11/10/24, 5:40 AM Arduino - Wikipedia

Arduino
Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an Italian open-source
Arduino
hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed
under a CC BY-SA license, while the software is licensed
under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1 ] permitting
the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available
commercially from the official website or through
authorized distributors.[2]

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors

and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of Arduino Uno SMD R3
digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
Manufacturer Arduino
interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or
breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The Type Single-board
boards feature serial communications interfaces, microcontroller
including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, Operating None (default)
which are also used for loading programs. The system Xinu
microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and CPU Atmel AVR (8-bit)
C++ programming languages (Embedded C), using a
ARM Cortex-M0+ (32-bit)
standard API which is also known as the Arduino
ARM Cortex-M3 (32-bit)
Programming Language, inspired by the Processing
language and used with a modified version of the Intel Quark (x86) (32-bit)
Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional compiler Memory SRAM
toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated Storage Flash, EEPROM
development environment (IDE) and a command line
Website arduino.cc (https://www.ard
tool developed in Go.
uino.cc/)
The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students
at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy,[3] aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for
novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and
actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots,
thermostats, and motion detectors.

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The name Arduino comes from a café in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the project's founders used to
meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and
King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.[4]

History

Founding
The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy.[3] At that time, the students
used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50. In 2004,
Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a
Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo
Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with
Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The project goal
was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by
non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit The first prototype[3]
board (PCB) with an ATmega128 microcontroller, an IDE based on
Processing and library functions to easily program the
microcontroller.[5] In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David
Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new
project, forked from Wiring, was called Arduino.[5]

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca
Martino, and David Mellis.[3]

Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the
open-source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been
commercially produced,[6] and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.[7 ]

Trademark dispute
In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC,[8] to hold
the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards were to be done by
external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino
LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly
formed company.

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in
Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when
the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally
registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with
Martino and his firm to bring the trademark under the control of the original Arduino company failed.
In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico

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Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the
graphics and layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development
team.[9][1 0][1 1 ]

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.[1 2]

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside
the United States.[1 3]

At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO
Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies,
forming Arduino AG.[1 4] Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the
company a new Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this
decision was withdrawn later.[1 5][1 6][1 7 ]

In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record... On his company's
website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was, until
recently, listed as holding a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his
biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university
had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he
had never earned those degrees.[1 8] The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July
2017, he reportedly pulled many open source licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website,
prompting scrutiny and outcry.[1 9]

By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo
Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino
trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for
Arduino AG.[20][21 ]

Post-dispute
In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with Arm Holdings (ARM). The announcement
said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the
ARM architecture". Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and
architectures.[22] Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new
designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with the Arduino
name.

In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool (arduino-cli (https://githu
b.com/arduino/arduino-cli)), which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards
from a shell.[23]

In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create online
environment.[24]

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As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE
downloads.[25]

Hardware
Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs
are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-
Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout
and production files for some versions of the hardware are also
available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available

under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested the name
Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for
derived works without permission. The official policy document on
the use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to
incorporating work by others into the official product.[26] Several Arduino-compatible R3 Uno board
Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided with no Arduino logo
the project name by using various names ending in -duino.[27 ]

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR

microcontroller (ATmega8,[29] ATmega168, ATmega328,
ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash
memory, pins, and features.[30] The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on
the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.[31 ] The boards use
single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate
connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits.
These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple
and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via An early Arduino board[28] with an
RS-232 serial interface (upper left)
an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a
and an Atmel ATmega8
16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such microcontroller chip (black, lower
as the LilyPad,[32] run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at
voltage regulator due to specific form factor restrictions. the top, the 6 analog input pins at the
lower right, and the power connector
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a bootloader at the lower left.
that simplifies the uploading of programs to the on-chip flash
memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the
Optiboot bootloader.[33] Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic
levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL serial) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as
the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a
separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP
header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-

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to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional
microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP)
programming is used.

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins

for use by other circuits. The Diecimila,[a] Duemilanove,[b] and
current Uno[c] provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can
produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs,
which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on
the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers.
Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available.
The Arduino Nano and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board[34]
and Boarduino[35] boards may provide male header pins on the An official Arduino Uno R2 with
descriptions of the I/O locations
underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist.

Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the
basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education,[36] to simplify making
buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes
retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying
compatibility.

Official boards
The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects.[37 ] Some
Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics and
Adafruit Industries.[38] As of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially
produced.

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Arduino RS232[39] Arduino Diecimila[40] Arduino Duemilanove[41]

(male pins) (rev 2009b)

Arduino Leonardo[45]
Arduino Uno R2[42][43] Arduino Uno SMD
R3[44]

Arduino Micro Arduino Pro Micro Arduino Pro[46] Arduino Mega[47]

(ATmega32U4) (ATmega32U4) (No USB)

Arduino Arduino LilyPad 00[49] Arduino Robot[50] Arduino Esplora[51]

Nano[48] (rev 2007) (No USB)
(DIP-30
footprint
)

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Arduino Ethernet[52] Arduino Yún[53] Arduino Due[54]

(AVR + W5100) (AVR + AR9331) (ARM Cortex-M3 core)

Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi

(Dual core ARM Cortex-
M7 + ARM Cortex-M4
cores + Murata 1DX)

Shields
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which
plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers.[55] Shields can provide motor controls for 3D
printing and other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or
breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY).[56][57 ][58]

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Some shields offer Screw-terminal breakout Adafruit Datalogging Shield

stacking headers which shield in a wing-type format, with a Secure Digital (SD)
allow multiple shields to be allowing bare-end wires to be card slot and real-time clock
stacked on top of an connected to the board without (RTC) chip along with some
Arduino board. Here, a requiring any specialized pins space for adding components
prototyping shield is and modules for customization
stacked on two Adafruit
motor shield V2s.

Adafruit Motor Shield with The Adafruit A USB host shield which
screw terminals for connection Motor Shield allows an Arduino board to
to motors. Officially V2 uses I2C, communicate with a USB
discontinued, this shield may requiring vastly device such as a keyboard
still be available through fewer digital or a mouse
unofficial channels. I/O pins than
attaching each
motor directly.

Software
A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming language with compilers that
produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for
their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel
Studio (newer).[59][60][61 ]

Legacy IDE
The Arduino integrated development environment Arduino Legacy IDE
(IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Microsoft
Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is based on
Processing IDE which is written in Java. It uses the Wiring API as programming style and HAL. It
includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text,
automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click

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mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an

Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions
and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for
the IDE is released under the GNU General Public
License, version 2.[63]

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++

using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE
supplies a software library from the Wiring project, Screenshot of Arduino Legacy IDE showing
which provides many common input and output Blink program
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic Developer(s) Arduino Software
functions, for starting the sketch and the main program
Stable release 1.8.19 / 21 December
loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub
2021[62]
main() into an executable cyclic executive program with
the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE Written in Java, C, C++
distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program Operating system Microsoft Windows,
avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in macOS, Linux
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino Platform IA-32, x86-64, ARM
board by a loader program in the board's firmware.
Type Integrated development
Traditionally, Arduino IDE was used to program environment
Arduino's official boards based on Atmel AVR
License LGPL or GPL license
Microcontrollers, but over time, once the popularity of
Arduino grew and the availability of open-source Website www.arduino.cc/en
compilers existed, many more platforms from PIC, /software (https://www.ard
STM32, TI MSP430, ESP32 can be coded using Arduino uino.cc/en/software)
IDE.[64]

IDE 2.0
An initial alpha preview of a new Arduino IDE was Arduino IDE
released on October 18, 2019, as the Arduino Pro IDE.
The beta preview was released on March 1, 2021, Developer(s) Arduino Software
renamed IDE 2.0. On September 14, 2022, the Arduino Stable release 2.3.2 / 20 February
IDE 2.0 was officially released as stable.[66] 2024[65]
Written in TypeScript, JavaScript,
The system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Go
Interface), but improvements include a more
Operating system Microsoft Windows,
professional development environment and
[67 ] macOS, Linux
autocompletion support. The application frontend is
based on the Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. Its main Platform x86-64

new features are:[68] Type Integrated development

environment
Modern, fully featured development environment License GNU Affero General
New Board Manager Public License v3.0
New Library Manager
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Project Explorer Website www.arduino.cc/en

Basic Auto-Completion and syntax check /software (https://www.ard
Serial Monitor with Graph Plotter uino.cc/en/software)
Dark Mode and DPI awareness
64-bit release
Debugging capability
One important feature Arduino IDE 2.0 provides is the debugging feature.[69] It allows users to
single-step, insert breakpoints or view memory. Debugging requires a target chip with debug port and
a debug probe. The official Arduino Zero board can be debugged out of the box. Other official Arduino
SAMD21 boards require a separate SEGGER J-Link or Atmel-ICE.

For a 3rd party board, debugging in Arduino IDE 2.0 is also possible as long as such board supports
GDB, OPENOCD and has a debug probe. Community has contributed debugging for ATMega328P
based Arduino [7 0] or CH32 RiscV Boards,[7 1 ] etc.

Sketch
A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE.[7 2] Sketches are saved on the development
computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches
with the extension .pde.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:[7 3]

setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to
initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It is
analogous to the function main().[74]
loop(): After setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is executed repeatedly in the main
program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the function
while(1).[75]

Blink example

Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a

current-limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground,
which is a convenient feature for many tests and program
functions.[7 6] A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello,
World!, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED
integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the
functions pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and delay(), which are Power LED (red) and User LED
provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE (green) attached to pin 13 on an
environment.[7 7 ][7 8][7 9] This program is usually loaded into a Arduino-compatible board
new Arduino board by the manufacturer.

const int LED_PIN = 13; // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.

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}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.
}

Libraries
The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free software
libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.

Operating systems/threading
There is a Xinu OS port for the ATmega328P (Arduino Uno and others with the same chip), which
includes most of the basic features.[80] The source code of this version is freely available.[81 ]

There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are described as "extremely
lightweight stackless threads designed for severely memory constrained systems, such as small
embedded systems or wireless sensor network nodes.[82]

There is a port of FreeRTOS for the Arduino.[83] This is available from the Arduino Library Manager.
It is compatible with a number of boards, including the Uno.

Applications
Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino
Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino
C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics
Data loggers for scientific research[84][85][86][87]
OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars
OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger
XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino

Simulation
Tinkercad, an analog and digital simulator supporting Arduino Simulation, which is commonly used to
create 3D models

Recognitions

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The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006
Prix Ars Electronica.[88]

The Arduino Engineering Kit won the Bett Award for "Higher Education or Further Education Digital
Services" in 2020.[89]

See also
List of Arduino boards and compatible systems Free and open-
List of open-source hardware projects source software
portal
Electronics portal
Explanatory notes
a. Diecimila means "ten thousand" in Italian
b. Duemilanove means "two thousand and nine" in Italian
c. Uno means "one" in Italian

References
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Further reading
Banzi, Massimo; Shiloh, Michael (2022). Make: Getting Started With Arduino: The Open Source
Electronics Prototyping Platform (4th ed.). Make Community. ISBN 978-1680456936.
Blum, Jeremy (2019). Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry (2nd ed.).
Wiley. ISBN 978-1119405375.
Boxall, John (2021). Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects (2nd ed.). No
Starch Press. ISBN 978-1718500587.
Karvinen, Tero; Karvinen, Kimmo; Valtokari, Ville (2014). Make: Sensors (1st ed.). Make Community.
ISBN 978-1449368104.
Monk, Simon (2018). Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches (2nd ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1260143249.
Monk, Simon (2022). Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill
Education. ISBN 978-1264676989.
Nussey, John (2018). Arduino For Dummies (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1119489542.
Purdum, Jack (2015). Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino (2nd ed.).
Apress. ISBN 978-1484209417.
Schmidt, Maik (2015). Arduino: A Quick Start Guide (2nd ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf. ISBN 978-
1941222249.

External links
Official website (https://www.arduino.cc)
How Arduino is open sourcing imagination (https://www.ted.com/talks/massimo_banzi_how_arduino_
is_open_sourcing_imagination), a TED talk by creator Massimo Banzi
Evolution tree for Arduino (http://i.imgur.com/yGRLPvL.jpg)
Arduino Cheat Sheet (http://robodino.org/resources/arduino)
Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns (https://www.flickr.com/photos/johngineer/5484250200/sizes/
o/in/photostream/)
Arduino Shield Template (https://github.com/LNSD/Arduino-Shield-Template)
Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due (https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=132130.0), Esplora
(https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8469564216/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Leonardo (http
s://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8466547410/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Mega (https://www.fl
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11/10/24, 5:40 AM Arduino - Wikipedia

ickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8451024820/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Micro (https://www.flickr.com/

photos/28521811@N04/8471357492/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Mini (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28
521811@N04/8453583648/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Pro Micro (https://www.flickr.com/photos/285218
11@N04/27704970094/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Pro Mini (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@
N04/8572012276/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Uno (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8449
936925/sizes/l/in/photostream/), Yun (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/10339503016/si
zes/l/in/photostream/)

Historical

Arduino – The Documentary (2010): IMDb (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1869268/), Vimeo (https://vim

eo.com/18539129)
Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation 110 (https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/110),
FLOSS 61 (https://twit.tv/shows/floss-weekly/episodes/61)
Untold History of Arduino (https://arduinohistory.github.io/) – Hernando Barragán
Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al. (https://web.archive.org/web/2017070
9234951/https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/mad/167131/) – United States Courts Archive

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