INDEX:

FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS………………………………………………………………………………………

Functions and relations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Coordinate geometry……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Transformations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Polynomial functions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exponetial and logarithmic functions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Circular functions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Further functions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Differentiation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Application of differentiation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Integration……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Types Of Graphs
 FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS
➢ Relations:
➔ A relation is a set of ordered pairs
➔ The domain is the set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs in the relation: x coordinates
➔ The range is the set of all second coordinates of the ordered pairs in the relations: y coordinates

➢ Functions:
➔ A function is a relation such that no two ordered pairs in the relation have the same first coordinate

➔ For each x in the domain of a function f, there is a unique element y in the range such that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑓.
The element y is called the image of x under f or the value of f at x and is denoted by f(x).

➔ When the domain of a function is not explicitly stated, it is assumed to consist of all real numbers for
which the rule has meaning; this is called implied domain or the maximal domain of the function.

➔ For a function f, the domain is denoted by dom f and the range by ran f

➔ Let f and g be functions such that dom 𝑓 ∩ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑔 ≠⊘ Then the sum, f + g, and the product, fg, as
functions 𝑓 ∩ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑔 are defined by
● (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) and (fg)(x) = f(x) * g(x)

➔ The composition of functions f and g is denoted by 𝑓 ◦ 𝑔. The rule is given by

● 𝑓 ◦ 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

➔ The domain of 𝑓 ◦ 𝑔 is the domain of g. The composition 𝑓 ◦ 𝑔 is defined only if the range of g is
subset of the domain of f.

➢ One to one functions and inverses:

➔ A function f is said to be one - to -one if 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 implies 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ 𝑓(𝑏), for all 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓

➔ If f is one - to - one function, then a new function f⁻¹called the inverse of f, may be defined by
● f⁻¹ (x) = y if f(y) =x, for x𝑥 ∈ 𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑓, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓
➔ For one- to - one function f and its inverse f⁻¹:
● Dom f⁻¹ = ran f
● Ran f⁻¹ = dom f

➢ Types of function:
➔ A function f is odd f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in domain of f

➔ A function f is even if f(-x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of f

➔ A function is strictly increasing on an interval if x₂ > x₁ implies f(x₂) > f(x₁)

➔ A function is strictly decreasing on an interval if x₂ > x₁ implies f(x₂) > f(x₁)

➔ A power function is a function f with rule f(x) = x^r, where r is a rational number
➔ For a power function f(x) = x^n, where n is a non - zero integer, the general shape of the graph
depends on whether n is positive or negative and whether n is even or odd

➔ For a power function f(x) = x¹/n, where n is a positive integer, the general shape of the graph depends
on whether n is even or odd:
 Coordinate geometry
➢ The distance between two points A(x₁,y₁) and B(x₂,y₂) is
AB= (𝑥₂ − 𝑥₁)² + (𝑦₂ − 𝑦₁)²

➢ The midpoint of the line segment joining (x₁,y₁) and (x₂,y₂) is the points with coordinates
( (𝑥₁ + 𝑥₂)/2, (𝑦₁ + 𝑦₂)/2)

➢ The gradient of the straight line joining two points (x₁,y₁) and (x₂,y₂) is
m= y₂-y₁/x₂-x₁

➢ Different forms for the equation of a straight line:

➔ Gradient- intercept: y=mx+c where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept
➔ Point- gradient: y-y₁=m(x-x₁) where m is the gradient and (x₁,y₁) is a point on the line
➔ Intercept- form: x/a + y/b = 1 where (a,0) and (0,b) are the axis intercepts

➢ For a straight line with gradient m, the angle of slope is found using
m= tanθ
Where θ is the angle that the line makes with the positive direction of the x axis

➢ If 2 straight lines are perpendicular to each other the product of the gradient is -1
m₁ m₂ = -1

➢ Simultaneous equations:
➔ Unique solutions (lines intersect at a point), eg: y= 2x+3 and y=3x+3
➔ Infinitely many solutions (lines coincide), eg: y= 2x+3 and 2y=4x+6
➔ No solutions (lines and parallel), eg: y= 2x+3 and y= 2x+4
TRANSFORMATIONS
 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
➢ Turning point:
➔ The graph of y=a(x-h)²+k is a parabola which the turning point (h,k) and the x-asymptotes is h and y
asymptotes is k
➔ y= ax² +bx+c may transposed into turning point from y= a(x-h)² + k

➢ Axis of symmetry:
➔ The axis symmetry x=-b/2a

➢ Quadratic formula:
➔ The solutions of the quadratic equation ax²+bx+c=0 are given by the quadratic equation

● If b²-4ac > 0, there are 2 solutions

● If b²-4ac = 0, there is one solutions
● If b²-4ac < 0, there are no real solutions
➔ ∆= b² - 4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic ax² +bx +c

➢ Polynomials in general:
➔ The degree of a polynomial is the index n of the leading term.
● Polynomials of degree 1 are called linear functions
● Polynomials of degree 2 are called quadratic functions
● Polynomials of degree 3 are called cubic functions
● Polynomials of degree 4 are called quartic functions

➢ Division of polynomials:
➔ Where we divide the polynomial D(x) we obtain two polynomials Q(x) the quotient and the R(x) the reminder,
such that P(x) = D(x)Q(x) + R(x)

➢ Remainder/factor theorem:
➔ When P(x) is divided by the β𝑥 + α the reminder is P(-α/β)
➔ If β𝑥 + α is a factor of P(x), then β𝑥 + α = 0

➢ Difference and sum of two cubics:

➔ x³ - a³= (x-a) (x²+ ax + a²)
➔ x³ + a³= (x+a) (x²- ax + a²)
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
➢ Index laws:
➔ aᵐ * aⁿ = aᵐ+ⁿ
➔ aᵐ / aⁿ = aᵐ-ⁿ
➔ (aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ

➢ Logarithms:
➔ For a∈R⁺/ (1), the logarithms function with base a is defined as follows:
● a^x = y is equivalent to logₐ y = x
➔ Sketch graphs of the form y=logₐ x a transformations of these graphs

➢ Logarithm laws:
➔ Logₐ (mn) = logₐ m + logₐ n
➔ Logₐ ( ) = logₐ m - logₐ n
𝑚
𝑛

➔ Logₐ ( ) = -logₐ n
1
𝑛

➔ Logₐ (mᵖ) = plogₐm

➢ Logarithm laws:
➔ Logₐx = and aˣ=b^(logb a)x
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝚋 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝚋 𝑎

➔ Sketch graphs of the form y= aˣ an transformations of these graphs

➢ Inverse functions:
➔ The inverse functions of f: R→R, f(x) = aˣ is f⁻¹: R⁺ →R, f⁻¹ (x) = logₐ x,
● logₐ(aˣ) = x for all x∈ 𝑅
● a^logₐx = x for all x∈ 𝑅＋

➢ Law of exponential change:

➔ Assume that the rate at which the quantity A increases or decreases is proportional to its current
value. Then the value of A at time is given by A =A₀e^kt
➔ Where A₀ is the initial quantity and k is a constant. Growth corresponds to k>0 and decay corresponds
to k<0
 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
➢ Definition of a radian:
➔ One radian written 1ᶜ is the angle formed at the center of the unit circle by an arc of length 1 unit.
● 1ᶜ =
180°
π

● 1° = πᶜ
180

➢ Sine and cosine and tangent functions:

➔ X- coordinate is cosine
➔ Y - coordinate is sine
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
➔ Tanθ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ

➢ Symmetry properties of circular functions:

➢ Pythagorean identity:
➔ Cos²θ + sin² θ = 1

➢ Exact values of circular functions:

➢ Graphs of circular functions:

➢ Transformation of sine and cosine graphs:

➔ Y = a sin n (t -໋ ε) -໋ b and y = a cos n (t -໋ ε) -໋ b
➔ Eg: Y = 2 cos 3(t + )-1
π
3

● Amplitude, a=2
● Period =
2π 2π
𝑛
= 3

➔ The graph is the same shape as y = 2cos(3t) but is translated units in the negative direction of the t
π
3

axis and 1 unit in the negative direction of the y- axis

➢ Transformations of the graph of the y = tan t:

➔ Eg: y = a tan n(t - ε ) + b, where n > 0
● Period =
π
𝑛

● Asymptotes: t = - ε, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 ϵ 𝑧
(2𝑘 +1) π
2𝑛

➢ Solution of trigonometric equations:

➔ Eg: Solve cos x° = -(0.7) for x ϵ [0,360]
● First look at the 1st quadrant: If cos a° = 0.7, then a = 45.6
● Since cos x° is negative for P(x°) in the 2nd and 3rd quadrant, the solutions are x= 180 - 45.6 =
134.4 and x= 180 + 45.6 = 225.6

➢ General solution of trigonometric equations:

➔ For a ϵ [-1,1], the general solution of the equation cos x = a is
● x= 2nπ -໋ cos⁻¹(a), where n ϵ z
➔ For a ϵ R, the general solution of the equation cos x = a is
● x= nπ + tan⁻¹(a), where n ϵ z
➔ For a ϵ [-1,1], the general solution of the equation sin x = a is
● x= 2nπ + sin⁻¹(a) or x = (2n + 1)π - sin⁻¹(a) , where n ϵ z
 FURTHER FUNCTIONS

➢ Increasing or decreasing functions:

➔ If f is strictly increasing, then it is a one-to-one function.
➔ If f is strictly decreasing, then it is a one-to-one function.
➔ If f is strictly increasing, then f −1 is also strictly increasing.
➔ If f is strictly decreasing, then f −1 is also strictly decreasing
➢ Family Functions:
 DIFFERENTIATION
➢ The derivative:
➔ The notation for the limit as h approaches 0 is lim
h→0
➔ For the graph of y = f(x):
● The gradient of the secant PQ is given by
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ

● The gradient of tangent to the graph at the point P is given by

lim
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ

h→0
➔ The derivative of the function f is denoted f’ and is defined by
f’(x) = lim
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ

h→0
➔ At a point (a,g(a)) on the curve y = g(x), the gradient is g’(a).
For the graph shown:
● g’(x) > 0 for x < b and for x > a
● g’(x) < 0 for b < x < a
● g’(x) = 0 for x = b and for x = a

➢ Approximate for the derivative:

➔ The value of the derivative of at f at x = a
➢ Basic derivatives
where c is a constant
where n is a non-zero integer
where a ∈ R \ {0}

➢ Rules for differentiation

For f(x) = kg(x), where k is a constant, f′(x) = kg′(x).
That is, the derivative of a number multiple is the multiple of the
derivative.
For f(x)=g(x)+h(x),f′(x)=g′(x)+h′(x).
That is, the derivative of a sum is the sum of the derivatives.

➢ The chain rule

➢ The product rule

➢ The Quotient Rule

➢ Algebra of limits

➢ Continuity and differentiability

CHAPTER 10: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION
➢ Tangents And Normals

➢ Stationary points

➢ Maximum and minimum values

➢ Newton’s method
A method for finding successive approximations to a solution of an equation f (x) = 0 using the iterative
formula.
CHAPTER 10: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION CAS
 INTEGRATIONS
➢ Antidifferentiation:

Antidifferentiation

➢ Integration:
AVERAGE VELOCITY;

OTHER APPLICATIONS;