NEEV

Gravitation
DETAILED ONE SHOT

By- Shailendra Pandey Sir

• Todays Targets

▪ Discovery of gravity

▪ Newton’s law of gravitation

GRAVITATION

Can you imagine

skipping without
gravity
 Attraction
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE ACTS A B
BETWEEN ANY TWO BODIES

Newton started Attraction

F to analyse

Attraction
 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force,
which is directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of distance between their
centers . m1 m2
F F
F m m r 1
……… 1(1) 2 F  2
r
……… (2) If we put m1 = m2 = 1 and r = 1
G  1 1
F=
m1m2 ….from (1) and (2) 12
F
r2
G m1m2 Universal constant of gravitation is the
F=
r2 force of attraction between two unit
m2
Where G is universal masses placed at unit distance apart
constant of gravitation from each other.
Module 02 - Gravitation
▪ Unit of gravitation

▪ Importance of gravitation
Let us Derive the unit for gravitational constant
We know that
Gm1m2
F=
r2
Fr2
G=
m1m2
Module 03 - Gravitation
▪ Relationship between S.I & C.G.S unit
of gravitational constant

▪ Acceleration due to gravity

▪ Value of acceleration due to gravity on the

surface of Earth
Let us find the relationship between. SI and CGS unit of
gravitation constant
Experimentally it is observed that
Value of G= 6.67 x 10-11 N m2
kg2
6.67 x 10-11 x 105 x 104 dyne cm2
= 106 g2
6.67 x 10-11 x 109 dyne cm2
=
106 g2
dyne cm2
= 6.67 x 10-11 x 109 x 10-6
g2
= 6.67 x 10-11 x 103 dyne cm 2

dyne cm 2 g 2

Hence = 6.67 x 10 -8
g2
Nm 2
Dyne cm2
6.67 x 10 -11 = 6.67 x 10 -8
kg2 g2
 due to gravity
Acceleration = (g)
change in velocity
time

GMm
F= ...............(1)
R2
m
According to Newton’s second law
F = ma ………… (2) ( acceleration due to gravity )
GMm
mg = 2 From (1) and (2) R
R M
GM
g= R2
 VALUE OF (g) ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH

R = 6.4 x 106 m
R
M = 6 x 1024 kg

g = GM =
6.67 x 6 x 10
R2 40.96
6.67 x 10-11 x 6 x 1024 400.2
= =
(6.4 x 106)2 10.96
6.67 x 10-11 x 6 x 1024 9.8
= =
40.96 x 1012 1
6.67 x 10-11 x 6 x 1024 x 10-12
= g = 9.8 m/s 2
40.96
6.67 x 10-11 x 6 x 1012
=
40.96
Module 04 - Gravitation
▪ Difference between gravitational constant and
acceleration due to gravity

▪ Difference between mass and weight

▪ Free fall
 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN G & g
Acceleration due to gravity
Universal gravitation constant of the earth
➢ It the force of attraction ➢ It is the acceleration
between two unit masses placed caused by earth’s
at unit distance apart from each gravitational force on an
other. object
➢ Its value is taken as ➢ Its value is taken as 9.8
6.67 × 10-11 Nm2/kg2 m/s2.
➢ It is constant. ➢ It is variable.
MASS AND WEIGHT
 MASS AND WEIGHT
Mass Weight
➢Mass is the quantity of ➢Weight is the force with
matter contained in the object which the earth attracts
it towards its centre
➢Does not change with place ➢Changes with place
➢SI unit kg ➢SI unit Newton
CGS unit g CGS unit dyne
➢Mass is measured ➢Weight measured
with weighing scale by the formula W = mg
FREE FALL
 FREE FALL

Force acting on ball Force acting on ball

1. Gravitational force 1. Gravitational force
2. Air resistance
When the body falls towards the earth, under the influence
of earth's gravity alone, its motion is called free fall .
 VARIATION OF ( g )

With altitude With depth Due to shape of the earth

The value of g The value of g The value of g
decreases as decreases as we increases at poles and
altitude increases. move towards the decreases at equator.
center of the g = GM
g = GM earth.
R2 R2
g’=g (1-d )
R

R
R R
 FREE FALL IS GOVERNED BY THREE EQUATIONS
OF MOTION

1. v = u + at Changes to v = u + gt

2. s = ut + 1 at2 Changes to h = ut + 1 gt2

2 2
3. v = u + 2as v2 = u2 + 2gh
2 2
Changes to

Where ‘u’ and ‘v’ are the initial and final velocities and ‘h’ is the
distance covered in time ‘t’.
Type - A

Gm1m2
F = mg F=
r2
Gravitation
• Numerical based on Force of gravitation
 What happens to the force between two objects, if (i) the mass of
one object is doubled? (ii) the distance between the objects is
doubled and tripled? (iii) the masses of both objects are doubled?
Gm1m2 (ii) distance doubled (iii)
(iii)distance
Mass of is tripled
both objects is
Formula : F = 1
r2 F  doubled 1
r2 F' 
Solution : (i) F  m1 m2 F  m1r2m2
Now, r' = 2r Now,
m'1= 2mr' 1= 3r m'2= 2m2
If mass (i) doubled
1
 F'  1
 m' = 2m1 (r')2   1 m'2
F' F'm'
(r')2
1 F'  (2m1) (2m2)
 F'  m' m2 F'  1
(2r)2 F' 
F'  4(3r)
m1 2m2
F'  (2m1) (m2) 1
F'  F'  4 F1
F'  2(m1 m2) 4r2 F' 
1 th Force
Ans : 9r 2 becomes four times.
 Force doubled Force becomes 1 th
4 Force becomes
9
 Gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion to their
masses. Why then, a heavy object does not fall faster than a
light object?

Ans : If F be the gravitational force on a body of mass m, then

GMm = mg
F =
r2
But also, GM
g =
r2
Clearly ‘g’ is independent of m, Hence, all bodies fall with
the same rapidness when there is no air resistance.
 Calculate the force of gravitation between the earth and the
Sun, given that the mass of the earth = 6  1024 kg and of the
Sun = 2  1030 kg. The average distance between the two is
1.5  1011 m.
Given : Mass of Earth (ME) = 6  1024 kg 6.7  2  6  10-11  1030  1024
F =
Mass of Sun (MS) = 2  1030 kg 1.5  1.5  1022
distance (R) = 1.5  1011 m
6.7  2  6  1021
11 + 30 + 24 - 22
Gravitational constant (G) = 6.7  10-11 Nm2 kg-2 =
1.5  1.5
To find : Force of attraction (F) = ?
G Mm 80.4  1021
Formula : F = =
R2 2.25
Solution : F = G MS ME
= 35.7  1021
R2
6.7  10-11  2  1030  6  1024 = 3.57  1022 N
F =
(1.5  1011)2 Ans : The force of gravitation between the
earth and the sun is 3.57  1022 N
 What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth
and a 1 kg object on its surface? (Mass of the earth is 6 × 1024 kg and
radius of the earth is 6.4 × 106 m)
Given : Mass of the body (m) = 1 kg
Mass of the earth (M) = 6 × 1024 kg
Radius of the earth (R) = 6.4 × 106 m
To find : Force (F) = ?
GMm
Formula : F =
R2
GMm
Solution : F = 6.67  6  10
R2 =
6.4  6.4
6.67  10-11  6  1024  1
 F = = 9.77N  9.8 N.
(6.4  106 )2
Ans : The magnitude of gravitational force
6.67  6 10-11 + 24 - 12 between the earth and 1 kg object on
=
6.4  6.4 it’s surface is 9.8 N
 Why is the weight of an object on the moon 1/6th its weight
on the earth?
G MEm
Given : Mass of the Earth (ME) = 5.98  For earth, WE = … … … (2)
1024 kg RE2
Mass of the Moon (MM) = 7.36  1022 kg Dividing 1 and 2
Radius of the Earth (RE) = 6.4  106 m G MMm

Radius of the Moon (RM) = 1.74  106 m WM RM2 MM RE2

1 = = 
WE G MEm RM 2 ME
To find : Prove that WM = WE
6
G Mm RE2
Formula : W = F = WM 7.36  1022  (6.4  106)2
R2  =
G Mm WE 5.98  1024  (1.74  106)2
Solution : W =
R2 7.36  1022  40.96  1012
=
G MMm 5.98  1024  3.0276  1012
For moon, WM = … … … (1)
RM2 Ans : Weight of1an object on the moon is
=1/6
0.165  weight on the Earth.
of its 6
 Gravitational force on the surface of the moon is only 1/6 as
strong as gravitational force on the earth. What is the weight in
newton's of a 10 kg object on the moon and on the earth ?
Given : Mass of the object on the moon = 10 kg
Mass of the object on the earth = 10 kg
1
(ii) WM = WE
6
To find : (i) Weight of the object on the earth (WE) = ?
(ii) Weight of the object on the moon (WM) = ?
Formula: (i) WE = mg
Solution : Weight of the object on the earth (WE) = mg
= 10  9.8
= 98 N
1 1
Weight of the object on the moon (WM) = WE =  98 = 16.33 N
6 6
Ans : The weight of the object of mass 10 kg on the moon is 16.33N
Type - B
v = u + gt
1 2
s= ut + gt
2
v2 = u2 + 2gs
 A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100 m high and
at the same time another stone is projected vertically up wards
from the ground with a velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate when and
where the two stones will meet?
Given : Displacement (s) = 100 m u = 0ms-1

To find : Time and distance when the stones meet = ?

1 2
Formula : s = ut + gt
2 x
Solution : Suppose the two stones meet at a height x from
the top of a tower after time t from the start. 100 m
For the downward motion of stone A
100 - x
u= 0ms-1, g = + 10 ms-2, s = (x)
1
s = ut + gt2
2
1 u = 25 ms-1
 (x) = 0 + × 10 × t2
2
1
 (x) = 10t2 ……. (i)
2
 A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100 m high
and at the same time another stone is projected vertically up
wards from the ground with a velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate
when and where the two stone will meet?
u = 0ms-1
Solution : For upward motion of stone B
u = + 25ms-1, s = (100 - x), g = - 10 ms–2
1 2
s = ut + gt x
2 As the object
1 goes upwards
 (100 - x) = 25 t –  10  t2 ... (ii) 100 m
2
1 1 100 - x
 100 - 10t2 = 25t - 10t2  x = 5  4  4
2 2
 100 = 25t  x = 80 m
 t = 4s
u = 25 ms-1
From equation (i),
1 Ans : The two stones meet after 4s at a height of 80 m from the
(x) = 10  (4)2 top of the tower and are 20 m from surface of the earth.
2
 A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 6 s.
Find the velocity with which it was thrown up.
6
Given : Time of ascent = Time of descent = = 3s
2
To find : Initial velocity (u) = ?

Formula : v = u + gt

Solution : (a) For upward motion of the ball,

v = 0ms-1, t = 3 s, g = -9.8 ms-2
v = u + gt
t = 6 sec
 0 = u + (- 9.8  3)
 0 = u – 9.8  3
 u = 9.8  3
 u = 29.4 ms-1
Ans : The ball was thrown with the velocity of 29.4ms-1
 A boy drops a coin from the top of a building which is 49 m
high. Find the velocity with which the coin strikes the ground.

Given : Initial velocity (u) =0

Displacement (s) = 49m.
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s2 Initial
To find : Final velocity (v) = ? velocity is 0

49 m
Formula : v2 = u2 + 2gs
Solution : v2 = u2 + 2gs
v2 = (0)2 + 2 × 9.8 ×But
49 we take the answer
v2 = 961 as –Can
𝟗𝟔𝟏 31 as
beit±is31
directed downwards
v = 𝟗𝟔𝟏
Ans : Thev =
velocity with(–which
– 31 m/s the
ve sign ascoin
it is strikes
directedthe
downwards)
Displacement of
ground is 31 m/s. coin is 49 m
 A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 49 m/s.
Calculate (i) the maximum height to which it rises, (s) (ii) the
total time (t) it takes to return to the surface of the earth.
(g = -9.8ms-2)
1  49
49 5
Given : u = 49 m s-1  ss == 49  49  10 v = 0 m/s
 2  9.8
g = -9.8ms-2 2  98
2 1
v = 0 m s-1 49  5
 s = = 122.5 m
(i) The maximum height = ? 2
To find :
to which it rises (s) (ii) v = u + gt
(ii) The total time it takes to return = ? 0 = 49 – 9.8  t
to the surface of the earth (t) 49
 t =
Formula : v2 = u2 + 2 gs 9.8 u = 49 m/s
 t = 5 s
Solution : v2 = u2 + 2 gs
 Time of ascent = Time of descent
(0)2 = (49)2 + 2  (- 9.8) s
 0 = 49  49 – 2  - 9.8 s :
Ans TheTime
balltaken byheight
rises to the stone to
of 122.5m and
 = 2t = 2  5 = 10 s
 (49  49) = 2  9.8 s return10toseconds
it takes the earth’s surface
to return to the surface
 A stone is released from the top of a tower of height 19.6m.
Calculate its final velocity just before touching the ground.

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0ms-1

Displacement (s) = 19.6m
To find : Final velocity (v) = ?

Formula : v2 – u2 = 2 gs

Solution : v2 – u2 = 2 gs
 v2 – (0)2 = 2 × 9.8 × 19.6
 v2 = 19.6 × 19.6
 v = 19.6 m s–1
Ans : The final velocity just before
touching the ground is 19.6 m s-1
 A stone is thrown vertically upward with an Initial velocity of
40 m/s. Taking g = 10m/ s2, find the maximum height reached by
the stone. What is the net displacement and the total distance
covered by the stone?
Given : u = 40 m s-1 -(40  40)
s = = 80 m
g = -10 ms-2 -20
v = 0 m s-1
(ii) Total distance = s + s = 80 + 80 = 160 m
(i) The maximum height = ?
To find : covered
reached by the stone (s)
(ii) The total distance covered by = ? (iii) Net displacement = 80 - 80 = 0 m
the stone
(iii) The net displacement = ?

Formula : v2 = u2 + 2 gs

Solution : v2 = u2 + 2 gs
(0)2 = (40)2 = 2  (- 10) s
THRUST

PRESSURE

UNITS OF PRESSURE

HOW SURFACE AREA IN

CONTACT EFFECTS PRESSURE
Consider a Notice
board.
THRUST
To fix a paper, one
has to press drawing
pin with our thumb
THRUST-PERPENDICULAR FORCE
The Force acting on an object Perpendicular to
the surface is called thrust.

UNITS

CGS Dyne
SI NEWTON (N)
Lets understand
PRESSURE with
the help of an
Example..!!
 Thrust AREA PRESSURE
Pressure = Area

“The thrust on a unit surface area is called PRESSURE.”

When
Hencesame
pin amount
at pointof
Perpendicular
A moves deeper Force
than
is applied..
at point B.

A B
 UNITS OF PRESSURE
Perpendicular force BLAISE
Pressure = PASCAL
Area
SI (MKS) CGS
Force N dyne
Area m2 cm2

F N dyne
Pressure =
A m2 cm2
N
= pascal (Pa)
m2
PRESSURE IS INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL TO SURFACE AREA

WHY DO THE WHEELS OF AN ARMY

TANK HAVE BELTS OVER THEM?
PRESSURE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO SURFACE AREA
Fa 1.5 kg × 9.8 ms-2
Pa = =
Aa 0.02 m2
= 7350 Pa
Pa > Pb
F 1.5 kg × 9.8 ms-2
Pb = b =
Ab 0.06 m2
= 2450 Pa
1.5 kg
Block A 1.5 kg
10 cm 0.2cm
20 m Block B
0.1 m 0.2 m 0.3
30 m
cm
Aa = 0.1 m × 0.2 m Ab = 0.3 m × 0.2 m
Aa = 0.02 m2 Ab = 0.06 m2
WHY DO THE WHEELS OF AN ARMY TANK HAVE BELTS OVER THEM?
WHY DO THE WHEELS OF AN ARMY TANK HAVE BELTS OVER THEM?

More Area

Less Pressure

Easy to Glide

Tank does not

Sink
 Why can’t we use a
butter knife instead
of a normal knife, to
cut vegetables ?
Normal Knife

Butter Knife
 Butter BUTTER KNIFE
Knife

More Area
of contact

Less
Pressure

Difficult for
Cutting
Butter Knife
 Sharp SHARP KNIFE
Knife

Less Area
of contact

More
Pressure

Easy for
Cutting
SEWING NEEDLE
Sharp Tip

Less Area of
contact

More Pressure

Easy to Stitch
FLUIDS

CHARACTERISTICS OF
PRESSURE EXERTED BY FLUIDS

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID

PRESSURE AND FLUID PRESSURE
CYCLONES FLUIDS
FLOODS

Liquids exertwhich can flow are called Fluids

Substances
Pressure.
Examples : Liquids and Gases.

Gases exert
Fluids Exert Pressure
Pressure.
 Characteristics of Pressure
Exerted by Fluids:
1. Fluids exert pressure on the walls and base of the container.

Without being
reduced.
 LIQUID PRESSURE
Pressure exerted by liquids is due to the weight of the liquid.
Characteristics of Pressure exerted by Liquids:

B
A C
 Difference between solid pressure and fluid pressure
A solid exerts pressure Fluids have weight. They also exert pressure on
on the surface due to the container in which they are enclosed.
its weight. A fluid exerts pressure in all the directions.

FLUIDS

SOLID LIQUID GAS

BUOYANT FORCE

LAWS OF FLOATATION

FACTORS AFFECTING
BUOYANT FORCE
 When a nail
made up of
iron is dropped
Why Bodies
in water…
Float ??

But huge ships

made up of tons
It sinks in
of iron floats on
water.
water!!!!
UPTHRUST = BUOYANT FORCE
The upward force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is called
upthrust or force of buoyancy and the phenomenon is called buoyancy.

Consider a
boat.
 LAWS OF FLOATATION
A body will float in a liquid if its density is
less than the density of the liquid.

A body will be in equilibrium at any

submerged depth if the density of the body
is equal to the density of the liquid.

A body will sink in a liquid if it’s density is

greater than the density of the liquid.
BF > W

BF = W
BF < W
 Buoyant force is directly proportional to :
1. Volume of the object
(because it depends upon the amount of liquid displaced)

2. Density of the liquid

(because it depends on the weight of the liquid displaced)
Swimming in sea water is easy Swimming in river water is
as density of water is high. difficult as density of water is
low.
Nail displaces less
volume of water and Ship displaces more
hence buoyant force is volume of water and
less hence buoyant force is
more
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

APPLICATIONS OF
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
g
0
When a body is immersed completely or
100
200 SPRING partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward
BALANCE
300

400
force that is equal to the weight of the fluid
500 500 g displaced by it.
600

700

800 Apparent loss of weight of the block

mg = (500 - 400) × 9.8 = 980 N E
E
Q
Q
The weight of the water displaced U
mg = 100 × 9.8 = 980 N A
SOLID L
L
Thus the apparent loss of the weight of
EUREKA Weight the
100 g block is equal to the weight of the
CAN MEASURING
water displaced
CYLINDER
APPLICATIONS OF ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

1) Designing ships and

A hydrometer submarines.
is an
instrument for
measuring
2) Various instruments like Lactometer
the density of a liquid
and in
Hydrometer etc.
relation to water
A Lactometer is
an instrument for
determining the
purity of a sample
of a milk
DENSITY

RELATIVE DENSITY
 DENSITY
Density is the Ratio of MASS to its VOLUME.
UNIT
mass kgg S.I. C.G.S.
DENSITY =
volumem3
cm
Also called as
RELATIVE Specific
DENSITY Gravity.
Density of a substance kg/m3
RELATIVE DENSITY = =
Density of water at 40C kg/m3
 TO FIND RELATIVE DENSITY OF SILVER

1. Density of silver = 10500 kg/m3

Density of a substance
RELATIVE DENSITY =
Density of water at 40C
= 10.5

Thus if it is said
10.5that
isthe
the
density of the silver isdensity
relative 10.5 Water
times to that ofof water.
silver. Silver
 Relative
TYPE A density has
NO UNITS
FORMULAE :
Weight = Mass × Gravity
Also, Density of substance
Relative density =
Density of water
Mass
Density =
Volume
Weight = Volume × Density × Gravity
 Mass = Density × Volume
Hence
Weight = Volume × Density × Gravity
 1. 10.8 The density of
Relative density of silver is 10.8.
water is 103 kg m-3. What is the density of silver in
SI unit ?
Given : Relative density of silver = 10.8
Density of water = 1000 kg m-3
To find : Density of silver in SI unit?
Solution : We know that,
Density of silver
Relative density of silver =
Density of water
Hence,
Density of silver = Relative density of silver × Density of water
= 10.8 × 1000 kg m-3
= 10800 kg m-3
Answer : Density of silver is 10800 kg m-3
2. A body of iron floats on mercury. Find the fraction of volume
which remains immersed in mercury. (Densities
Densities of iron and
mercury are 7.8 gcm-3 and 13.6 gcm-3 respectively)
Let V be the Volume of iron body and v be its volume immersed in mercury.
For floatation,Weight = Volume × Density × Gravity
Weight of mercury displaced by
Weight of body = 7.8
the immersed portion of body.
i.e. V × 7.8 × g = v × 13.6 × g
v 7.8
 =
V 13.6
v 0.574 13.6
=
V 1
The fraction of iron immersed in
mercury (v) is 0.574.
 TYPE B
FORMULA :
Mass
Density of substance =
Volume
POINTS TO REMEMBER :
Density of substance > Density of liquid
substance will sink in the liquid.
Density of substance < Density of liquid
substance will float on the liquid.
1. The Volume of 50 g of a substance is 20 cm3. If the
density of water is 1 g cm-3, Will the substance float
or sink in water?
50 g
Given : Mass of substance = 50 g
Volume of substance = 20 cm3
Density of water = 1 g cm-3
To find : Whether the substance will float or sink ?
Solution : We know that,
Mass 50g
Density of substance = Substance
= = 2.5g cm-3
Volume 20cm 3
will sink.
Density of water = 1 g cm -3

Density of substance > Density of water

Answer : As the density of substance is greater than that of
water, so the substance will sink in water.
2. The volume of a 500 g sealed packet is 350 cm3. Will
the packet float or sink in water if the density of
water is 1 g cm-3 ?
Given : Mass of packet = 500 g Volume of packet = 350 cm3
Density of water = 1 g cm-3
500 g
To find : Whether the packet will float or sink ?
Solution : We know that,
Mass 500g Hence
Density of packet = =
Volume 350 cm3
Substance
= 1.43 g cm-3 will sink.
Density of water = 1 g cm-3
Density of packet > Density of water
Answer : The sealed packet will sink in water because its density
(1.43 g cm-3) is more than that of water (1 g cm-3).
ThankYou