PHYSICS FORM 4

FORCE & MOTION 1

2.6 FORCE
 2.6 FORCE
LEARNING STANDARD
A pupil is able to:
2.6.1 Define force as the rate of
change of momentum
2.6.2 Solve problems involving
F = ma
LEARNING
STANDARD 1
2.6.1 Define force as the
rate of change of
momentum
We use forces in our daily
activities. Forces can make things
move; slow down or stopped a
moving object; change direction of
moving object; change shape of
an object and resist other forces.
all objects fall to the ground due to the existence of the force
of gravity, i.e. the attraction of the earth on all objects.

the force of gravity causes all objects to have weight, i.e. the
magnitude of the force of gravity exerted on an object

normal force refers to a component of a force at

right angles to a contacting surface applied to an object

when two surfaces are in contact with each other, a frictional

force, i.e. a force that opposes the movement of an object will
be produced
elastic force refers to the force that allows an object to
return to its original shape after being stretched or
compressed.
buoyancy is a force that acts on an object submerged in water
and points upwards
 A man uses A cyclist uses
a force to a bigger force
move a to pedal his
stationary bicycle and
lawnmower increase its
speed
Effects of
A footballer a force A baker uses
uses a force to a force on his
change the dough to
direction of shape it into a
motion of a ball curry puff.
State the effect of an unbalanced force

• Move or stop an object

• Accelerate or decelerate an object
• Change direction of an object
• Change the shape of an object
Activity 1 Aim:To study the relationship between force and acceleration with
constant mass
1. Diagram (a) shows a force, F acts on
an object of mass m. What happens
to the object?
The object accelerates.
What happens if the force acting on the same mass is
doubled as shown in diagram (b)?

object accelerates more

State the relationship between force, F and acceleration, a

Directly proportional
Activity 1 Aim:To study the relationship between mass and acceleration with
constant force
2. What happens if the same force, F
acts on mass of 2m as shown in
Diagram (c)?

object accelerates slowly

State the relationship between mass, m

and acceleration, a?

inversely proportional
Activity 1 Aim : To study the relationship between force and acceleration with a
fixed mass
Hyphotesis: The larger the force, the
larger the acceleration
Manipulated Force (no of elastic
variable string)
Responding
variable Acceleration
Friction compensated runway:
Fixed variable Mass trolley moves down with
constant velocity.
Apparatus Ticker tape, alternating current power
material supply, friction compensated runway,
three trolleys, retort stand, ticker tape,
cellophaned tape, three elastic strings
with a knotted loop at each end.
1. Switch on the ticker timer and pull the trolley
down the runway with one elastic string (one unit
of force).
2. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley using the
ticker tape obtained and record.
3. Repeat steps 1 to 2 using two elastic strings and
three elastic strings with each of the strings
stretched to the same length as that of the first
elastic string.

4. Plot the graph of acceleration, a against force, F

and state the relationship between acceleration, a
Force is directly proportional to
and force, F. acceleration.

Force, F / N a / cm s-2
1
2
3
Activity 1 Aim: To study the relationship between mass and acceleration at a
constant force.
Hypothesis: The greater the mass, the
smaller the acceleration
Manipulated
variable Mass, m
Responding Acceleration, a
variable
Fixed variable Force , F

Apparatus Ticker tape, alternating current power

Material supply, friction compensated runway,
three trolleys, retort stand, ticker tape,
cellophaned tape, a elastic strings with
a knotted loop at each end.
1. Repeat steps 1 and 2 in (A) by pulling the trolley
using two elastic strings stretched together.
2. Repeat steps 1 using two trolleys and then three
trolleys.
3. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley from the
ticker tape obtained and record.
4. Plot a graph of acceleration, a against the
reciprocal of mass, 1/m and state the relationship
between acceleration, a and mass, m

Mass is inversely proportional to

acceleration.
jisim, m / kg a / cm s-2
1
2
3
 The result of the activity shows that the acceleration of an object
depends on the applied force and the mass of the object.

Acceleration is Force = F
aαF Mass = m
directly
m constant acceleration = a
proportional to
the applied force
Acceleration-force when the mass of Combining the two
graph an object is fixed. relationships:
aαF
m
Acceleration is F α ma
inversely
proportional to
a α 1/m
mass of an object
F constant
Acceleration-mass when a constant
graph force is applied on
the object.
Activity 1 Aim: To study the relationship between force and acceleration and the relationship
between mass and acceleration
State Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Complete the following graphs:
The rate of change of momentum is
directly proportional to the force and
acts in the direction of the applied force.
Write an equation for Newton’s Second
Law of motion if F = force, m = mass
and a = acceleration.
The relationship between force, F,
mass, m and acceleration, a for an F α ma F = kma k = constant
object in motion is:
1 N is the force that produces an acceleration
F α ma of 1 ms-2 when applied on a mass of 1 kg.
Change of momentum
F α m(v – u) = mv - mu 1 N = k x 1 kg x 1 ms-2
t Rate of change = mv - mu k=1
of momentum t
F α mv – mu F = ma
t
SI unit: F = ma → kg ms-2 → N (Newton)
 Force is the rate of
change of momentum
LEARNING
STANDARD 2
2.6.2 Solve problems
involving
F = ma
Exercise 1 1. Calculate the acceleration of the block

a = 8/2 = 4 ms-2

a = 14 + 6 = 4 ms-2
5

a = (18 – 2) = 1.6 ms-2

10

a = (10 – 5 – 5) = 0
12
2. A man pushes a trolley with 5 kg box on a smooth surface. If he
uses a force of 30 N to move the trolley, what is the magnitude and
direction of the acceleration of the trolley?

a = F/m = 30/5 = 6 ms-2

3. An object of mass 2 kg is pulled on the floor by a force of 5 N and
having a constant velocity.
(a) What is the frictional force between the object and the floor?
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the object if the object is pulled by a
17 N force.

(a) F = 0 because constant velocity

The pulled force = frictional force = 5 N

(b) F = 17 – 5 = 12 N
a = F/2 = 12/2 = 6 ms-2
4. A bus of mass 2000 kg travels with a uniform velocity of 40 m/s for a
distance 2500 m before it comes to rest. Calculate
(a) the average deceleration of the bus
(b) the average force applied by the brakes to bring the bus to a
standstill.
(a) s = 2500 m u = 40 v = 0 a = ?
V2 = u2 + 2as
0 = (40)2 + 2(a)(2500)
5000a = - 1600
a = - 0.32 ms-2 (deceleration)

(b) F = ma = 2000(-0.32)
= - 640 N
5. A worker pulls a load of mass 80 kg along a horizontal surface by a
force of 160 N. If the surface is smooth and without any resistance
that opposes the motion of the object, what is the acceleration of
the load?

m = 80 kg F = 160 N a = ?
F = ma
a = F = 160 = 2 m s-2
m 80
6. A car of mass 1200 kg moves with a velocity of 30 m s -1. When the
brakes of the car are applied, the car stops in 5 seconds. Calculate
the average braking force of the car.

m = 1200 kg u = 30 m/s v = 0 t = 5 F = ?
a = v – u = 0 – 30 = - 6 m s-2 (deceleration)
t 5
F = ma = 1200 x (- 6) = - 7200 N
Negative sign shows that the force acts
in the opposite direction to the motion
of the car.
7. A force, F acts on a body of mass 5 kg.
(a) If the body accelerates uniformly from 2 m s-1 to 8 m s-1
determine the value of F.
(b) If F = 10 N, determine the displacement of the body 6 seconds
after the body starts to move from rest.

m = 5 kg u = 2 v = 8 t = 2 F = ?
(a) a = v – u = 8 – 2 = 3 m s-2 F = ma = 5 x 3 = 15 N
t 2

(b) F = 10 N, u = 0 t = 6 s s=?
a = 10/5 = 2 m s-2
s = ut + ½ at2 = 0 + ½ x 2 x 62 = 36 m
8. A force of 80 N acts on a stationary object for 7 seconds and
causes the object to reach a velocity of 35 m s-1. Calculate
(a) the mass of the object
(b) the displacement of the object.

F = 80 N t = 7 s u = 0 v = 35
a = v – u = 35 – 0 = 5 m s-2
t 7
(a) m = F/a = 80/5 = 16 kg
(b) s = ut + ½ at2 = 0 + ½ x 5 x 72 = 122.5 m
TUTORIAL 2.6
a = F/m = (120 – 80)/80 = 1.25
F = ma = T – 900 = (1000)(2)
T = 2000 + 900 = 2900 N
a = F/m = (10 – 2)/4 = 2
 300 N

Tarik atau tolakan

F = 350 – 300
= 50 N

F = ma
a = 50/50 = 1 ms-2
Daya geseran / berat
5.1 lebih besar / 5.1 > 5.2

5.1 lebih pendek / 5.1 < 5.2

5.1 lebih besar / 5.1 > 5.2

berkadar terus
Hukum Newton kedua

pecutan bertambah

kurangkan rintangan udara

a = F/m = (120 – 80)/80 = 1.25
F = ma = T – 900 = (1000)(2)
T = 2000 + 900 = 2900 N
a = F/m = (10 – 2)/4 = 2
 300 N

Push or pull
F = 350 – 300
= 50 N

F = ma
a = 50/50 = 1 ms-2
Frictional force / weight
5.1 is greater// 5.1 > 5.2

5.1 is shorter / 5.1 < 5.2

5.1 is greater / 5.1 > 5.2

Directly proportional
Newton’s Second law

Acceleration increase

Reduce air resistance

Mass is a quantity of matter
• distance R < distance S
• force R < force S
• Acceleration R < acceleration S
• Distance directly proportional to force
• Force directly proportional to acceleration
 • PQ: Accelerate / increase in velocity
• Resultant force not zero / unbalanced
force / F ≠ 0

• QR / 20 – 40 saat / selepas Q : constant velocity /

zero acceleration / a = 0 /
• Resultant force = 0 / balanced force
Streamline less resistance
low density Light
high power high force / high thrust /accelerate more

Big propeller large force / high acceleration // bigger

thrust / high energy / large change of
momentum

Strong boat / strong Not broken / strong / waterproof / light

material /waterproof lasting / leakage
boat / /fiberglass bot