to gather information about
Physical Entities (e.g., from sensors), perform
actuation upon Physical Entities (e.g., using
actuators) or used to identify Physical Entities (e.g.,
using tags).
• In the home automation example, the device is a
single-board mini computer which has light sensor
and actuator (relay switch) attached to it.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY
Resource
• Resources are software components which can be
either "on-device" or "network-resources".
• On-device-resources are hosted on the device and
include software components that either provide
information on or enable actuation upon the Physical
Entity to which the device is attached.
• Network resources include the software components
that are available in network (such as a database).
• In the home automation example, the on-device
resource is the operating system that runs on the
Single-board mini-computer.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY
Service
• Services provide an interface for interacting with the Physical
Entity.
• Services access the resources hosted on the device or the
network resources to obtain information about the Physical
Entity or perform actuation upon the Physical Entity.
• In the home automation example, there are three services:
1. a service that mode to auto or manual, or retrieves the current mode;
2. a service that sets the light appliance state to on/off, or retrieves the
current light state; and
3. a controller service dial runs as a native service on the device. When in
auto mode, the controller service monitors the light level and switches
the light on/off and updates the status in the database.
• When in manual mode, the controller service retrieves the
current state from the database and switches the light on/off.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY
The process of deriving the
services from the process
specification and information
model is described in the
subsequent steps.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-4
Information Model Specification
• The fourth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Information
Model.
• Information Model defines the structure of all the information in the IoT
system, for example, attributes of Virtual Entities, relations, etc.
• Information model does not describe the specifics of how the information is
represented or stored.
• To define the information model, we first list the Virtual Entities defined in
the Domain Model.
• Information model adds more details to the Virtual Entities by defining their
attributes and relations.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-4: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-5
Service Specifications
• The fifth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the service
specifications.
• Service specifications define the services in the IoT system, service types,
service inputs/output, service endpoints, service schedules, service
preconditions and service effects.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-5: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-5: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-6
IoT Level Specification
• The sixth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the IOT level for the
system.
• In Chapter-I, we defined six IoT deployment levels:
• Level-1: single node/device, performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data, performs analysis
and hosts the application
• Level-2: Leven-1 + stores data in cloud
• Level-3: Level-2 + Data Analytics is done at the cloud domain
• Level-4: Level-3 + Multiple nodes added at the local context with observer nodes at both local
and cloud context, and data analytics component for IoT Intelligence at Cloud level, it becomes
Level-4 IoT Development Template
• Level-5: Multiple end-nodes provide the scope of further expansion by integrating the routing
feature and are interfaced through a coordinator node at the local context and data analysis is
shifted to cloud context, it becomes Level-5 IoT Development Template
• Level-6: Multiple end-nodes are managed through a centralized controller with a centralized data
coordinator at cloud level, it becomes Level-6 IoT Development Template

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-6: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-7
Functional View Specification
• The seventh step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Functional
View.
• The Functional View (FV) defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped
into various Functional Groups (FGs).
• Each Functional Group either provides functionalities for interacting with
the instances of concepts defined in the Domain Model or provides
information related to these concepts.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
 IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-7: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY

Refer to Chapter-1: Logical Design of

IoT System comprises of 6 Functional
Blocks or Groups that provide the
capability to the IoT System to deliver
the designated functionalities

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-8
Operational View Specification
• The eighth step in the IoT design methodology is to define the Operational
View Specifications.
• This is the Logical Design of IoT System which comprises of 6 Functional
Blocks that provide the capability to the IoT System to deliver the
designated services (Refer to Chapter-1)
• In this step, various options pertaining to the IoT system deployment and
operation are defined, such as:
• service hosting options
• storage options
• device options
• application hosting options
• etc.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
 IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-8: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY

Refer to Chapter-1: Logical Design of IoT System comprises of 6 Functional Blocks that provide the capability to the IoT System to deliver the designated services

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-9
Device & Component Integration
• The ninth step in the IoT design methodology is the integration of the
devices and components.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-9: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-10
Application Development
• The final step in the IoT design methodology is to develop the IoT
application.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-10: HOME AUTOMATION CASE STUDY

• Auto:
• Controls the light appliance
automatically based on the lighting
conditions in the room
• Light
• When Auto mode is off, it is used for
manually controlling the light appliance.
• When Auto mode is on, it reflects the
current state of the light appliance.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-1: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Purpose & Requirements
• Purpose: The purpose of the weather monitoring system is to collect data on
environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, humidity and light in an
area using multiple end nodes.
• Behavior: The end nodes of the weather monitoring system should send the data
to the cloud where the data is aggregated and analyzed.
• System Management Requirement: The system should provide remote
monitoring and data analytics functions.
• Data Analysis Requirement: The system should perform analysis of the data.
• Application Deployment Requirement: The application should be deployed
locally on the device, but should be accessible remotely.
• Security Requirement: The system should have basic user authentication
capability.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-2: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Process Specification
• The process specification
for the weather
monitoring system shows
that the sensors are read
after fixed intervals and
the sensor measurements
are stored.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Domain Model Specification
• The domain model for the weather monitoring system is shown in the
figure in the next slide presents the physical entity in the environment
which is being monitored.
• There is a virtual entity for the environment.
• Devices include temperature sensor, pressure sensor, humidity sensor,
light sensor and single-board mini-computer.
• Resources are software components which can be either on-device or
network-resources.
• Services include the controller service that monitors the temperature,
pressure, humidity and light and sends the readings to the cloud.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-3: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Domain Model Specification

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-4: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Information Model Specification
• Figure shown in the next slide presents the information model for the
weather monitoring system.
• Here, there is one virtual entity for the environment being sensed.
• The virtual entity has attributes - temperature, pressure, humidity and light.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-4: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Information Model Specification

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-5: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Service Specifications
• The figure shown here presents how
the services are derived from the
process specification and information
model for the weather monitoring
system.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-5: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Controller Service Specifications
• The Figure shown in the next slide presents the specification of the
controller service for the weather monitoring system.
• The controller service runs as a native service on the device and monitors
temperature, pressure, humidity and light once every 15 seconds.
• The controller service calls the REST service to store these measurements
in the cloud.
• Xively is a Platform-as-a-Service that can be used for creating solutions for
Internet of Things.
• An implementation of a controller service that calls the Xively REST API to
store data in Xively cloud.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-6: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Controller Service Specifications

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-6: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
IoT Level Specification
• The figure in the next slide presents the IoT Level deployment design of the weather
monitoring system.
• The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring
temperature, humidity and pressure in an area.
• The end nodes are equipped with various sensors (such as temperature, pressure,
humidity and light).
• The end nodes send the data to the cloud and the data is stored in a cloud database.
• The analysis of data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data and make predictions.
• A cloud-based application is used for visualizing the data.
• The centralized controller can send control commands to the end nodes, for
example, to configure the monitoring interval on the end nodes.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-6: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
IoT Level Specification

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-7: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Functional View Specification
• Figure shown in the next slide presents the Functional View Specification of
the Weather Monitoring System – an example of mapping deployment level
to functional groups for the weather monitoring system.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-7: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Functional View Specification

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-8: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Operational View Specification
• Figure below shows an example of mapping the functional groups to the
operational view specifications for the weather monitoring system.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-9: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Device & Component Integration
• Figure shows a schematic diagram of
the weather monitoring system.
• The devices and components used in
this example are:
• Raspberry Pi mini computer
• temperature sensor
• humidity sensor
• pressure sensor and
• Light sensor (an LDR).

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-10: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Application Development
• The Weather Monitoring System is developed as a cloud based remote
monitoring device
• Remote monitoring is achieved through web based dashboard as shown n
the next slide.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – STEP-10: WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM
Application Development

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – MOTIVATION FOR USING PYTHON
• This course uses the Python language for all the examples, though the basic
principles apply to other high level languages. In this section we explain the
motivation for using Python for developing IoT systems.
• Python is a minimalistic language with English-like keywords and fewer
syntactical constructions as compared to other languages. This makes Python
easier to learn and understand.
• Moreover, Python code is compact as compared to other languages.
• Python is an interpreted language and does not require an explicit compilation
step.
• The Python interpreter converts the Python code to the intermediate byte
code, specific to the system.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT DESIGN METHODOLOGY – MOTIVATION FOR USING PYTHON
• Python is supported on wide range of platforms, hence Python code is
easily portable.
• The wide library support available for Python makes it an excellent choice
for IoT systems.
• Python can be used for end-to-end development of IoT systems from device
code (e.g. code for capturing sensor data), native services (e.g., a controller
service implemented in Python), web services (e.g. a RESTful web service
implemented in Python), web applications (e.g., Python web applications
developed with Python web frameworks such as Django) and analytics
components (e.g. machine learning components developed using Python
libraries such as scikit-learn).
• In the next chapter you will learn the basics of Python language and all the
related packages of interest that are used in the examples in this book.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS
• Basic building blocks of an IoT Device
• Exemplary Device: Raspberry Pi
• Raspberry Pi interfaces
• Programming Raspberry Pi with Python
• Other IoT devices

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – WHAT IS AN IOT DEVICE
• A "Thing" in Internet of Things (IoT) can be any object that has a unique
identifier and which can send/receive data (including user data) over a
network (e.g., smart phone, smart TV, computer, refrigerator, car, etc. ).
• IoT devices are connected to the Internet and send information about
themselves or about their surroundings (e.g. information sensed by the
connected sensors) over a network (to other devices or servers/storage) or
allow actuation upon the physical entities/environment around them
remotely.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – IOT DEVICE EXAMPLES
• A home automation device that allows remotely monitoring the status of
appliances and controlling the appliances.
• An industrial machine which sends information about its operation and
health monitoring data to a server.
• A car which sends information about its location to a cloud-based service.
• A wireless-enabled wearable device that measures data about a person
such as the number of steps walked and sends the data to a cloud-based
service.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – APPLICATIONS OF IOT
• Sensing
➢ Sensors can be either on-board the IoT device or attached to the device
• Actuation
➢ IoT devices can have various types of actuators attached that allow taking actions
upon the physical entities in the vicinity of the device.
• Communication
➢ Communication modules are responsible for sending collected data to other devices
or cloud-based servers/storage and receiving data from other devices and
commands from remote applications.
• Analysis & Processing
➢ Analysis and processing modules are responsible for making sense of the collected
data.
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN IOT DEVICE

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – EXEMPLARY DEVICE: RASPBERRY PI
• Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of a credit
card.
• Raspberry Pi runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost all tasks
that a normal desktop computer can do.
• Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators through the
general purpose I/O pins.
• Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python "out of
the box".

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – RASPBERRY PI

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – LINUX ON RASPBERRY PI
• Raspbian
➢ Raspbian Linux is a Debian Wheezy port optimized for Raspberry Pi.
• Arch
➢ Arch is an Arch Linux port for AMD devices.
• Pidora
➢ Pidora Linux is a Fedora Linux optimized for Raspberry Pi.
• RaspBMC
➢ RaspBMC is an XBMC media-center distribution for Raspberry Pi.
• OpenELEC
➢ OpenELEC is a fast and user-friendly XBMC media-center distribution.
• RISC OS
➢ RISC OS is a very fast and compact operating system.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – RASPBERRY PI GPIO PINS

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar Pi1 Model B+, Pi 2B, Pi Zero, Pi 3B, and Pi 4B: 40 Pin
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – RASPBERRY PI INTERFACES
• Serial
➢The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and transmit
(TX) pins for communication with serial peripherals.
➢ USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
➢ UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
• SPI
➢Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol
used for communicating with one or more peripheral devices.
• I2C
➢The I2C interface pins on Raspberry Pi allow you to connect hardware
modules. I2C interface allows synchronous data transfer with just
two pins - SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line).

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – RASPBERRY PI EXAMPLE
Interfacing LED and switch with Raspberry Pi
from time import sleep
import RPi.GPlO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPlO.BOARD)
#Switch Pin
GPIO.setup(3, GPIO.IN)
#LED Pin
GPIO.setup(7, GPIO.OUT)
state-false
def toggleLED(pin):
state = not state
GPIO.output(pin, state)
while True:
try:
if (GPIO.input(3) == True):
toggleLED(pin)
sleep(.01)
except Keyboardlnterrupt:
exit()

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – OTHER DEVICES
• pcDuino
• BeagleBone Black
• Cubieboard

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – OTHER DEVICES - PCDUINO
pcDuino Specifications What pcDuino Can Do
The pcDuino can be programmed
CPU ARM Cortex A8 1GHz in C, C++, or Java and supports
Linux3.0 and Ubuntu 12.10.
OpenVG 1.1 Mali 400 core, It also has an HDMI video output
GPU that can display 720p or 1080p
OpenGL ES2.0
60Hz.
RAM 1GB You can use this mini PC in the
following applications
2GB flash (internal) and an SD card ▪ Learning programming and
Storage how to use Linux Ubuntu
slot (up to 32GB)
▪ Low-level electronics hardware
Video Output HDMI interfacing
▪ Internet browsing and
OS Android and Linux document creation using the
Ubuntu application suite
Network Interface USB WiFi dongle and RJ45 ▪ Entertainment (playing games
and watching movies)
2.54mm headers (compatible with
Extension Interface ▪ Other DIY projects
Arduino shields)

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – OTHER DEVICES - PCDUINO
BeagleBone Black Specifications What is BeagleBone Black
Processor:
Sitara AM3358BZCZ100 processor in a 15 x 15 • The BeagleBone Black is
package a low-cost, high-
512 MB DDR3L 400 MHz SDRAM, 4 GB eMMC expansion board from
Memory:
flash storage the BeagleBoard family.
Software Debian, Android, Ubuntu, Cloud9 IDE on
compatibilit: Node.js with BoneScript library
• The BeagleBone Black
Connectivity:
USB client for power and communications, can boot Linux in less
USB host, Ethernet, HDMI, two 46-pin headers than 10 seconds and can
TPS65217C PMIC regulator, one additional be used for development
Other
LDO, debug support, optional onboard 20-pin in less than five minutes
CTI JTAG, reset button, wireless connectivity with a single USB cable.
features:
(802.11b/g/n and Bluetooth 4.1 plus BLE),
video/audio interfaces (HDMI D type interface)

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES & ENDPOINTS – OTHER DEVICES - PCDUINO
Cubieboard Einstein-A20 Specifications What is Cubieboard
Allwinner A20 with two Cortex-A7
• The CubieAIO-A20 SBC
Processor: cores that can run up to 1.08 GHz,
and a Mali-400 MP2 GPU
and AIO mini-PC has
the specifications as
Memory:
1 GB DDR3 at 480 MHz, and 8 GB shown in the table:
eMMC (optional 8 GB TSD)
• The CubieAIO-A20 is an
Storage:
MicroSD slot, and SATA 2.0 mSATA open-source mini
interface via mini-PCIe computer that runs
Networking: Gigabit Ethernet port
Android Linux and
Allwinner A20. It also
Two mini-PCIe slots, one for mSATA has a 7-inch LCD,
Expansion: and one for an optional 3G or 4G Bluetooth 4.0, HDMI,
module microphone, and WiFi.

Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar
Dr. Abhaya Kumar Samal, Dean(SoC), Dean(P&C), Professor in CSE, TAT, Bhubaneswar