B.M.S.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU – 560 0 19

Autonomous college, affiliated to VTU
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Course Code: 23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM

Course: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science Stream – 1
Mathematical Foundation for Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engg. Stream – 1

I. RANK OF MATRICES:
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by reducing them into echelon form.

1 2 3  1 3 4 3 1 −2 
1 4 2  3 9 12 3  3 −6 
a)  . e)   i)  
 2 6 5  1 3 4 1 7 −1
 
Ans:  =2 Ans:  =2 4 5 

0 1 −3 −1 1 1 −1 1  5 6 7 8
1 0 1 1  1 −1 2 −1 6 7 8 9
 f)  .  
b)  3 1 0 2 . 3 1 0 1  j) 11 12 13 14  .
   
1 1 −2 0  Ans:  =2 16 17 18 19 
Ans:  =2 Ans:  =2

1 2 3 2 
 2 3 −1 −1  2 3 5 1   1 2 −2 3 
 1 −1 −2 −4  g)  .  2 5 −4 6 
 1 3 4 5   
c) 3 1 3 −2  . k)  −1 −3 2 −2  .
  Ans:  =2  
6 3 0 −7   2 4 −1 6 
Ans:  =3 Ans:  =4
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2 
1 4 5  
2 6 8  h)  3 2 1 3 .
d)  .  
 3 7 22  6 8 7 5

Ans:  =3
Ans:  =3

1 1 −1 0
4 4 −3 1 
2. Find ‘ b ’ if the rank of  is 3. Ans: b = 2 or b = −6 .
b 2 2 2
 
9 9 b 3

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 23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

II. Consistency and solution of the linear system of equations:

n = Number of Unknowns

1. Solve the following system of equations:

SL.NO Questions Answers

x + 2 y + 3z = 0
a 3x + 4 y + 4 z = 0 x = y =z =0
7 x + 10 y + 12 z = 0
2 x1 + 3 x2 − 4 x3 + x4 = 0

b
x1 − x2 + x3 + 2 x4 = 0
x1 =
( k1 − 7k2 ) , x =
( 6k1 + 3k2 ) , x = k1 , x4 = k2
5 x1 − x3 + 7 x4 = 0 5
2
5
3

7 x1 + 8 x2 − 11x3 + 5 x4 = 0
x1 − 2 x2 − x3 + 3x4 = 0
c −2 x1 + 4 x2 + 5 x3 − 5 x4 = 0 x1 =
( 6k1 − 10k2 ) , x = k1 , x3 =
−k2
, x4 = k2
2
3 2
3x1 − 6 x2 − 6 x3 + 8 x4 = 0
x + 3y − 2z = 0
−10k 8k
d 2x − y + 4z = 0 x= ,y= , z =k
7 7
x − 11 y + 14 z = 0
4 x + 2 y + z + 3w = 0
e 6x + 3 y + 4 z + 7w = 0 x=
( k1 + k2 ) , y = k , z = −k , w = k2
1 2
2
2x + y + w = 0

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23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

2. Discuss the consistency of the following system of linear equations

5x + 3 y + 7 z = 4 2 x + 6 y + 11 = 0
3x + 26 y + 2 z = 9 6 x + 20 y − 6 z + 3 = 0
f)
a) 7 x + 2 y + 10 z = 5 6 y − 18 z + 1 = 0
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions Ans: inconsistent
7 − 16k k +3
x= y= z=k
11 11 2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 3 x4 = 9
4x − 2 y + 6z = 8 x1 − x2 + 2 x3 + 2 x4 = 6
x + y − 3z = −1 g) 2 x1 − 2 x2 + x3 + 2 x4 = 3
b) 15 x − 3 y + 9 z = 21 x1 − x2 + x4 = 2
Ans : Consistent and has infinitely many solutions Ans:Inconsistent
x = 1, y = 3k − 2, z = k
2x + y − z = 0
2x − 3y + 7z = 5
2 x + 5 y + 7 z = 52
3 x + y − 3 z = 13 h) x + y + z = 9
c)
2 x + 19 y − 47 z = 32 Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
Ans: inconsistent x = 1, y = 3, z = 5
2 x1 + 3 x2 − x3 = 1 3x + 2 y + 2 z = 0
3 x1 − 4 x2 + 3 x3 = −1 x + 2y = 4
d) 2 x1 − x2 + 2 x3 = −3 10 y + 3z = −2
i)
3 x1 + 1x2 − 2 x3 = 4 2x − 3y − z = 5
Ans: Inconsistent Ans : Consistent and has unique solution
x = 2, y = 1, z = −4
x + 2y + z = 3
2x + 3y + 2z = 5 x1 + x2 − 2 x3 + x4 + 3x5 = 1
3x − 5 y + 5 z = 2 2 x1 − x2 + 2 x3 + 2 x4 + 6 x5 = 2
e)
3x + 9 y − z = 4 3 x1 + 2 x2 − 4 x3 − 3 x4 − 9 x5 = 3
j)
Ans : Consistent and has unique solution Ans : Consistent and
x = −1, y = 1, z = 2 has infinitely many solutions
x1 = 1, x2 = 2a, x3 = a, x4 = −3b, x5 = b
2x + 3 y + 5z = 9
3. Investigate the values of  and  so that the equations 7 x + 3 y − 2 z = 8 have
2x + 3y +  z = 
(i) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinite number of solutions.
Ans: (i) If  = 5 and   9 (ii)   5 and  can be any value (iii)  = 5 and  = 9 .
x + 2 y + 3z = 6
4. Determine the values of a and b for which the system x + 3 y + 5 z = 9 have (i) no solution (ii) a
2 x + 5 y + az = b
unique solution (iii) an infinite number of solutions.
Ans: (i) If a = 8 and b  15 (ii) a  8 and for any b (iii) a = 8 and b = 15 .

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 23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

5. Find the value of a for which the system x + 2 y + z = 3 ; ay + 5z = 10 ; 2 x + 7 y + az = b has a

unique solution. Also, find the pair of values ( a, b ) for which it has infinitely many solutions.
x + ay + z = 3
6. Find the values of a and b for which the system of equations x + 2 y + 2 z = b is consistent.
x + 5 y + 3z = 9
Ans: If a = −1 and b =6 equations will be consistent and have an infinite number of solutions.
If a  −1 and b has any value, equations will be consistent and have a unique solution.
3x + 4 y + 5 z = a
7. Show that the equations 4 x + 5 y + 6 z = b do not have a solution unless a + c = 2b .
5x + 6 y + 7 z = c
−2 x + y + z = a
8. Test for consistency x − 2 y + z = b where a, b and c are constants.
x + y − 2z = c
Ans: if a + b + c  0 inconsistent , if a + b + c = 0 , then infinitely many solutions.
III. Gauss elimination method:

1. Solve the following system of equations

by Gauss elimination method:

SL
Questions Answers
NO
2 x1 + x2 + x3 = 10 SL Questions Answers
NO
a 3 x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 = 18 x1 = 7, x2 = −9, x3 = 5.
x1 + 4 x2 − x3 = −5 117 81
x1 + 4 x2 + 9 x3 = 16 x1 = , x2 = − ,
71 71
2 x + 2 y + z = 12 f x1 + x2 − 6 x3 = −12
−51 148
b 3x + 2 y + 2 z = 8 x= ,y=
115
,z =
35 3x1 − x2 − x3 = 4 x3 =
4 8 4 71
5 x + 10 y − 8 z = 10 2 x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 1
−1
2 x1 + 4 x2 + x3 = 3 g 4 x1 + 4 x2 + 7 x3 = 1 x1 = , x2 = −1, x3 = 1.
2
c 3x1 + 2 x2 − 2 x3 = −2 x1 = 2, x2 = −1, x3 = 3 2 x1 + 5 x2 + 9 x3 = 3
x1 − x2 + x3 = 6 2 x1 − 7 x2 + 4 x3 = 9
10 x + 2 y + z = 9 h x1 + 9 x2 − 6 x3 = 1 x1 = 4, x2 = 1, x3 = 2
d 2 x + 20 y − 2 z = −44 x = 1, y = −2, z = 3 −3 x1 + 8 x2 + 5 x3 = 6
−2 x + 3 y + 10 z = 22 5 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 4
2 x1 + x2 + 4 x3 = 12 x1 + 7 x2 + x3 + x4 = 12 x1 =1, x2 = 2,
i
e 8 x1 − 3 x2 + 2 x3 = 20 x1 = 3, x2 = 2, x3 = 1. x1 + x2 + 6 x3 + x4 = −5 x3 =− 1, x4 = −2
4 x1 + 11x2 − x3 = 33 x1 + x2 + x3 + 4 x4 = −6

3x − y + 4 z = 3
2. Show that if   −5 the system of equations x + 2 y − 3z = −2 have a unique solution. If  = −5
6 x + 5 y +  z = −3
show that the equations are consistent. Determine the solution in each case.
4 −9 4 − 5k 13k − 9
Ans: when   −5, x = , y = , z = 0 , when  = −5, x = , y= , z=k.
7 7 7 7

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 23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

5 x + 3 y + 2 z = 12
3. Prove that the equations 2 x + 4 y + 5 z = 2 are incompatible unless c = 74 ; and in that case the
39 x + 43 y + 45 z = c
equations are satisfied by x = 2 + t , y = 2 − 3t , z = −2 + 2t , where t is any arbitrary quantity.
x + y + z =1
4. For what values of k, the equations 2 x + y + 4 z = k have a solution and solve them completely in
4 x + y + 10 z = k 2

each case.
Ans: When k = 1, x = −3z, y = 2 z + 1 , when k = 2 , x = 1 − 3z, y = 2 z.

IV. Gauss-Seidel Iteration method:

If the system is diagonally dominant, then the method is known to give convergent solution.
Diagonal dominance is not a necessary condition.

( )
Suppose AX = B is diagonally dominant with A = aij , X = ( xi ) and B = ( bi ) .

x1n +1 =
1
a11
( b1 − a12 x2n − a13 x3n )

Then the iterative formula is

x2n +1 =
1
a22
( b2 − a21 x1n +1 − a23 x3n )
x3n +1 =
1
a33
( b3 − a31 x1n +1 − a32 x2n +1 )

Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method.

SL.NO. Questions Answers

20 x + y − 2 z = 17
1 3 x + 20 y − z = −18 . x = 1, y = −1, z = 1
2 x − 3 y + 20 z = 25

5 x + 2 y + z = 12
2 x + 4 y + 2 z = 15 x = 0.996, y = 2, z = 3
x + 2 y + 5 z = 20
2x + y + 6z = 9
3 8 x + 3 y + 2 z = 13 x = 1, y = 1, z = 1
x + 5y + z = 7
28 x + 4 y − z = 32
4 x + 3 y + 10 z = 24 x = 0.9876, y = 1.5090, z = 1.8485
2 x + 17 y + 4 z = 35
10 x + 2 y + z = 9
5 2 x + 20 y − 2 z = −44 x = 1, y = −2, z = 3
−2 x + 3 y + 10 z = 22

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23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

SL.NO
Questions Answers
.
83 x + 11 y − 4 z = 95
6 7 x + 52 y + 13 z = 104 x = 1.06, y = 1.37, z = 1.96
3 x + 8 y + 29 z = 71

54 x + y + z = 110
7 2 x + 15 y + 6 z = 72 x = 1.926, y = 3.573, z = 2.425
− x + 6 y + 27 z = 85

5 x1 − x2 = 9
8 − x1 + 5 x2 − x3 = 4 x1 = 1.99, x2 = 0.99, x3 = −1
− x2 + 5 x3 = −6

8 x1 + x2 − x3 = 8
9 2 x1 + x2 + 9 x3 = 12 x1 = 1 x2 = 1, x3 = 1
x1 − 7 x2 + 2 x3 = −4

4 x1 + 2 x2 + x3 = 11
10 − x1 + 2 x2 = 3 x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3
2 x1 + x2 + 4 x3 = 16

Start with ( 2,2, −1) and solve

5 x1 − x2 + x3 = 10
11 x1 = 2.5555, x2 = 1.7222, x3 = −1.0555
2 x1 + 4 x2 = 12
x1 + x2 + 5 x3 = −1

10 x1 + x2 + x3 = 12
12 2 x1 + 10 x2 + x3 = 13 x1 = x2 = x3 = 1
2 x1 + 2 x2 + 10 x3 = 14

27 x1 + 6 x2 − x3 = 85
13 6 x1 + 15 x2 + 2 x3 = 72 x1 = 2.4255, x2 = 3.573, x3 = 1.926
x1 + x2 + 54 x3 = 110

x1 − 8 x2 + 3 x3 = − 4
14 2 x1 + x2 + 9 x3 = 12 x1 = x2 = x3 = 1
8 x1 + 2 x2 − 2 x3 = 8

 2 −1 0 0   x  0 
 −1 2 −1 0   y  0 
15  = x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, u = 4
 0 −1 2 −1  z  0 
    
 0 0 −1 2   u  5 

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 23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

V. Characteristic values (Eigenvalues) and characteristic vectors (Eigenvectors):

If A is a square matrix, then  is said to be an eigenvalue of the matrix if there exists a non-zero vector
X such that AX =  X . X is called the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue  .
 X =  IX  ( A −  I ) X = 0 . We seek non-trivial solutions of ( A −  I ) X = 0 .
X is non-trivial if  ( A −  I )  n  A −  I = 0 .
If A is a matrix of size 3  3 then − 3 + Tr ( A )  2 −  M ii22  + A = 0 .

Find the eigenvalues and its corresponding eigenvectors for the following matrices:

1 1 3
a. 1 5 1  . Ans:  = −2,3,6; x1 = [−k ,0, k ], x2 = [k , −k , k ], x3 = [k ,2k , k ]

3 1 1 
3 1 4
0 2 6  , Ans:  = 2,3,5; x1 = k1[1, −1,0], x2 = k2 [1,0,0], x3 = k3[3,2,1] .
b. 
0 0 5 

 8 −6 2 
c.  −6 7 −4  , Ans :  = 0,3,15; x = [1,2,2], x = [2,1, −2], x = [2, −2,1]
  1 2 3

 2 −4 3 

2 0 1 
0 2 0 
d.   , Ans:  = 1,2,3; x1 = [1,0, −1], x2 = [0,1,0], x3 = [1,0,1]
 1 0 2 

 −2 2 −3
 2 1 −6 
e.   , Ans :  = 5, −3, −3; x1 = k[1,2, −1], x2 = [3k1 − 2k2 , k2 , k1 ]
 −1 −2 0 

 6 −2 2 
 −2 3 −1
f.   , Ans:  = 8,2,2; x1 = [2, −1,1], x2 = [1,0, −2], x3 = [1,2,0]
 2 −1 3 

 2 1 −1 
 1 1 −2 
g.   , Ans :  = 1, −1, 4; x1 = [2, −1,1], x2 = [0,1,1], x3 = [−1, −1,1]
 −1 −2 1 

 1 2 2
 0 2 1
h.   , Ans :  = 1,2,2; x1 = k1[1,1, −1], x2 = k2 [2,1,0], x3 = k3[2,1,0]
 −1 2 2 

2 2 1 
1 3 1 
i.   , Ans:  = 5,1,1; x1 = [1,1,1], x2 = [1,0, −1], x3 = [2, −1,0]
 1 2 2 

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 23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

 3 10 5 
 −2 −3 −4 
j.   , Ans :  = 2,2,3; x1 = x2 = [5,2, −3], x3 = [1,1, −2]
 3 5 7 

2 −2 2
k. 1 1 1  , Ans :  = 2,2, −2; x1 = x2 = [0,1,1] , x3 = [−4, −1,1]

 1 3 −1

 3 −2 −5
 4 − 1 −5 
l.   , Ans:  = −5, 2, 2; x1 = [3,2,4], x2 = x3 = [1,3, −1]
 −2 −1 −3

VI. Rayleigh Power Method:

Find AX i and express AX i = i X i +1 where i is the numerically largest element of X i . Iterate
until desired accuracy.
AX n , X n X T ( AX )
The largest/dominant eigenvalue is given by  = = n T n .
Xn, Xn Xn Xn

Find the dominant eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector of the following matrices.
 25 1 2 
1.  1 3 0  by taking the initial vector as 1 0 0 .
T
 
 2 0 −4
 −0.5 0.5 −1
 0.5 −0.5 1  by taking the initial vector as 1 1 1 T . Ans:  ~ −2 . Others are 1 and 0.
2.
   
 −1 1 0 
1 −3 2 
 4 4 −1 by taking the initial vector as 1 0 0 T .
3.
   
6 3 5 
−8 6 −2
[ 6 −7 4 ] by taking the initial vector as 1 1 1 . Ans: 𝜆 ≈ ~ − 15.
T
4.
−2 4 −3
2 0 1
0 2 0  by taking the initial vector as 1 0 0 T .
5.
   
1 0 2
 2 −1 0 
 −1 2 −1 by taking the initial vector as a) 1 0 0 T and
  b) 1 1 1 .
T
6.
 
 0 −1 2 
 6 −2 2 
 −2 3 −1 by taking the initial vector as 1 1 1 T .
7.
   
 2 −1 3 

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 23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

 1 3 −1
 3 2 4  by taking the initial vector as 1 1 0 T .
8.
   
 −1 4 10 

VII. APPLICATIONS:

TRAFFIC FLOW PROBLEMS

1. Find the traffic flow in the net of one-way street directions shown in the figure:

2. Find the traffic flow in the net of one-way street directions shown in the figure:

3. The flow of traffic (in vehicles per hour) through a network of streets is shown in the figure.
i. Solve this system for xi, i=1, 2, ……..5
ii. Find the traffic flow when x3=0 and x5=0.
iii. Find the traffic flow when x3=x5=100

4. Following figure represents traffic entering and leaving a round of road junction, such
junctions are common in Basavangudi.

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23MA1BSMCS, 23MA1BSCEM Unit 5: Matrices and system of equations

(i) Construct a mathematical model that describe the flow of traffic along various
branches.
(ii) What is the minimum flow theoretically possible along branch AB.? What are the
other flows at that time?
(iii) What is the minimum flow theoretically possible along branch DA if the branch
BC is under repair? What is the other flow at that time?
(iv) If it possible to repair branch CD without having another alternative road.

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Balance the following chemical equations using matrix method.

1. 𝐵2 𝑆3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑆
2. 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
3. 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 → 𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 𝑂2
 𝑁𝐴 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2

Dept of Mathematics, BMSCE Page 10 of 10