Computer Awareness 1

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 COMPUTER

A Computer is a General-purpose machine, commonly consisting of digital circuitry, that' accepts (inputs),
stores, manipulates, and generates (outputs) data as numbers, text, graphics, voice, video files, or electrical
signals, in accordance with instructions called a program.

Father of the computer - Charles Babbage

Father of the modern computer - Alan Turing

Basic Architecture of Computer: John Von Neumann

First Programmer: Lady Ada Augusta

First Electronic Computer: ENIAC-I(1946) - J.P. Ekart & J.W. Moschley

First computer for the home use introduced - IBM in 1981

MAINS PARTS OF COMPUTER

Hardware- Computer hardware is what you can physically touch includes the computer case, monitor,
keyboard, and mouse. It also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as the hard disk
drive, motherboard, video card, and many others.

Input Devices - In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment used
to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information
appliance. Examples: keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.

Keyboard -A Keyboard is the most fundamental input device for any computer system. It helps to enter data
in computer.

Mouse - A mouse is used to input data by sending a signal to the computer, based on hovering the, cursor
and selecting with the left mouse button. The left mouse acts as a 'enter' button. The right mouse button
can be selected and will often pop up a window of choices. The scrolling wheel is used to move the view of
the screen up or down. By moving your mouse to a location in a document, on a digital photo or over a
choice of music, you can click the left mouse button to place the cursor.

Trackballs - A trackball is an input device used to enter motion data into computers or other electronic
devices. It serves the same purpose as a mouse, but is designed with a moveable ball on the top, which can
be rolled in any direction. Instead of moving the, whole device. you simply roll the moveable ball on top of
the trackball unit with your hand to generate motion input.
Barcode Reader - A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device that can read and output
printed barcodes to a computer. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor
translating optical impulses into electrical ones,

Digital Camera- A camera which produces digital images that can be stored in a computer and displayed on
screen.

Gamepad - A handheld controller for video games.

Joystick - A lever that can be moved in several directions to control the movement of an image on a
computer or similar display screen. It is mainly used in playing gamers.

Microphone- An instrument for converting sound waves into electrical energy variations which may then be
amplified, transmitted, or recorded.

Scanner- A device that scans documents and converts them into digital data.

Webcam- A video camera connected to a computer, allowing its images to be seen by Internet users.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) - Is the mechanical or electronic conversion of images of typed,
handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text.

Digitizer - It converts analog information into digital form.

Optical Mark Reading (OMR) - Optical Mark Readers reads pencil or pen marks made in pre-
defined positions on paper forms as responses to questions or tick list

BASIC STRUCTURE OF CPU

CPU (Central Processing Unit)
A central processing (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a
computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical; control and input/output (I/O) operations
specified by the instructions.

• CPU — Heart of the Computer

• CPU Process:
1. Fetch the instruction
2. Interpret the instruction
3. Fetch the data
4. Process the data
5. Write the data

OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is any device used to send data from one computer to another device or user. Most
computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video. Examples include
monitors, projectors, speakers, headphones and printers.

Monitor- A Monitor is a TV-like display attached to the computer on which the output can be displayed or
viewed. It can either be a monochrome display or a colour display.
There are two kinds of monitors
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)- The cathode ray tube(CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or
more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen used to view images.
 2. Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid- Crystal Display (TFT LCD)- A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT
LCD) is a variant of a liquid-crystal display (LCD) that uses thin-film transistor technology to improve
image qualities such as addressability and contrast.

Printer- Printer is an output device for printing text or pictures.

1. Impact Printer- An impact printer is a printer that strikes a print head against an ink Ribbon to mark the
paper. Common examples include Dot Matrix and Daisy-wheel printers.

2. Non-Impact Printers- A non-impact printer prints the characters without using label. Two common type
non-impact printers include inkjet printers, which spray small drops of ink on to each page and Laser printers,
which role ink onto the using a cylinder.

MEMORY

PRIMARY MEMORY OR MAIN MEMORY

Register: Register is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of the computer processor.
Register may hold on instruction, a storage address, or any kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual
characters). Some instructions specify registers as part of the instruction.

RAM (Random Access Memory) - Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of data storage used in computers
that is generally located on the motherboard. This type of memory is volatile and all information that was
stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.

There are two types of Random Access Memory.

1. Dynamic Random Access Memory- Dynamic indicates that the memory must be constantly refreshed (re-
energized) or it will lose its contents.
2. Static memory- A Computer memory that contains fixed information and retains its programmed state as
long as the power is on.
Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system (OS) that allows a computer to compensate for shortages
of physical memory by temporarily transferring pages of data from Random Access Memory to disk storage.

ROM (Read Only Memory) - Once data has been written onto a ROM chip it cannot be removed and can
only be read. Unlike main memory (RAM), ROM retains its contents even when the computer is turned off.
ROM is referred to as being a nonvolatile.

There are three types of Read Only Memory.

1. PROM- PROM stands for Programmable read only memory. R this form of ROM is initially blank. The user
or manufacturer can write data/program on it by using special devices. However, once the program or data
is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed. If there is an error in writing instructions or data in PROM,
the error cannot be erased. PROM chip becomes unusable.

2. EPROM- EPROM stands for erasable Programmable read only memory. This form of ROM is also initially
blank. The user or manufacturer can write program or data on it by using special devices. Unlike PROM, the
data written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special devices and ultraviolet rays. So program or data
written in EPROM chip can be changed and new data can also be added. When EPROM is in use, its contents
can only be read.

3. EEPROM- EEPROM stands for electrically erasable Programmable read only memory. This kind of ROM
can be written or change with the help of electrical devices. Show data stored in this type of ROM chip can
be easily modified.

CACHE
A cache is a place to store something temporarily in a computing environment. Cache memory, also called
CPU memory, is Random Access Memory (RAM).

RAM vs. ROM

RAM ROM
FUNCTION Stores the currently active Stores certain fixed routine such as
programs and their data the boot-up routines.
VOLATILITY RAM is volatile. When the ROM is non-volatile. When the
computer is switched off, the computer is switched off, the
contents are lost. contents are not lost.
 CHANGEABLE The contents of RAM can be The contents of ROM cannot be
changed or deleted. changed or deleted.

MEMORY UNITS
Storage capacity is expressed in bytes. The data is represented as binary digits (0s and 1s)
Hierarchy- Nibble < bit < byte < KB < GB < GB < TB < PB < XB < ZB< YB
American standard code for information interchange (ASCII) is the standard code the computer industry
created to represent characters (more than 64 characters)

1 4 bit Nibble
2 8 bit 1 byte
3 1024 B 1 KB
4 1024 KB 1 MB
5 1024 MB 1 GB
6 1024 GB 1 TB
7 1024 TB 1 PB
8 1024 PB 1 XB
9 1024 XB 1 ZB
10 1024 ZB 1 YB

SECONDARY MEMORY
Secondary memory is a type of Computer memory that is not directly assessed by the central Processing Unit
(CPU) of a computer and is usually available as non-volatile memory. One of the most common forms of this
memory is the hard drive of a computer, which is used to store the operating system (OS) and other
programs. Other forms of secondary memory include disk drives for compact discs (CDs) or Digital versatile
discs (DVDs), as well as removable flash memory.

Hard Drive- A rigid non-removable magnetic disk with a large data storage capacity.

Floppy Disk- A floppy disk, also called a diskette or just desk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disc of
thin and flexible Magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that
removes dust particles. Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD).

Magnetic Tape- Magnetic tape used in recording sound, pictures, and computer data.

Flash Memory- A kind of memory that retains data in the absence of a power supply.

Optical Disc - An electronic data storage medium that can be written to and read using low power laser
beam.

ü CD-ROM: "read only" (used for distribution of commercial software). Standard storage capacity is 640
MB.
 ü CD-R (or CD-WORM): "write once, read many" times

ü CD-RW: Rewritable multiple Times

ü DVD: Similar to CD, art with significantly large storage capacity (4.7 GB)

ü Write once read many (WORM) describes a data storage device in which information, once written,
cannot be modified.

MOTHERBOARD
A motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer that connects the different parts of a computer
together. It has sockets for the CPU. RAM and expansion cards (example discrete graphics cards, sound cards,
network cards, storage cards, etc.) and it also hook up to hard drives, and front panel ports with cables and
wires, also known as mainboard, system board.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER
Abacus- Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device which was used to perform addition
and subtraction easily and speedily. Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which rod which is fitted across
with round beads sliding on the rod.

Pascal Calculator- In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented and adding machine called
Pascal's calculator, which represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it.

Analytical Engine- A scientist from England known to be Charles Babbage invented such a machine. This
device was called analytical engine and it being the first mechanical computer. It included such feature which
is used in today's computer language. For this great invention of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also
known as the father of the computer.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
GENERATION PERIOD MAIN ELECTRONIC MAIN COMPUTERS
COMPONENTS
I 1940-52 Electronic Valve Vacuum EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC
Tube
II 1952-64 Transistor IBM-700, IBM-1401, IBM-
1620,CDC-1604,CDC-
3600,ATLAS, ICL-1901
III 1964-71 Integrated Circuit IBM-360, IBM-370, NCR-
395, CDC-1700, ICL-2903
IV 1971-Present Largely Integrated Circuit APPLE, DCM
V Present & Optical Fibre
Beyond
 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Classification on working system

1. Digital Computer- Digital computer is the most commonly used type of computer and is used to process
information with quantities using digits, usually using the Binary System. Example- MacBook.

2. Analog Computer- A computer that operates with numbers represented by directly measurable quantities
(as voltages or rotations) - compare digital computer, hybrid computer.

3. Hybrid Computer- A computer that combines the characteristics of a digital computer and an analog
computer by its capacity to accept Input and provide output in either digital or analogue form and to process
information digitally.

Classification on size
1. Mini Computer- A computer with processing and storage capabilities smaller than those of a mainframe
but larger than those of a microcomputer.

2. Micro Computer- A microcomputer is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is largely a synonym
for the more common term, personal computer or PC, computer designed for an individual.

3. Mainframe Computer- A mainframe computer is a very large computer capable of handling and
processing very large amounts of data quickly. They are used by large institutions, government Agencies and
large corporations.

4. Super Computer- The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amount of calculations.

5. Quantum Computer- The development of this type is in final stage. Probably quantum computers will be
more advanced than that of human brain. In quantum computers Q-Bit will be used in lieu of Binary Bits.

SUPER COMPUTERS DEVELOPED IN INDIA

NAME MANUFACTURER
FLO SOLVER NAL, Bengaluru
PACE DRDO
PARAM-10000 C-DAC, Pune
CHIPP-16 C-DOT, Bengaluru
MULTIMICRO IIS, Bengaluru
MACH IIT, Bombay

SUPER COMPUTERS DEVELOPED IN THE WORLD

NAME MANUFACTURER
CRAY KIS CRAY K Research Co., USA
Deep Blue IBM Co., USA
Blue Gene IBM Co., USA
COSMOS Cambridge University, UK
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Computer Awareness 2
ANUJ JINDAL
 KEY BENEFITS OF OUR COURSES

Our course structure includes a lot of perks that

are otherwise unavailable elsewhere.
It is a comprehensive guide to help you crack the
paper & secure your dream position.

We provide personal solutions all queries using a Telegram

group wherein Anuj Jindal himself will clarify your doubts.

We curate the learning strategies of past year toppers to help

you learn from the success of the best
 NETWORKING AND INTERNET
Computer Networking: A computer network is a set of connected computers. Computers on a network are
called nodes. The connection between computers can be done by a cabling, the Ethernet cable, or wirelessly
through radio waves. Connected computers can share resources, like access to the internet, printers, file
servers and others.

Components:
1. Server- A computer designed to process requests and deliver data to other (client) computers over a local
network or the internet.
2. Receiver- Hardware module or device used to receive signals.
3. Channel- A physical connection between server and receiver.

Transmission channel
Simplex Channels- Simplex is a communication channel that operates in one direction at a time.

Half Duplex Channel- A Half duplex channel can send and receive data, but not at the same time.

Full Duplex Channel- Refers to the transmission of data in two directions simultaneously.

Types of data communication medium

ü Standard telephone line
ü Microwave transmission
ü Optical fibers
ü Coaxial cable
ü Satellite communication

Network devices
1. Network adaptor is a device that enables a computer to connect with the other computer/using MAC
Address.
2. Hub is a device that splits a network connection into multiple computers.
3. Switch is a telecommunication device grouped as one of computer network components.
4. Cable is one way of transmission medium which can transmit communication signals.
5. Repeaters are used to re generate or replicate signals that are weekend or distorted by transmission over
long distances.
6. Bridge is used to connect two LANs with the same standard but using different types of cables.
7. Routers are used to join multiple computer networks together via either wired or wireless connections.
8. Gateways are a key stopping point for data on its way to or from other networks.
9. MODEM - Modulator-Demodulator electronic device that allows computers to communicate over
telephone wires or cable-TV cable.

TYPES OF NETWORK
1. Local Area Network (LAN) - A computer network that link devices within a building or group of adjacent
building. Example star line, ring LAN, bus LAN.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN) - A computer network in which the computers connected may be far apart.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that interconnects
users with computer resources in Geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a LAN but
smaller than the area covered by WAN. Example- Public Networks, Public Switched Telephone Networks
(PSTN), Public Service Digital Network (PSDN).
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards of simultaneous digital
transmission of voice, video, data.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1. Mesh Topology- Mesh is a network topology in which devices are connected with many redundant
interconnections between network notes.

2. Star Topology- Star topology is a network topology where each individual piece of a network is attached
to a central node.

3. Ring Topology- Ring topology refers to a specific kind of network setup in which devices are connected in
a ring and pass information to each other according to their adjacent in the ring structure.

4. Bus Topology- Bus topology is a specific kind of network topology in which all of the various devices in the
network are connected to a single cable or line.

5. Tree Topology- It is a combination characteristics of linear, bus and star topology.

OSI MODEL
OSI: The open system interconnection model (OSI Model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and
standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication of computing system without regard of
their underlying internal structure and Technology.

7 layers of OSI model

1. Physical Layer- The physical layer is the first layer of the OSI model that deals with bit level transmission
between different devices and supports electrical or mechanical interfaces connecting to the physical
medium for synchronised communication.

2. Data Link Layer- The data link layer is the second layer of OSI model. This layer is the protocol layer that
transfers the data in the form of frames between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network or between
nodes on the same Local area network segment.

3. Network Layer- The network layer is the third level of the OSI model and the layer that provide the data
routing paths for network communication. Data is transferred in the form of packets biological network path
in an ordered format controlled by the network layer.
4. Transport Layer- The transport layer is the layer in the OSI model responsible for end-to-end
communication (in the form of segments) over a network. It provides logical communication between
application processes running on different host within a layered architecture of protocols and other network
components.

5. Session Layer- In the OSI model, the session layer is the fifth layer which controls the connections between
multiple computers. The session layer tracks the dialogues between computers, which are also called
sessions.

6. Presentation Layer- The presentation layer is the 6 layer in OSI model. It is used to present data to the
application layer (layer 7) in an accurate, well defined and standardized format. The presentation layer is
sometimes called the syntax layer.

7. Application Layer- The application layer is a layer in the OSI model and in the TCP/IP protocol suite. It
consists of protocols that focus on process-to-process communication across an IP Network and provides a
firm communicate and end-user services.

DATA TRANSMISSION
1. NIC-Network Interface Card: Network Interface Card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or card that is
installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a network.

2. Wireless Technology- Wireless communications is a type of data, a wireless signal through wireless
communication Technologies and device.

NETWORK RELATED TERMS

• Protocol- It is a set of rules and Standards which is used by computers to exchange data or
information with each other across a network.

• Nodes- It is a connect point where data transmission and redistribution of data starts.

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - Basic communication language or

protocol of the internet.
IPV4- 32 bits numeric address
IPV6- 128 bits hexadecimal address

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files between
a client and server on a computer network.

• Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing and using the
internet.
• Network Service Provider (NSP) is a company that provides backbone services to an internet service
provider (ISP).

• Web server is a program that uses HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) to serve the files that form
web pages to the users in response to their requests which are forwarded by their computers' HTTP
clients.

• Website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with
a common domain name.

• Homepage is the introductory page of a website.

• Hyperlink is a word, phrase or image that you can click on to jump to a new document or a new
section within the current document.

• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative,
hypermedia information systems.
• URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a form of URI and is a standardized naming convention for
addressing documents accessible over the internet and intranet.
 INTERNET
1. Internet- A global computer network providing a variety of Information and Communication facilities.
Consisting of interconnected networks using standardized Communication protocols.

2. Modem- A combined device for modulation and demodulation, for example, between the digital data of
a computer and the analogue signal of a telephone line.

3. Web browser- Web browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display content on the
World Wide Web including web pages, images and video.

SOME IMPORTANT FILE EXTENSIONS

.doc Microsoft Word document
.ppt PowerPoint presentation
.bmp bitmap image file
.jpg JPEG image

.xls excel spreadsheet

.exe windows executable file

.bak backup file

SOFTWARE
Software- The programs and other operating information used by a computer.

Types of Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
Operating Software Educational Software Text Editor
Loader Spreadsheet Software Compiler
Data Driver Word Processors Interpreter
Firmware

• Operating System Software- An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer
hardware and software resources and provides common service programs. The operating system is
a component of the system software in a computer system.

• Functions of Operating System - The basic functions of an operating system are: Booting the
computer, perform basic computer tasks. Example, managing the various peripheral devices example
Mouse, keyboard, provides user interface. Example, command line, graphic user interface (GUI).
• Spreadsheet Software- Software interface consisting of an interactive grid made up of cells in which
data or formulas are entered for analysis or presentation.
• Word Processors- The program of machine for storing, manipulating and formatting from a keyboard
and providing a printout.

• Compiler- A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written
in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target
language), with the latter often having a binary form known as object code.

• Interpreter- A program that can analyze and execute a program line by line.

• Database Management System- Software that handles the storage, retrieval and updating of data in
a computer system.

• Antivirus Software- Antivirus software prime all set of programs that are designed to prevent, search
for, and remove software viruses and other malicious software like worms, Trojans, adware and
more.

• Boot- The boot process is the name for the various steps the computer takes after you turn it on, all
the way until the operating system is loaded.
• Cold Boot- The startup of a computer from a power down or off state, also called a hard boot.

• Warm Boot- Restarting computer via the operating system.

 MICROSOFT OFFICE
MS Office: Microsoft office or Microsoft office system is a collection of computer programs made by
Microsoft. The programs are created for all users. There are different versions of the software for home
users and for business users.
• It was first announced by Bill Gates of Microsoft on August 1, 1988 at COMDEX in Las Vegas.
• MS Office primarily includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access and Outlook. It also includes OneNote,
Groove, InfoPath and Publisher.

MS WORD
• Microsoft word is a word processor developed by Microsoft.
• It is used for creating, editing, formatting, storing, retrieving and printing of a text document.
• Microsoft word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or.docx file extension.

Some Important Tools in Microsoft Word

ü Header And Footer option is used to display information such as title and page number of the
document.

ü Title Bar- A bar at the top of the window that bears the name of the window.
ü Menu Bar- A screen element of MS word that is usually located below the title bar that provides
categorized option.

ü Thesaurus- It is used for finding a synonym for a word in the document.

ü Style- Changes the style of the selected text.

ü Font- Changes the font for the selected text.

ü Font Size- Changes the point size of the selected text.

ü Bold- Makes the selected text bold.

ü Italic- Makes the selected text Italic.

ü Underline- Underlines the selected text.

ü Align Left, Align Right, Center- aligns the selected text/paragraph.

ü Justify- Justifies the selected text/ paragraph.

ü New- Creates a new, blank document.

ü Open- Displays the open dialogue box so that you can retrieve existing document.
 ü Save, Print, Print Preview- Saves the active document to a specified location, prints active document
and displays what the document will look like when you print it.

ü Cut, Copy, Paste- Cuts the selected text and places it on the clipboard then copies selected text and
paste the contents of the clipboard to a new location.

ü Undo- Undoes the last document change.

ü Redo- Redoes the last action that was undone.

ü Insert Hyperlink- Creates a hyperlink from the selected text.

SHORTCUT KEYS AND FUNCTION KEYS

Shortcut Keys Functions
Ctrl + shift + Spacebar creates a non-breaking space
Ctrl + B makes letters bold
ctrl + I makes letters Italic
Ctrl + U makes letters underline
Ctrl + shift + < decreases the font size one value
Ctrl + shift + > increases the font size one value
Ctrl + spacebar remove paragraph or character formatting
Ctrl + C copy the selected text or object
Ctrl + X cut the selected text or object
Ctrl + V paste text or an object
Ctrl + Alt + V paste special
Ctrl + shift + V paste formatting only
Ctrl + Z undo the last action
Ctrl + Y redo the last action
F1 get help or visit Microsoft Office online
F4 repeat the last action
F5 choose the Go To command
F7 choose the spelling command
F12 choose the Save As command
 MICROSOFT EXCEL
• Microsoft Excel is software developed by Microsoft Corporation that allows user to organize, format
and calculate data with formulas using a spreadsheet. The exact number of rows and columns are
1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns.
• It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual
Basic for applications.

Some Important Terms Used In Excel:

ü Cell- Parcel is the intersection of a row and column. A cell can contain a label, a numeric value or a
formula.

ü Cell Address- The cell address is the location of a Cell on a worksheet and is defined by the column
letter and the row number.

ü Active Cell- The cell in which we are currently working.

ü Formula Bar- The formula bar is located under the toolbars at the top of the working screen. It
contains the edit line for working with formulas and provides information regarding cell addresses.

ü Functions- A function is a preset formula. Functions consist of the function name and its arguments.
The function name tells Excel what calculation you want it to perform.

ü Pivot Table Wizard- Pivot table Wizard is a series of dialogue boxes that guides you step by step
through the process of creating a pivot table.

ü Spreadsheet- Spreadsheet is the generic term for applications, such as Excel, that you can use to
enter, analyze and calculate data. It performs mathematical calculations and projections based on
data entered. Common spreadsheet uses include analysis, charting and budgeting.

ü Syntax- The syntax of the function refers to the order of the functions arguments. In some functions,
the order of the arguments determines how Excel solves the function.

ü Worksheet- A worksheet is an electronic spreadsheet that lets you enter, analyze and calculate data.
Within a workbook, worksheets can share information and calculations pertaining to several
worksheets can be performed at one time. Default number of worksheets in a new workbook is three.

SHORTCUT KEYS OF MS EXCEL

Shortcut Keys Functions
Ctrl + shift + ; enter the current time
Ctrl + ; enter the current date
Ctrl + space/shift + space bar select the entire column/select the entire row
Alt + = create a formula to sum all of the above cells
Ctrl + ' insert the value of the above cell into the cell
currently selected
Ctrl + Arrow key move to next section of text
F2 edit the selected cell
F5 go to a specific cell
Ctrl + F6 switch between open workbooks/window
F7 spell check selected text and/or document
F11 create chart
 MS POWERPOINT
• The application software that can create professional looking visual aids is called presentation
graphics software.
• MS PowerPoint can be started by clicking at start - program - Microsoft PowerPoint.
• A slide can contain one or more of these components: Titles, Graphs, Drawing Objects, Clipart and
Pictures.
• The slide components that are used for reference are: Handouts, Notes, and Outlines.

A new presentation can be created through one of these methods:

Auto Content Wizard
Design Templates
Sample Presentation
Blank Presentation

Some Important Terms:

ü Animations- Animations are effects that allow you to reveal the points on a slide one by one.

ü Auto ClipArt- Use the auto ClipArt command to begin a concept keyword search of your slideshow.
PowerPoint searches your slideshow for keywords that relate to the keywords associated with the
clip art images from the clip gallery.

ü Background- the background dialogue box provides various options that let you change the
background look of a single slide or every slide in the presentation.

Presentation- a presentation is a collection of slides, handouts, speaker's notes and an outline, all combined
into a file that can be printed onto transparencies or projected from a computer.
ü Slides- slides are the individual pages of your presentation. Slides can be designed with different
titles, graphics, text and much more.

ü Slide Sorter Toolbar- the slide sorter toolbar is available only in slide sorter view and allows quick
access to special PowerPoint effects such as transitions, builds, rehearse timing, and hide slides.

ü Slide Sorter View- slide sorter view displays a reduced image of all the slides in a grid-like fashion.
This view makes it easier to rearrange the slides in a presentation and add transitions and special
effects.

ü Slide View- slide view allows you to work on all slide at a time. While in slide view, you can add any
element to a slide, including text, graphics, shapes and graphs.

Database Management System (DBMS) - Database management system is about managing and structuring
the collections of data held on computers. A database consists of an organized Collection of data for one or
more uses. Example- bibliography, document- text, statistical.
 COMPUTER SECURITY
Computer security is the process of preventing and detecting unauthorized use of your computer.
1. Virus is a type of malicious software program (malware) that, when executed, replicates by reproducing
itself (copying its own source code) or infecting other computer programs by modifying them. Example Code
Red, Nimba, SirCam, Ripper, Melissa, MDMA, One Half.

v Boot Virus (Trojans) affect the disc operating system, thereby corrupting the booting files in spite of
the operating system used. The main distinction is that they don't replicate but spread on opening
and email attachment specifically.

v Macro Virus (Worms) are intended to affect data files specifically by finding vulnerabilities in word
or Excel documents. They infect by replicating to other systems in the network. They don't require a
host file to replicate themselves.

v Virus Hoax is a message warning the recipient of a non-existent computer virus threat.

v Companion Virus is a complicated computer virus which unlike traditional viruses, do not modify any
files.

2. Spyware: It is software that secretly collects user information while on the Internet. Spyware can capture
information like web browsing habits, address messages, usernames and passwords and credit card
information.

3. Adware: This program launches the advertisements in the form of pop-ups. Usually the add Words are
based on the Internet behaviour of the user.

4. Spam: These are unwanted email. In other words we can call them as unsolicited promotional mail.

5. Pharming: More advanced method of phishing in which the attackers create duplicate or similar looking
website of other companies, to attract customers and steal the data.

6. Cookies: Is a program or information secretly stored in a computer especially the internet browser which
allows other users to monitor the internet activities of a person. These programs usually monitor the
browsing nature of a person so that the companies can create better marketing strategies.

7. Mail Bomb: An excessively large email (typically many thousands of messages) or one large message send
to a user's email account. This is done to crash the system and prevent genuine messages from being
recovered.
8. Scareware: A common trick cyber criminals use to make users think that their Computer has become
infected with malware to get them to purchase a fake application.

9. Sniffers: A software program used to monitor the traffic in a network. The hacker’s main use the sniffed
data to access important confidential data.

10. Rootkit: A program designed to hide objects such as processes, files or Windows registry entries (often
including its own).

11. Phishing: This is acquiring the personal and sensitive information of a person through official looking
emails. Users of online banking and e-commerce websites are more prone to this attack.

12. Spoofing: It is a type of scam where an Intruder attempts to gain unauthorized access to a user's system
or information by pretending to be the user.

Firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on predetermined security rules.

Adware, or advertising-supported software, is any software package that automatically renders

advertisements in order to generate revenue for its author.

Anti-virus software is a program or set of programs that are designed to prevent, search for, detect and
remove software viruses and other malicious software like worms, Trojans, and adware.

Zombie is a computer connected to the internet that has been compromised by a hacker, computer virus or
Trojan horse program and can be used to perform malicious task of one sort or another under remote
direction.
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 COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY
• Access- To call up information which is out of storage.

• Access Time- The amount of time it takes for requested information to be delivered from discs and
memory.

• Accumulator- A local Storage Area called a register, which the result of an arithmetic or logic
operation is formed. It contains a single data register.

• Active Cell- The cell in MS Excel with dark boundary is called the active cell.

• ALU- It stands for Arithmetic Logical Unit. All calculations in computer are done here.

• Amplifier- The circuit board that plugs into a computer and gives it additional capabilities.

• Analog Computer- Computer that operates on data which is in the form of continuous variable
physical quantities.

• Android- It is a Linux based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such
as Smartphones and Tablets computer.
VERSIONS OF ANDROID (OLD TO NEW)
Cupcake à Donut à Eclair à Froyo à Gingerbread à Honeycomb à Ice Cream Sandwich à Jelly Bean à
Kit-Kat à Lollipop à Marshmallow à Nougat à Oreo.
• Algorithm- A step-by-step procedure design to solve a problem or achieve an objective.

• Alphanumeric- A character said that contains letters, another special characters such as @, $, +, *,
%, etc.

• Achieve- It provides Backup storage.

• Application Software- It is designed to perform some specific application such as payroll, word
processing, graphics etc.

• Assembler- A program that translates mnemonic statement into executable instruction.

• Backup- Storage of duplicate files on desk, diskettes, other form of magnetic medium (such as tapes)
as a safety measure in case the original medium is damaged or lost.

• Backspace Key- A key is used on the keyboard to delete that text. Backspace will delete the text to
the left of the cursor.
• Barcode- A bar code is a machine readable representation of information in a visual format on a
surface. The first Barcode system was developed by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard silver in
1952.

• Bandwidth- The maximum amount of data that can travel in a communication path in a given time,
measured in bits per second (bps).

• Basic Input Output System (BIOS) - Also known as ROM BIOS. It provides abstraction layer for the
hardware that is a consistent way for application programs and operating system to interact with
input/output devices.

• Batch Processing- Data is processed in a batch.

• Binary Code- The language used by computers in which data and instructions are represented by a
series of 1s and 0s.

• Bitmap- A method of storing a graphic image as a set of bits in a computer memory. To display the
image on the screen, the computer converts the bits into pixels.

• BIOS- It stands for Basic Input Output System. This program is stored in ROM.

• Bit- It is the short form of Binary Digit.

• Blog- It is a discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web.

• Bluetooth- The protocol that permits up information between computers, cell phone and other
electronic devices within a radius of about 30 feet.

• Booting- Booting is bootstrapping process which starts the operating system when a computer is
switched on.

• Boot Loader- It reads the main portion of the operating system for secondary memory.

• Botnet- It is a collection of internet connected programs communicating with other similar programs
in order to perform tasks.

• Boot Sequence- A boot sequence is the set of operations the computer performs when it is switched
on which loads the operating system.

• Buffering- The process of sorting data in a memory device, allowing the devices to change the data
rates, perform error checking and error retransmission.
• Bug- A software bug is an error, flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program or system produces an
incorrect or unexpected result.

• Bus- Pathway along with electronic signals travel between the components of a computer system.

• Byte- One byte is a collection of 8 bits.

• Binary Numbering System- A numbering system in which all the numbers are represented by various
combinations of the digits that are 0 and 1.

• Cell- Cells are boxes created by the intersection of rows and columns.

• Cell Pointer- The boundary of active cell is called cell pointer.

• Chip- A tiny wafer of silicon containing miniature electric circuits that can store millions of bits of
information.

• Command- An instruction that causes a program or computer to perform a function.

• Compiler- A compiler is a computer program that translates a series of instructions written in one
computer Language (called the source language) into another computer language (also called the
object of target language).

• Communication- The transmission of data from one computer to another or from one device to
another is called communication.

• Computer Graphics- Computer graphics are visual presentation on a computer screen. Example are
photographs, drawings, line arts, graphs, diagrams, typography numbers, symbols, geometric
designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images.

• Cold Boot- When a computer restarts after the power cut is called Cold boot.

• Control Panel- It is the part of Windows menu, accessible from the start menu, which allows users to
review and manipulate basic system settings and controls. Such as adding hardware,
adding/removing software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility options.

• Copyright- It means the material and information are the personal property of the owner or
producer.

• Counterfeiting- The process of making and distributing illegal copies of software packages.

• Chat- The method of communication in which people type text messages to each other thereby
holding up conversation over a network such as the internet.
• Clipboard- Are holding area in memory where information that has been copied or cut (, graphics,
sound, or video) can be stored until the information is inserted elsewhere.

• CMOS- A type of computer chip which is able to operate with a very small amount of electricity from
a battery. CMOS stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor.

• Cookie- A packet of information that travels between a browser and web server.

• Crash- Malfunction in hardware or software that keeps a computer from functioning.

• Cracker- A Cracker is a person who breaks into a computer system to steal the information as
programs for unauthorized use.

• Crawler- It is an internet but which systematically browses the World Wide Web, typically for the
purpose of web indexing (web spidering).

• CU- It stands for Control Unit. It controls the computer system.

• Data- Information consisting of letters, numbers, symbols, sound, or images - in a form that can be
processed by a computer.

• Database- A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed,
managed and updated.
• Data Abstraction- It is the reduction of a particular body of data to a simplified representation of the
whole.

• Data Capture- It is a process of collecting or capturing data from a site on a source.

• Data Manipulation- Captured data are manipulated to produce information.

• Data Processing- It refers to the process of collecting and manipulating raw data to yield Useful
information.

• Disk Operating System (DOS) - Hard disk operating system is a computer operating system that can
be used as a disk storage device, such as a floppy disk, hard disk drive, or optical disk.

• Debugging- Locating and eliminating defects in a program.

• Delete- A command to erase storage.

• Directory- A list of the files stored on a disc.

• Dots Per Inch (DPI) - It is defined as the measure of the resolution of a printer, scanner, monitor.

• Download- A copy (data) from one computer system to another, typically over the internet.

• DBMS- It stands for Database Management System. It is a software package to manage database.

• DHTML- It stands for Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language. It is used to create dynamic content on
web pages.

• Dial up Networking- It is the method by which computer is connected to the internet using
telephone.

• DOS- It stands for Disc Operating System. It is an operating system.

• Editing- The process of changing information by inserting, deleting, replacing, rearranging and
reformatting.

• EDO (Extended Data Output) - RAM is a type of Random Access Memory (RAM) chip that improves
the time to read from memory on faster microprocessors such as the Intel Platinum.

• E-Mail- Electronic mail, abbreviated e-mail is a method of composing, ending, storing and receiving
messages over electronic communication systems.

• Encapsulation- It is a mechanism that Associates the code and the data it manipulates into a single
unit and keep them safe from external interference.

• Encryption- In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding messages (or information) in such
a way that hackers cannot read it, but the authorized users can access it.

• Entity- An entity is something that has certain attributes or properties which may be assigned values.

• Ethernet Card- Network adaptor that enables a computer to connect to an Ethernet.

• Ethics- Ethics are rules and beliefs.

• Execution Time- The total time required to execute a program on a particular system.

• Export- To save information from one computer or program to another.

• Fax- It stands for 'Facsimile Machine'. It is used to transmit a copy of a document electronically.

• Field- The attributes of an entity are written as fields in the table representation.
• File- A collection of information stored electronically and treated as a unit by a computer. The file
must have its own distinctive name.

• File Manager- The file manager is an Operating System utility that provides a user interface to work
with the file system.

• File Server- A computer on a network that stores the programs and data files shared by the users.

• Firmware- From where is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software.

• Fax Modem- A device building to attach to a computer that serves as a facsimile machine and a
modem.

• Floating Point Numbers- Signed numbers held in a traction exponent format.

• Floppy Disk- A floppy disc is a data storage device that is composed of a circular piece of thin, taxable
(i.e., floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic walled.

• Flowcharts- Flowcharts are the means of visually representing the flow of data through and
information processing system, the operations performed within the system and the sequence in
which they are performed.

• Format- To set margins, tabs, font or line spacing in layout of a document.

• Frame- The basic packages of information on a network channel.

• Frequency- The number of oscillations of a signal per unit of time. It is usually expressed in cycles per
second (CPS or hertz Hz).

• Function Key- A special key on a computer keyboard or a terminal devices keyboard that is used to
perform specific functions. Keys F1 to F10.

• Gigahertz (GHz) - The measurement used to identify the speed of the central Processing Unit.

• GML- It stands for General Mark-Up Language.

• Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) - A simple file format for pictures and photographs that are
composed so that they can be sent quickly.

• Graphical User Interface (GUI) - A graphical user interface is a method of interacting with a computer
through a metaphor of direct manipulating of graphical images and widgets in addition to text.

• Glitch- Hardware problem that causes a computer to malfunction or crash.

• Hard Copy- Text or graphics printed on a paper, also called a print out.

• Hard Disk- A rigid type of magnetic medium that can store large amounts of information.

• Hardware- The physical components of a computer.

• Host Computer- A computer that provides information or a service to other computers on the
internet.

• Hacker- A computer criminal that penetrates and tempers with computer programs or systems.

• High Level Programming Languages- A high level programming language is a programming language
with strong abstraction from the details of the computer.

• Html- It stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is used to create web-pages.

• Instant Messaging- A chat program that lets people communicate over the internet in real time.

• Integrated Circuit- Multiple electronic components combined on a tiny Silicon chip.

• Interface- The electrical connection that links to pieces of equipment so that they can communicate
with each other.
• Intranet- A private network established by an organisation for the Exclusive use of its employees.

• Icon- Or symbol (such as a picture or a folder) that represents a certain function on your computer.

• Information- Information is the summarization of data according to a certain predefined purpose.

• Import- In order to give instructions to a computer, the information has to be supplied to it.

• Instruction- A command or order given to a computer to perform a task.

• Instruction Cycle- Fetching and decoding operations of the machine cycle.

• Interface- A device or program that helps the user to communicate with the computer.

• Interpreter- A program that converts and execute the source code into machine code line by line.

• Internet Society- It was formed in 1992 to promote the use of internet.

• Integrated Circuits- Multiple electronic components combined on a silicon chip.

• Java- A programming language designed for programs or applets used over the internet.
• JPEG- Joint Photographic Expert Group is an ISO/IEC group of experts that develop and maintain
standards for a suite of Compression algorithms for computer image files.

• Kernel- It is the fundamental part of a program, such as an Operating System, that resides in memory
at all times.

• Key Field- Unique field in a record used to distinguish one record from another.

• Label- One or more characters used to identify a statement and instruction or a data in a computer
program.

• Landscape- A printer feature generally controlled by software which rotates output image by 90
degree to print across the length rather than the width of the paper.

• Link- A communication path between two Nodes or Channel.

• Linux- Type of open source software. When combined with other components, Linux serves as an
increasingly popular operating system that competes with Microsoft Windows.

• Loop- A sequence of instructions that is executed repeatedly until a terminal condition occurs.

• MAC OS- It is an operating system used in Macintosh computer, developed by Apple.

• Megahertz (MHz) - A measurement used to identify the speed of the central Processing Unit.

• Memory- The part of computer that stores information.

• Menu- A list of choices shown on the display screen.

• Merge- Combining two or more files into a single file.

• Microprocessor- A complete central Processing Unit (CPU) contained on a single Silicon chip.

• MIDI- Stands for music instrument digital interface. It allows a computer to store and replay a musical
instrument's output.

• Minimize- A term used in a GUI operating system that uses Windows. It refers to reducing a window
to an icon or a label at the bottom of the screen, allowing another window to be viewed.

• MIPS- An acronym derived from millions of instruction per second (MIPS). It is used to measure the
speed of a processor.
• Morphing- The transformation of one image into another image.

• Modem- It is a device to connect different computer systems to the internet using telephone or cable
lines.

• MS-DOS- An early operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft disc operating
system).

• Multitasking- Multitasking can be used to simultaneously work with several programs or integrated
task that share memories, codes buffers and files.

• Multithreading- It is a facility available in an operating system that allows multiple functions from
the same application packages.

• Multi User- The term describing the capability of a computer system to be operated at more than
one terminal at the same time.

• Multiplexer- It is a device that combines multiple input signals into an aggregate signal for
transmission.

• Notebook Computer- A portable computer, also known as a laptop computer.

• Object- Refers to a particular instance of a class as the object can be a combination of variables,
functions and data structures.

• Online Processing- It is used when data are coming continuously without delay.

• Operating Unit- It is used to take output from the computer.

• Operating System (OS) - Software that manages the internal functions and controls the operations
of a computer.

• Open Source Software (OSS) - Free Open Source Software (FOSS), also called just open source or free
software, is licensed to be free to use, modify and distribute.

• Optical Character Reader (OCR) - A device that can scan text from hard copy and enter it
automatically into a computer for storage or editing, also called an optical scanner.

• Password- A user's secret identification code required to access the stored material.

• Patch- A patch is a piece of software designed to update a computer program or its supporting data,
to fix or improve it.
• Piracy- Unauthorized copying of some purchased software.

• Pixel- The pixel is the basic unit of Programmable colour on a computer display or in a computer
image.

• Port- It is the female part of a connection. Computer ports have many uses, to connect a monitor,
webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices.

• Portrait- It is a mode in which the printer orients content for reading across the shorter length (the
weight) of the sheet of paper.

• Plug And Play- The ability to plug in a peripheral and have it work without difficulty.

• Primary Key- A primary key is a field in a table which is unique and enables you to identify every
record in the table.

• Primary Memory- It is the main memory of a computer system.

• Program- An established sequence of instructions that tells a computer what to do. The term
program means the same as software.

• Pseudo Code- Pseudo code is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop
algorithm.

• Push Technology- A process that allows a user to obtain automatic delivery of specified information
from the internet to the user's computer. For example, stock market quotes, weather forecasts, and
sports scores.

• Query- A query is a request to extract information from a database.

• Queue- A queue is an example of a linear data structure, or more abstractly are sequential collection.

• Range Of Cells- It is group of neighbouring cells that touch each other.

• Record- A record (also called compound data) is a basic Data Structure. A record is a collection of
fields, possibly of different data types, typically in fixed number and sequence.

• Response Time- The timer computer takes to execute a command.

• Retrieve- To call up information from memory or storage, so that it can be processed in some way.

• Rich Text Format (RTF) - RTF is a file format that lets you exchange text file between different word
processors in different operating systems.
• Routing- Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network, or between or across
multiple networks.

• Scanner- Scanner is a device that captures images from photographic print, posters, magazine pages,
and similar sources for computer editing and display.

• Scroll- To move information horizontally or vertically on a display screen so that one can see parts of
a document that is too wide or too deep to fit entirely on one screen.

• Search Engine- A free program that helps web users locate data by means of a keyboard or concept.

• Sector- A sector is a subdivision of a track on a magnetic disk or optical disk.

• Secondary Memory- It is the permanent memory of the computer.

• Server- A computer that delivers data to other computers (clients) linked on the same network.

• Shareware- Software that usually me be downloaded and used initially without charge.

• Socket- Network socket is an endpoint of a connection in a computer network.

• Software- It relates to sets of programs.

• SOLARIS- It is a UNIX like operating system developed by Sun Microsystems.

• Sorting- It is arranging of data in order.

• Swapping- A process can be swapped temporarily out of memory to a backing Store, and then
brought back into memory for continued execution.

• System Software- It performs the basic functions that are necessary to operate a computer system.

• Synchronization- Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in Unison.

• Tag- It is a part of HTML. It is the way, the browser displays text in a web page.

• Telecommunication- The process of sending and receiving information by means of telephones,

satellites, and other devices.

• Telnet- A protocol that allows a computer to connect with a host computer on the internet.

• Template- Refers to a sample document that has already some details in place.
 • Terminal- Any device that can transmit and receive electronic information.

• Text- Broadly speaking, the material displayed on a screen or printed on a paper.

• Time Sharing Or Multitasking - Time sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at
various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time.

• Topology- Topology is the arrangement of various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer
network.

• Touchpad- The device on a laptop computer that takes the place of a mouse.

• UNIX- It is a powerful multiuser operating. It uses command line user interface.

• Universal Serial Bus (USB) - A common standard for connecting multiple peripherals to a computer
as needed.

• Upload- Uploading is the transmission of a file from one computer system to another, usually larger
operating system.

• Utility- A utility is a small program that provides an addition to the capabilities provided by the
operating system.

• User-Friendly- Describes hardware or software that is easy to you.

• Virus- It is a harmful computer program.

• Webcam- A video camera that sends live images over the internet to a website.

• Zip- ZIP is an Archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A ZIP file may contain one
or more files or directories that may have been compressed.

• Zoom- Zoom is another name for maximize, to enlarge the data size or image size.

IMPORTANT KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS (COMMANDS)

SHORT CUT KEYS Description
Ctrl + A Select All
Ctrl + B Bold
Ctrl + C Copy
Ctrl + D Font Dialogue Box
Ctrl + E Centre Alignment
Ctrl + I Italics
Ctrl + J Justified Alignment
Ctrl + L Left Alignment
Ctrl + N Opens New Blank Document
Ctrl + O Opens Existing Document
Ctrl + R Right Alignment
PrtScn Print Screen/Take A Screen Shot
Alt + Tab Switch To Next Opened Program
Ctrl + Home Go To Beginning Of A File/Worksheet
Ctrl + End Go To End Of A File/Worksheet
Alt + Shift + Tab Switch To Previous Opened Document
Alt + F4 Close Window/Shut Down
Ctrl + Y Redo
Ctrl + Z Undo
Ctrl + W Close File
Ctrl + X Cut
Ctrl + F2 Print Preview
F1 Help
F2 Edit/Rename
F4 Properties
F5 Go To
F7 Spell Check
F12 Save As
ESC Escape
Ctrl + S Save
Ctrl + U Underline
Ctrl + P Print
Ctrl + K Hyperlink
 IMPORTANT COMPUTER ABBREVIATIONS
AAC- Advanced Audio Coding
AI- Artificial Intelligence
AMR- Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec
API- Application Program Interface
ARP- Address Resolution Protocol
ARPANET- Advanced Research Project Agency Network
ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ATM- Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AVI- Audio Video Interleave
BASIC- Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BCC- Blind Carbon Copy
BCD- Binary Coded Decimal
BHTML- Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language
BIOS- Basic Input Output System
BIU- Bus Interface Unit
BMP- Bitmap
BPS- Bytes Per Second
CAD- Computer Aided Design
CADD- Computer Aided Design and Drafting
CAI- Computer Aided Instruction
CAM- Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAT Scan- Computerized Axial Tomography Scan
CDAC- Centre for Development of Advanced Parallel Computing
C-DOT- Centre for Development Of Telematics
CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access
CD- Compact Disc
CD-R- Compact Disc-Recordable
CD-ROM- Compact Disc-Read Only Memory
CD-RW- Compact Disc-Rewritable
CISC- Complex Instructions Set Computers
COBOL- Common Business Oriented Language
COMAL- Common Algorithmic Language
COMPUTER- Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Trade/Technology, Education and Research
CPU- Central Processing Unit
CRT- Cathode Ray Tube
CUT- Character User Interface
DAT- Digital Audio Tape
DBMS- Database Management System
DNS- Domain Name System
DOC- Document (Microsoft Corporation)
DOS- Disk operating system
DPI- Dots Per Inch
DTS- Desk Top System
DTP- Desk Top Publishing
DVD- Digital Versatile Disc
DVD-RAM- Digital Video Disc-Random Access Memory
DVD-ROM- Digital Video Disc-Read Only Memory
DVD-RW- Digital Video Disc-Read/Write
DVI- Digital Visual Interface
DVR- Digital Video Recorder
EDGE- Enhanced Data Rate for GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) Evolution
EDSAC- Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
EDVAC- Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
E-Commerce- Electronic Commerce
E-Mail- Electronic Mail
ENIAC- Electronics Numerical Integrator And Calculator
FAX- Facsimile Automated Xerox
FLOPS- Floating Operations Per Second
FORTRAN- Formula Translation
FPS- Frames Per Second
GAIS- Gateway Internet Access Service
GDI- Graphic Device Interface
GIF- Graphic Interchangeable Format
GPRS- General Packet Radio Service
GSM- Global System for Mobile communication
GUI- Graphical User Interface
HLL- High Level Language
HSDPA- High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HTML- Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
IAB- Internet Activities Board
IAS- Internet Application Software
IBM- International Business Machine
IC- Integrated Circuit
IETF- Internet Engineer Task Force
IRTF- Internet Research Task Force
ISH- International Super Highway
INTEL- Integrated Electronics
IP- Internet Protocol
ISP- Internet Service Provider
JAD- Java Application Descriptor
JPEG- Joint Photographic Expert Group
Kbps- kilobits/kilobytes per second
LAN- Local Area Network
LDU- Liquid Display Unit
LISP- List Processing
LLL- Low Level Language
LED- Light Emitting Diode
MAN- Metropolitan Area Network
M3G- Mobile 3D Graphics
M4A- MPEG-4 Audio file
Mbps- Megabits/Megabytes per second
MICR- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIME- Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
MIPS- Million Instructions Per Second
MOPS- Million Operations Per Second
MODEM- Modulation-Demodulation
MPEG- Motion Picture Experts Group
MPU- Micro Processor Unit
MU- Memory Unit
NAT- Network Address Translation
NICNET- National Informatics Centre Network
OCR- Optical Character Reader
OMR- Optical Mark Reader/Recognition
P2P- Peer to Peer
PC-DOS- Personal Computer-Disk Operating System
PDA- Personal Digital Assistant
PDF- Portable Document Format
PNG- Portable Network Graphics
PROM- Programmable Read Only Memory
PSTN- Public Switched Telephone Network
PSPDN- Packet Switched Public Data Network
RAM- Random Access Memory
RABMN- Remote Area Business Message Network
RDBMS- Relational Database Management System
ROM- Read Only Memory
RPM- Revolutions Per Minute
SIM- Subscriber Identity Module
SMPS- Switch Mode Power Supply
SMS- Short Message Service
SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNOBOL- StriNg Oriented symBOlic Language
SQL- Structured Query Language
SWF- Shock Wave Flash
TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
UHF- Ultra High Frequency
UMTS- Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UNIVAC- Universal Automatic Computer / Universal Non Integrated Vacuum Actuated Computer
UPS- Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL- Uniform Resource Locator
USB- Universal Serial Bus
VAN- Value Added Network
VDU- Visual Display Unit
VLSI- Very Large Scale Integration
VHF- Very High Frequency
VIRUS- Vital Information Resource Under Seized
VOIP- Voice Over Internet Protocol
WAIS- Wide Area Information Server
WAP- Wireless Application Protocol
WAV- Waveform Audio
WBMP- Wireless Bitmap Image
Wi-Fi- Wireless Fidelity
WLAN- Wireless Local Area Network
WMA- Windows Media Audio
WML- Wireless Markup Language
WMV- Windows Media Video
WWW- World Wide Web
XMF- Extensible Music File
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Course details and other updates!

Or

Log on to our mobile application.

“HALL OF FAME”
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550+ Students cleared RBI Phase 1

300+ Students clear RBI Phase 2

48 Students got selected in RBI

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NABARD
UGC NET JRF