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MM 10

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views9 pages

MM 10

Uploaded by

aggarwalakshit03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi )
Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru – 560 078

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


Accredited by NBA

MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY

LABORATORY MANUAL

III Semester
[22ME34 (IPCC)]

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EXPERIMENT No. 10
MEASUREMENT OF STRAIN AND YOUNG’S MODULUS USING
STRAIN GAUGES

Aim:- To determine modulus of elasticity of a cantilever beam subjected to concentrated


load using strain gauges
Apparatus: - A cantilever beam with concentrated end load arrangement, strain gauges and
strain indicator.
Theory:
If applied force cause change in dimension, that materials is said to be under stress. This force
per unit area is the measurement of stress. Higher the force per unit area, higher is stress.
Stress is defined as the force experienced by the object which causes a change in the object while
a strain is defined as the change in the shape of an object when stress is applied. Stress is
measurable and has a unit while a strain is a dimensionless quantity and has no unit.
σ (Stress) = Force / Area = F/A , where force in N and area in m2

Strain is denoted by Greek letter epsilon (ε).

ε (Strain) = Change in dimension / Original dimension


ε = ΔL / L, where L can be any dimension

Stress strain curve for mild steel:

Figure 10.1 : Stress strain curve for mild steel

When a ductile material like mild steel is subjected to tensile force, it undergoes different stages
before failure. Stress strain curve is the graphical representation of this stages. Different material

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may have different curve. Usually ductile materials follow similar pattern, so is for brittle
materials. Here is the explanation of stress strain curve for mild steel which is ductile material.

Here is the list of different stages when ductile material subjected to force till its failure.

• Proportional limit (point A)


• Elastic limit (point B)
• Yield point ( upper yield point C and lower yield point D)
• Ultimate stress point (point E)
• Breaking point (point F)
Proportional limit

As shown in stress strain curve for mild steel, up to the point A, stress and strain follow a
relationship. This is known as Hook’s law. Up to the limit of proportionality, stress directly
followed the strain. This means ratio of stress and strain remains constant

Elastic limit

Up to this limit (point B), is material will regain its original shape is unloaded. Point B is known
as elastic point.

Yield limit

When material is loaded beyond its elastic limit, it will not regain its original shape. There will
be always some deformation.

Ultimate stress

This is the maximum stress a material can bear. Value of stress correspond to peak point on
stress strain curve for mild steel is the ultimate stress. It is denoted by point E in diagram.

Breaking stress

Point on the stress strain curve where material fails, is known as breaking point. Stress
correspond to this point is known as breaking stress.

A strain gauge is a resistor used to measure strain on an object. When an external force is
applied on an object, due to which there is a deformation occurs in the shape of the object. This
deformation in the shape is both compressive or tensile is called strain, and it is measured by the
strain gauge. When an object deforms within the limit of elasticity, either it becomes narrower
and longer or it become shorter and broadens. As a result of it, there is a change in resistance
end-to-end.

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Figure 10.2: Strain Gauge
The strain gauge is sensitive to that small changes occur in the geometry of an object. By
measuring the change in resistance of an object, the amount of induced stress can be calculated.
The change in resistance normally has very small value, and to sense that small change, strain
gauge has a long thin metallic strip arrange in a zigzag pattern on a non-conducting material
called the carrier, as shown below, so that it can enlarge the small amount of stress in the group
of parallel lines and could be measured with high accuracy. The gauge is literally glued onto the
device by an adhesive.

When an object shows physical deformation, its electrical resistance gets change and that change
is then measured by gage.

Gauge factor (GF) or strain factor of a strain gauge is the ratio of relative change in electrical
resistance R, to the mechanical strain ε. The gauge factor is defined as:

Where, ε = strain = absolute change in length,


ΔR = change in strain gauge resistance due axial strain and lateral strain and

R = unstrained resistance of strain gauge

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Strain Gauge Bridge Circuit

Figure 10.3: Strain gauge bridge circuit for quarter bridge circuit

Strain gauge bridge circuit shows the measured stress by the degree of discrepancy, and uses a
voltmeter in the center of the bridge to provide an accurate measurement of that imbalance.
In this circuit, R1 and R3 are the ratio arms equal to each other, and R2 is the rheostat arm has a
value equal to the strain gage resistance. When the gauge is unstrained, the bridge is balanced,
and voltmeter shows zero value. As there is a change in resistance of strain gauge, the bridge
gets unbalanced and producing an indication at the voltmeter.

Use of Strain Gauges:


• In the field of mechanical engineering development.
• To measure the stress generated by machinery.
• In the field of component testing of aircraft like; linkages, structural damage etc.

Figure 10.4: Determination of Modulus of Elasticity of Cantilever


Specimen using Strain Gauge

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Observations:
Beam material: Mild steel
Length of the beam, l = 250 mm
Width of beam, b = 41 mm
Thickness of beam, h = 2.48 mm

Procedure:-
(a) Strain measurement in FOUR arm modes (full bridge)
A full-bridge strain gage configuration has four active strain gages

Figure 10.5: Strain gauge bridge circuit for full bridge

1. Switch on the instrument and leave 15 minutes to warm up.


2. Connect the respective colored wires of sensors to terminals in the indicator panel.
3. Keep the arm selector switch on 4.
4. Keep the function switch to gauge factor and adjust the G.F pot to read 500 in display.
5. Select the function switch to ‘cal’ and adjust the ‘cal’ pot to read 1000
6. Keep the function switch to read and adjust the display to read zero.
7. Apply load 100 grams step by step and note down the readings.
8. Calculate the modulus of elasticity and compare the value with theoretical value.

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Tabular column for full bridge

Load applied Strain Measured Bending


Modulus of
(W) indicator Strain Stress
Sl.No elasticity (N/mm2)
reading ‘’ m =  * 10-6 /4  = 6Wl / bh2
E =  / m
Kg N (micro strain)
1
2
..
..
10

(b) Strain measurement in TWO arm modes (half bridge)


A full-bridge strain gage configuration has two active strain gages

Figure 10.6: Strain gauge bridge circuit for half bridge

1. Switch on the instrument and leave 15 minutes to warm up.


2. Connect the respective colored wires of sensors to terminals in the indicator panel.
3. Remove center pin in the sensor part and yellow pin in the indicator panel.
4. Keep the arm selector switch on 2.
5. Keep the function switch to gauge factor and adjust the G.F pot to read 500 in display.
6. Select the function switch to ‘cal’ and adjust the ‘cal’ pot to read 1000
7. Keep the function switch to read and adjust the display to read zero.
8. Apply load 100 grams step by step and note down the readings.
9. Calculate the modulus of elasticity and compare the value with theoretical value.

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Tabular column for half bridge

Load applied Strain Measured Bending


Modulus of
(W) indicator Strain Stress
Sl.No elasticity (N/mm2)
reading ‘’ m =  * 10-6 /2  = 6Wl / bh2
E =  / m
Kg N (micro strain)
1
2
….
10

(c) Strain measurement in SINGLE arm modes ( Quarter bridge)


[A full-bridge strain gage configuration has one active strain gages]

Figure 10.6: Strain gauge bridge circuit for quarter bridge

1. Switch on the instrument and leave 15 minutes to warm up.


2. Connect the respective colored wires of sensors to terminals in the indicator panel.
3. Remove center pin in the sensor part and yellow and black pin in the indicator panel.
4. Keep the arm selector switch on 1.
5. Keep the function switch to gauge factor and adjust the G.F pot to read 500 in display.
6. Select the function switch to ‘cal’ and adjust the ‘cal’ pot to read 1000
7. Keep the function switch to read and adjust the display to read zero.
8. Apply load 100 grams step by step and note down the readings.
9. Calculate the modulus of elasticity and compare the value with theoretical value.

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Tabular column for Quarter Bridge

Load applied Strain Measured Bending


Modulus of
(W) indicator Strain Stress
Sl.No elasticity (N/mm2)
reading ‘’ m =  * 10-6 /1  = 6Wl / bh2
E =  / m
Kg N (micro strain)
1
2

9
10

Graphs:
Plot
(i)  v/s m for all the three modes. (A straight line is obtained from which the slope can be
found i.e.,Young’s modulus E = slope of the line)

(ii) Load applied v/s m

Result: -
The results are tabulated and graphs are plotted.
Sl. No. Arm mode / Bridge Young’s modulus, E (by graph)
N/mm2
1 Four arm mode / Full bridge
2 Two arm mode / Half bridge
3 Single arm mode / Quarter bridge

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