Activity 1

Relations and Functions

Objective: To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane defined as
R = { (l , m) ∶ l ∥ m } is an Equivalence relation.

Material required:

Graph paper, pencil, scale, eraser, glue.

Procedure:

1 Take a graph paper and paste it on the practical file.

2 Draw eight straight lines on the graph paper in such a way that some of them are parallel and some are
perpendicular to each other.

Observation:

1. l , l , l are perpendicular to l and l .

2. l , is perpendicular to l and l .
3. l is parallel to l .
4. l is parallel to l , l is parallel to l and l is parallel to l .
5. l is parallel to l .
6. Thus (l , l ), (l , l ), (l , l ), (l , l ), (l , l ) ∈ R.
7. Since every line is parallel to itself, thus (l , l ) ∈ R ∀ l ∈ L.
Hence the given relation is REFLEXIVE.
8. Also, it is observed that if l ∥ l ⇒ l ∥ l and is true for other parallel lines also.
So, (l , l ) ∈ R ⇒ (l , l ) ∈ R, where l , l ∈ L
Hence the given relation is SYMMETRIC.
9. Also, it is observed that l ∥ l , l ∥ l so l ∥ l .
So, (l , l ) ∈ R, (l , l ) ∈ R ⇒ (l , l ) ∈ R, l , l , l ∈ L
Hence the given relation is TRANSITIVE.

Conclusion:
From the above activity it is verified that the relation “is parallel to” on the L of all straight lines in a plane is an
Equivalence relation.
 Activity 2
Relations and Functions

Objective: To demonstrate one-one and onto functions.

Material required:
Coloured sheets, graph paper, pencil, scale, eraser, glue, and scissors.

Procedure:

1 Take two coloured sheets of paper and cut out four rectangular strips of each colour and paste them on the
white sheet.

2 Mark dots on the two strips to show different types of functions by joining the dots.

Observation:
1. A function f: A → B is one-one if the images of distinct elements of A under f have distinct images in B.

2. A function f: A → B is said to be onto if every element of B is the image of some element of A under f.
i.e R = Codomain
Conclusion:
Activity helps to understand the concept of one-one and onto functions.
 Activity 3
Relations and Functions

Objective: To sketch the graphs of a and log x , a ≠ 1 and to examine that they are the mirror images of each
other.

Material required:
Graph paper sketch pen scale blue stick scissors etc.

Procedure:

1. On a graph paper draw coordinate axis and marks graduations on both axes.
2. Consider the function y = 2 .
3. Find some ordered (x, 2 ) for different values of x.

x 0 1 -1 2 -2 3 -3

𝟐𝐱 1 2 0.5 4 0.25 8 0.125

4. Plot the points (0,1), (1, 2), (−1, 0.5), (2, 4), (−2, 0.25), (3, 8), (−3, 0.125) on the graph paper and join
the points by a free hand curve.
5. Consider y = log x (i. e x = 2 ).
6. Find some ordered pairs (x, 2 ) for different values of y.

x 1 2 0.5 4 0.25 8 0.125

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐱 0 1 -1 2 -2 3 -3

7. Plot the points (1,0), (2, 1), ( 0.5, −1), (4, 2), (0.25, −2), (8, 3), ( 0.125, −3) on the graph paper and join
the points by a free hand curve.
8. Draw the graph of the line y = x.
9. Place a mirror along the line y = x on the graph sheet.

Observation:

We see that images of all the points taken on the graph y = 2 in the line y = x lies on the graph
y = log x.
Conclusion:
It is verified that the graph of y = 2 and y = 2 are mirror images of each other in the line y = x.
 Activity 4
Applications of Derivative

Objective: To understand the concept of strictly increasing and decreasing functions.

Material required:

Graph paper, sketch pen, pencil, scale, glue, etc.

Procedure:

1 Take a white paper and draw two perpendicular lines to represent x and y axis respectively.
2 Draw two curve representing two functions f(x) and g(x).
3 Mark three points A, B and C on the graph representing the function f(x) and three points L, M and N on the
on the graph representing the function g(x).
4 Draw tangents on the curve f(x) at points A, B and C making angles α , α , α with the positive direction of x-
axis.
5.Draw tangents on the curve g(x) at points L, M and N making angles β , β , β with the positive direction of x-
axis.
6. Measure the angles made by the two tangents with the positive direction of x-axis.

Observation:

1 Angles made by the tangents drawn to the function f(x) at the points A, B and C are acute, thus slope of the
tangents at these points that is the derivative of the function at these points is positive.
Thus given f(x) is a Strictly Increasing function.

2 Angles made by the tangents drawn to the function g(x) at the points L, M and N are obtuse, thus slope of
the tangents at these points that is the derivative of the function at these points is negative.
Thus, given g(x) is a Strictly Decreasing function.

Conclusion:

A function f(x) is said to be a strictly increasing function in [a, b] if f ′(x) > 0 and it is a strictly decreasing
function if f ′(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ [a, b].
Angle Measured Slope of the tangent Angle Measured Slope of the tangent
f (x) f (x)
α = + ve β = - ve
α = + ve β = - ve
α = + ve β = - ve
 Activity 5
Applications of Derivative

Objective: To understand the concepts of local maxima local minima and point of inflection.

Material required:

Graph paper, sketch pen, pencil, scale, glue, etc.

Procedure:

1 Take a graph paper and draw two perpendicular lines to represent x and y axis respectively.
2 Draw a curve y = f(x) as shown.
3 On the curve mark points A, B, C, D and E.
4 Take two points on the immediate left and right of A marked as A and A .
5 Do the same for B, C, D and E. Let the respective points to the immediate left and right be (B , B ), (C , C ),
(D , D ) and (E , E ).

6 Draw tangents at the points A , A , B , B , C , C , D , D , E , E .

Observation:

1 Tangents at the point A, B, C, D and E a parallel to X axis hence their slope is zero
2 Tangent at D intercepts the curve.
3 At point A and C, sign of slope of the tangent, 𝑓 (𝑥) changes sign from negative to positive.
So, A and C are the points of Local Minima.
4 At point B and E, sign of slope of the tangent, 𝑓 (𝑥) changes sign from positive to negative.
So, B and E are the points of Local Maxima.
5 At point D, sign of the slope of the tangent does not change. So, D is the point of Inflection.

Conclusion:

The concept of Local Maxima, Local Minima and point of Inflection can be well demonstrated by this method.
 Activity 6
Applications of Derivative

Objective: To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet of dimensions
10cm by 15cm by cutting equal squares from each corner.

Material required:

Cartridge sheet, pencil, scissors, glue.

Procedure:

1 Take coloured paper cut into the shape of a rectangle of dimension 15 cm by 10 cm and name it as ABCD.
2 Cut four equal squares of side 1 cm from each corner of rectangular sheet ABCD.
3 Repeat the process by cutting squares from each corner by taking different values of x.
4 Construct an open box by folding the flaps of the sheet of the paper obtained after cutting squares from each
corner.

Observation:

Side of the square Volume of the open box

1.0 cm
1.25 cm
1.5 cm
1.75 cm
2.0 cm
2.25 cm
2.5 cm

Conclusion: The activity can be used to explain the concept of maxima and minima.