EXAM IS 1 ½ Hr only

Q1.) which technologies lead to cloud computing and write about its generations?(5M)

Ans: The technologies lead to Cloud Computing are:

1. Distributed systems and its peripherals

2. Virtualization
3. Web 2.0 Principles
4. Utility computing
5. Grid Computing

The three main generations of cloud computing are:

1. First Generation (2000-2010): Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

 Virtualization technologies played a crucial role in this generation by allowing users to create
virtual machines on shared physical hardware.
 introduced the pay-as-you-go model.
 Primarily focused on providing raw computing power, storage, and networking as services.
 Amazon Web Services (AWS) was a pioneering force in IaaS.

2. Second Generation (2010-2019): Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS)

 The generation introduced high-level services, such as databases, middleware, and

development platforms.
 With the introduction of PaaS options, developers didn’t had to worry much about
infrastructure details.
 Automation tools and orchestration became more advance. As well as,Cloud services
became more mainstream, with businesses adopting SaaS applications for various purposes.
 Salesforce, Dropbox are examples of SaaS platforms.

3. Third Generation (2019 and Beyond): Multi-Cloud, Serverless, and Edge Computing

 Organizations increasingly included multi-cloud strategies,to avoid vendor lock-in.

 Processing and storage capabilities are moved closer to the data-generating location,
reducing latency and enhancing performance.
 Cloud providers are integrating AI and machine learning services into their offerings and are
exploring the integration of blockchain technology.

Q.) What is SLA(Service level agreement),SLO(Service level objective) and KPI(Key Performance Indictators)?(10M)
SLA:
service-level agreement (SLA) is an agreement between a service provider and
a customer. Particular aspects of the service – quality, availability, responsibilities – are
agreed between the service provider and the service user.The most common component of an
SLA is:the services should be provided to the customer as agreed upon in the contract.

Service level agreements are also defined at different levels:

i) Customer-based SLA ii) Service-based SLA iii) Multilevel SLA
SLA contains the following components:

1. Type of service to be provided

2. The service's desired performance level
3. Monitoring process and service level reporting:
4. The steps for reporting issues with the service
5. Response and issue resolution time frame.
SLO:
service-level objectives (SLO) are an agreed-upon target within an SLA that must be achieved
for each activity, function, and process to provide the best opportunity for customer success.
SLO represent the performance or health of a service.

Organizations use SLO’s in production environments to ensure released code stays within
error budgets. SLO ensure’s reliability

SLO help teams achieve the following:

1. Improve software quality.

2. Help with decision making.
3. Promote automation
4. Avoid downtime.

KPI:
Key performance indicators (KPI) are quantifiable measurements used to calculate a
company’s overall long-term performance. KPIs helps in determining a company’s strategic,
financial, and operational achievements ,compared to those of other businesses within the
same sector.The goal of KPIs is to communicate results briefly ,so the management can make
more informed strategic decisions.

KPI fall into four categories,each category has its own characteristics,time frame,users.

i) Strategic KPIs ii) Operational KPIs iii) Functional KPIs iv) Leading KPIs

In general, five of the most commonly used KPIs are:

i)Revenue growth ii) Revenue per client iii)Profit margin iv) Client retention rate
v) Customer satisfication

Q.)SaaS ,PaaS,IaaS differences?(3M)

Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS

Infrastructure as a
Platform as a service. Software as a service.
Full form service.
 Basis Of IAAS PAAS SAAS

used by network used by

used by the end user.
Use architects. developers.

IAAS gives access to PAAS gives access to SAAS gives access to

the resources like run time environment the end user.
virtual machines and to deployment and
virtual storage. development tools for
Access application.

It is a service model It is a cloud

It is a service model in
that provides computing model that
cloud computing that
virtualized delivers tools for the
hosts software for
computing resources development of
clients.
Model over the internet. applications.

Used by skilled Used by mid-level

Used among the users
developer to develop developers to build
of entertainment.
Usage unique applications. applications.

Operating System,
Runtime, Data of the
Nothing
User Middleware, and application
Controls Application data

Q.)Difference b/w different deployment models in cloud computing?(3M)

Important
Factors to Public Private Community Hybrid Multi-Cloud
Consider
Complex to
Requires Requires Requires
Setup and ease setup,
Easy professional professional IT professional IT
of use integrate, and
IT Team Team Team
use
Data Security
Low High Very High High Low
and Privacy
 Scalability and Fixed
High High High High
flexibility requirements

Cheaper than
Cost is
Cost Most private but Higher than the
Most affordable distributed
Effectiveness expensive expensive than Hybrid model .
among members
public

Reliability Low High Relatively Higher High High

Low, as the
Very high, High, because of Low, as the
service provider Very high, if the
as the user collaboration service provider
Data Control has complete environment is
has among the has total
control over right
ownership members control
data

Q.)What is need of SOA(Service Oriented Architecture)?Write its Advantages and disadvantages?

(5M) (write down full form of soa all the time so it feels like more is written)
ANS:

 SOA architecture allows technology and business areas to get aligned and
grow closer.
 SOA enables the development of applications that are easier to handle and
more secure.
 SOA helps in minimise data loss, since it offers security and high
availability.
 SOA architecture allows for a faster application development, in a more
cost-effective manner,because of flexible integration of all data.
 SOA helps organizations improve their agility and flexibility.

Advantages
1.) In SOA, an application is built by assembling small, self-contained, and
loosely coupled pieces of functionality. So the services can be reused in
various applications without relying on their interactions with other services.
2.) Since a service is an independent entity, it can be easily updated or
maintained without having to worry about other services.
3.)The services are usually published to a directory where consumers can
look them up. It allows a service to change its location at any time.

Disadvantages
1.) Every time a service interacts with another service, complete validation of
every input parameter takes place. This increases the response time and
machine load, and hence reduces the overall performance.

2.)The service has to make sure messages are delivered on time. But when
services exchange messages for tasks, the quantity can reach millions in a
single application, making it challenging to manage.

3.)Implementation of SOA requires a large upfront investment by means of

technology, development, and human resource.

Q.)Define Cloud Computing as per NIST?(5M)

Ans: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing
as a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared
pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications,
and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management
effort or service provider interaction.

Cloud computing model has five essential characteristics, three service models, and
four deployment models.

Five Essential Characteristics:

1. On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provide computing resources like server

time ,network storage automatically without requiring any human intervention
from service providers.

2. Broad Network Access: The features are accessible through the network and can
be used by different devices, whether they are lightweight or powerful, using
standard methods.

3. Resource Pooling: Computer resources are grouped together to help many users
at once in a shared model. Physical & virtual resources are constantly moved
around based on what users need.

4. Rapid Elasticity:Resources can be fetched quickly, sometimes automatically, to

rapidly increase capacity, and release them swiftly to decrease capacity.

5. Measured Service: Cloud systems automatically manage and make the best use
of resources by keeping track of how much is being used.

Three Service Models:

 1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): empowers the user to control processing,
storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources, and enables the
installation and execution of arbitrary software.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): The consumer does not control the underlying
infrastructure, but has control over the installed applications and configuration
settings for the application-hosting environment.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS): The consumer uses the provider’s applications

running on a cloud infrastructure.

Four Deployment Models:

1. Public Cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by ->the
general public.

2. Private Cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by -> a
single organization comprising multiple consumers.

3. Community Cloud: The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by -

>a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared
concerns.

4. Hybrid Cloud: This cloud infrastructure is made up of two or more separate

cloud systems that stay independent but are connected using standardized or
exclusive technology, allowing data and applications to be easily moved between
them.

Q.) "If a cloud server has a processor speed of 3.5 GHz, and a task requires the
execution of 10 million instructions, how much time would it take for the server
to complete the task? Assume a dual-core processor and provide the
calculation steps involved in determining the time required."(2M)

• Processor speed: 3.5 GHz=3.5×10^9 Hz (3.5 billion cycles per second)

• Number of instructions: 10 million
• Number of cores: Dual-core processor=2

To calculate the time (T) for a dual-core processor, we can use the formula:

T= Number of instructions/( Total processor speed×Number of cores)

Step 1: Substitute the values into the formula:

T=10 million/(3.5×10^9 Hz X 2)

T=10×10^6/(7×10^9)

T≈1.429×10^(-3)seconds

Step 2: Convert the time to milliseconds for better readability:

T≈1.429 milliseconds

So, it would take approximately 1.429 milliseconds for the cloud server with a dual-
core processor to complete the given task.
NOTE: If single core then ,no of cores=1; ans=2.857milli seconds if multi core then
multi core(N) then ans T=2.857/N milli seconds.

Number Prefix Symbol Number Prefix Symbol

10 1 deka- da 10 -1 deci- d
10 2 hecto- h 10 -2 centi- c
10 3 kilo- k 10 -3 milli- m
10 6 mega- M 10 -6 micro-
10 9 giga- G 10 -9 nano- n
10 12 tera- T 10 -12 pico- p
10 15 peta- P 10 -15 femto- f
10 18 exa- E 10 -18 atto- a
10 21 zeta- Z 10 -21 zepto- z
10 24 yotta- Y 10 -24 yocto- y