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Statistics and Probability

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Statistics and Probability

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jayemarclabbuanan
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Statistics and

Probability
Mary Conn P. Castro, LPT
Introduction to Statistics
▪ Definition of Statistics

▪ The branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,


organization, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data.
Statistics is especially useful in drawing general conclusions
about a set of data from a sample of the data.
(www.dictionary.com/browse/statistics)
▪VARIABLES
▪A characteristic that is observable or measurable in every
unit.
▪Qualitative Variable
▪ - is a variable that can be observed. Example: Sex,
Color, Texture, and ETC.

▪Quantitative Variable
▪- is a variable that can be counted or measured:
Example: Height, Weight, Length, Number of hair,
Number of Pores
Classification of Quantitative
Variable
▪1. Discrete Variable
▪– is a variable that can be counted. Example, Number of
siblings, number of students a classroom, etc.
▪2. Continuous Variable
▪– is a variable that can be measured. Example, Height,
Weight, Length, Width, etc.
Levels of Measurement
▪ 1. Nominal – is a categorical variable that cannot be ranked. Example: Sex,
Race, Nationality, Color, etc.
▪ 2. Ordinal – is a categorical variable that can be ranked. Example:
Government Position, shoe size(Small, medium, large), Academic Rank.
▪ 3. Interval – is a numerical variable that has no absolute zero. It can take a
negative value. Example, IQ, Celsius scale, Fahrenheit scale, etc.
▪ 4. Ratio – is a numerical variable that has absolute zero. The lowest value is
zero. Example: Income, number of students, number of siblings, age, etc.
RANDOM VARIABLES
▪- Is a function that associates a real number to each element
in the sample space.

▪Ex.1. What are the possible outcomes in tossing three


coins heads(H) or tails(T)
▪Ex 2. Rolling a die and tossing a coin simultaneously
Sample Space
▪- list of all possible outcome
▪- To identify the number of all possible outcome, use the
concept of fundamental principle of counting. It states that
if there are n ways of doing something, and m ways of
doing another thing after that, then there are n × m or n × m
ways to perform both of these actions.
Example1:
▪ Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of tails that occurs.
▪ - To identify the random variable, you need to follow the following
steps:
▪ 1. List all the sample space.
▪ 2. Count the number of tails in every element of the sample space
▪ 3. Make the random variable table. The table must consist Random
variable and Frequency
Try This!
▪Example 2: Suppose three cellphones are
tested at random. Let X be the random
Variable representing the Defective
Cellphones.
Activtiy
▪A shipment of five computers contains two that are
slightly defective. If a retailer receives three of these
computers at random, list the elements of sample
space S using the letter D and N for Defective and
Non-Defective computer, respectively.
Example 3
▪A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white
balls. If three balls are taken from the
basket one after the other, determine the
possible values of the random variable R
representing the number of red balls.
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES
▪1. Discrete Random Variable – if it’s a set of
possible outcomes is countable.

▪2. Continuous Random Variable – if it takes


on values on a continuous scale.
Determine whether the given random
variable is discrete or continuous.
▪A. The weight of the professional wrestlers.
▪B. The number of winners in lotto for each day.
▪C. The area of lots in a subdivision
▪D. The speed of a car.
▪E. The number of dropouts in a school per district.
Probability Distribution
▪- A probability distribution is a table or
an equation that links each outcome of
a statistical experiment with its
probability of occurrence.
EXAMPLE 1
▪Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested
to determine the number of tails that will come out.
Let us use T to represent the number of tails that will
come out. Determine the values of the random
variable T.
Example 2
▪Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of
tails that occurs.
▪ - To identify the random variable, you need to follow the following
steps

▪ 1. List all the sample space.


▪ 2. Count the number of tails in every element of the sample space
▪ 3. Make the random variable table. The table must consist Random
variable and Frequency. (Just add another column for probability)
Try This!
▪Suppose four coins are tossed. Let Y be
the random variable representing the
number of HEADS that occurs.
Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation
of a Discrete Probability Distribution
▪ Given a probability distribution of discrete random variable X, we can compute
for the mean (also called mathematical expectation) and variance using the
formulae below:

▪ *Standard Deviation is a measure of dispersion equal to the square root of the


variance
Example 1: SURGERY PATIENTS
▪- The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7
patients in any day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30
respectively. Compute the mean, variance and standard
deviation of the random variable.
▪- Probability Distribution or Mass Function of Discrete
Random Variable X
Example 2: NUMBER OF CARS
SOLD
▪ The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Determine the
mean, variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.
▪ - Probability Distribution or Mass Function of Discrete Random Variable X
3. DEFECTIVE COMPUTERS
▪ - The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5
defective computers every 24 hours are 0.15, 0.05, 0.04, 0.25, 0.01
and 0.5, respectively.
▪ Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the probability
distribution.
▪ - Probability Distribution or Mass Function of Discrete Random
Variable X

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