Professor
HAVE Academy
YOU
EVER
WONDERED
?
Philo - Love
PHILOSOPHY Sophia - Human reason
or
TATVA Study
→ Nature of
or Knowledge
DHARSHANA Reality &
Existence
BASED ON ADHERENCE TO THE VEDAS
Veda - Vid (Knowledge or wisdom)
VEDA FEATURES
Praise knowledge
Rig veda Oldest
Veda of melodies & chants
Sama veda Root of Indian classical music & dance
Worship
Yajur veda Book of prayers
Atharva veda Veda of magical formulas
Orthodox Schools Unorthodox Schools
/Astika / Heterodox
/ Nastika
Accepts the authority Do not accept the
of Vedas authority of Vedas
6 Orthodox schools 3 Unorthodox schools
➢ Nyaya ➢ Charvaka / Lokayata
➢ Vaisesika/ Vaisheshika ➢ Jainism
➢ Samkhya/ Samakhya ➢ Buddhism
➢ Yoga
➢ Purva Mimamsa
➢ Uttara Mimansa/Vedanta
Nyaya Vaisheshika
Yoga Samkhya
Mimamsa Vedanta
Nyaya Naiyayikas
Vaisesika/ Vaisheshika Vaisesikas/ Vaisheshikas
Samkhya/ Samakhya Samkhyas / Samakhyas
Yoga Yogis
Purva Mimamsa Mimamsakas
Uttara Mimansa/Vedanta Vedantins
PHILOSOPHY Study of Logic
✓ Greek Logic
✓ Chinese Logic
✓ Indian Logic
INDIAN LOGIC
Way of thinking & reasoning about the world
Systems of thought
Uses logical methods → understand & explain things
Professor
Academy
# Systems of thought
# Way of thinking & reasoning
about the world
# Uses logical methods
→ Understand & explain things
Right / Valid knowledge
Means or Source of Right/Valid knowledge
PRAMANA – TYPES
IN
PRAMANA MEANING
ENGLISH
Understand and make sense of
the world through our senses
Pratyaksha Perception (Seeing, Hearing, Touching,
Tasting, & Smelling)
PRAMANA IN ENGLISH MEANING
Understand and make sense of the world through
Pratyaksha Perception our senses (seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and
smelling)
IN
PRAMANA MEANING
ENGLISH
Logical conclusion based
Anumana Inference on evidence or reasoning
IN
PRAMANA MEANING
ENGLISH
Understand something new
Upamana Comparison by comparing it to
something already known
HOW WOULD YOU
EXPLAIN PIZZA TO
SOMEONE WHO
HAS NEVER SEEN
IT BEFORE?
IN
PRAMANA MEANING
ENGLISH
Gaining knowledge by
Verbal listening to and
Shabda believing reliable
testimony
sources
WHERE
SHOULD
I
EAT?
IN
PRAMANA MEANING
ENGLISH
Assumption made to explain
something
Arthapathi Implication Educated guess to resolve a
logical problem
PRAMANA ENGLISH MEANING
Knowledge gained
Non- through the
Anupalabddhi absence or non-
apprehension perception of
something
PRAMANA IN ENGLISH MEANING
Understand and make sense of the world through
Pratyaksha Perception our senses (seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and
smelling)
Logical conclusion based on evidence or
Anumana Inference reasoning
Understand something new by comparing it to
Upamana Comparison something already known
Gaining knowledge by listening to and believing
Shabda Verbal testimony reliable sources
Assumption made to explain something
Arthapathi Implication Educated guess to resolve a logical problem
Knowledge gained through the absence or non-
Anupalabddhi Non – apprehension perception of something
Preethi
Pratyaksha Perception
Athai
Anumana Inference
Ukanthu
Upamana Comparison
Saptanga
Shabda Verbal testimony
Adai Arthapathi Implication/Postulation
Avial Anupalabddhi Non – apprehension
Preeti
Pratyaksha Perception
Aunt Anumana Inference
Used Upamana Comparison
Spatula Shabda Verbal testimony
Adai Arthapathi Implication/Postulation
Avial Anupalabddhi Non – apprehension
Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upamana,
Nyaya
Sabdha
Vaisesika/ Vaisheshika Pratyaksha, Anumana, Arthapathi
Samkhya/ Samakhya, Yoga,
Pratyaksha, Anumana
Uttara Mimansa/Vedanta
Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upamana,
Purva Mimamsa
Sabdha, Arthapathi, Anupaladhi
Buddhism
Pratyaksha, Anumana
Jainism
Charvaka / Lokayata Pratyaksha
Which of the following pramanas are accepted as
valid by the Naiyayikas?
(A) Perception
(B) Inference
(C) Presumption
(D) Verbal Testimony
(E) Comparison
Options:
(1) (A), (B), (C) and (D) only (2) (B), (C), (D) and (E) only
(3) (A), (B), (D) and (E) only (4) (A), (C), (D) and (E) only
Which of the following pramanas are accepted as
valid by the Naiyayikas?
(A) Perception
(B) Inference
(C) Presumption
(D) Verbal Testimony
(E) Comparison
Options:
(1) (A), (B), (C) and (D) only (2) (B), (C), (D) and (E) only
(3) (A), (B), (D) and (E) only (4) (A), (C), (D) and (E) only
An American is told by his friend that Asian buffalo is like
bison in such and such respects. When the American visits
Asia and comes across a buffalo, he comes to know that the
animal seen by him is buffalo.
Which of the following means of knowledge (pramana) is
used in this instance?
(1) Postulation (Arthapatti)
(2) Comparison (Upamana)
(3) Perception (Pratyaksa)
(4) Verbal Testimony (Sabda)
BISON ASIAN BUFFALO
ASIAN BUFFALO
An American is told by his friend that Asian buffalo is like
bison in such and such respects. When the American visits
Asia and comes across a buffalo, he comes to know that the
animal seen by him is buffalo.
Which of the following means of knowledge (pramana) is
used in this instance?
(1) Postulation (Arthapatti)
(2) Comparison (Upamana)
(3) Perception (Pratyaksa)
(4) Verbal Testimony (Sabda)
An American is told by his friend that Asian buffalo is like
bison in such and such respects. When the American visits
Asia and comes across a buffalo, he comes to know that the
animal seen by him is buffalo.
Which of the following means of knowledge (pramana) is
used in this instance?
(1) Postulation (Arthapatti)
(2) Comparison (Upamana)
(3) Perception (Pratyaksa)
(4) Verbal Testimony (Sabda)
Which of the following means of
knowledge involves positing something
for making any unit of cognition self-
complete?
(1) Comparison (Upamana)
(2) Postulation (Arthapatti)
(3) Non- Cognition (Anupalabdhi)
(4) Verbal Testimony (Sabda)
Postulate/ Assume something
Something
is missing
Pieces Pieces
of of
information information
IN
PRAMANA MEANING
ENGLISH
Assumption made to explain
Implication/ something
Arthapathi Educated guess to resolve a
Postulation
logical problem
Which of the following means of
knowledge involves positing something
for making any unit of cognition self-
complete?
(1) Comparison (Upamana)
(2) Postulation (Arthapatti)
(3) Non- Cognition (Anupalabdhi)
(4) Verbal Testimony (Sabda)
Any object if thrown upwards, starts to come
downward after reaching a particular height.
Therefore, there must be some force that
must be pulling that object towards the
Earth's Surface.
This argument is based on which of the
following means of knowledge?
(1) Arthapatti (2) Upamana
(3) Sabda (4) Pratyaksa
Any object if thrown upwards, starts to come
downward after reaching a particular height.
Therefore, there must be some force that
must be pulling that object towards the
Earth's Surface.
This argument is based on which of the
following means of knowledge?
(1) Arthapatti (2) Upamana
(3) Sabda (4) Pratyaksa
Any object if thrown upwards, starts to come
downward after reaching a particular height.
Therefore, there must be some force that
must be pulling that object towards the
Earth's Surface.
This argument is based on which of the
following means of knowledge?
(1) Arthapatti (2) Upamana
(3) Sabda (4) Pratyaksa
When I closed my eyes, the cat was sitting on the
table. When I opened my eyes, I found it sitting on
the chair. Therefore I can conclude that the cat must
have moved from the table to the chair while my eyes
were closed.
According to classical Indian Philosophy which of
the following means of knowledge is used in the
above argument?
(1) Perception (2) Comparison
(3) Non-apprehension (4) Postulation
When I closed my eyes, the cat was sitting on the
table. When I opened my eyes, I found it sitting on
the chair. Therefore I can conclude that the cat must
have moved from the table to the chair while my eyes
were closed.
According to classical Indian Philosophy which of
the following means of knowledge is used in the
above argument?
(1) Perception (2) Comparison
(3) Non-apprehension (4) Postulation
When I closed my eyes, the cat was sitting on the
table. When I opened my eyes, I found it sitting on
the chair. Therefore I can conclude that the cat must
have moved from the table to the chair while my eyes
were closed.
According to classical Indian Philosophy which of
the following means of knowledge is used in the
above argument?
(1) Perception (2) Comparison
(3) Non-apprehension (4) Postulation
A farmer sees the water level of river
rising rapidly from that he concludes that
it must have rained heavily upon the hills.
Which of the means of knowledge is used?
1. Perception (Pratyakșa)
2. Inference (Anumāna)
3. Comparison (Upamāna)
4. Extra-ordinary perception (alaukika
Pratyaksa)
TYPES OF PERCEPTION (PRATYAKSHA)
ORDINARY PERCEPTION
/ LAUKIKA
Perception through senses-object contact
2 types:
• External (bahya) - 5 sense organs
• Internal (manas) - Feeling, Desire, Wish
EXTRAORDINARY PERCEPTION
(ALAUKIKA)
Perception without senses-object contact
3 types:
• Samanyalaksana - Universal character
• Jnanalaksana - Retrieved from memory
through past cognition
• Yogaja - Practice of Yoga
A farmer sees the water level of river rising
rapidly from that he concludes that it must
have rained heavily upon the hills.
Which of the means of knowledge is used?
1. Perception (Pratyakșa)
2. Inference (Anumāna)
3. Comparison (Upamāna)
4. Extra-ordinary perception (Alaukika
Pratyaksa)
The argument that the fat saint must be
eating secretly at night, although he does
not eat during the day and claims not to eat
at all is based on which of the following
means of knowledge as per Classical Indian
Logic?
(1) Sabda (2) Upamana
(3) Arthapatti (4) Unupalabdhi
The argument that the fat saint must be
eating secretly at night, although he does
not eat during the day and claims not to eat
at all is based on which of the following
means of knowledge as per Classical Indian
Logic?
(1) Sabda (2) Upamana
(3) Arthapatti (4) Anupalabdhi
Which of following are the ancient treatises on
medicine?
(A) Carak Samhita
(B) Sulva Sutras
(C) Susruta Samhita
(D) Yoga Sutras
Options:
(1) (B) & (D) only (2) (B), (C) & (D) only
(3) (A) and (C) only (4) (A), (B), (C) and (D)
ANCIENT
AUTHOR CONTENT
TEXT
Foundational text of Ayurveda -
Caraka Samhita Sage Caraka Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology,
Disease Diagnosis, and Treatment
Ancient Indian
Sulva Sutras Mathematics - Geometry
mathematicians
Surgery, Surgical Instruments,
Susruta Samhita Sage Susruta Procedures, Anatomy, Diagnosis, and
Treatment
Yoga Sutras Sage Patanjali Yoga philosophy
Which of following are the ancient treatises on
medicine?
(A) Carak Samhita
(B) Sulva Sutras
(C) Susruta Samhita
(D) Yoga Sutras
Options:
(1) (B) & (D) only (2) (B), (C) & (D) only
(3) (A) and (C) only (4) (A), (B), (C) and (D)
Which of following are the ancient treatises on
medicine?
(A) Carak Samhita
(B) Sulva Sutras
(C) Susruta Samhita
(D) Yoga Sutras
Options:
(1) (B) & (D) only (2) (B), (C) & (D) only
(3) (A) and (C) only (4) (A), (B), (C) and (D)
Which of the following is an
ancient treatise on mathematics?
(1) Nyaya Sutras
(2) Samkhya Karika
(3) Samkhya pravacana sutras
(4) Sulva sutras
Which of the following is an
ancient treatise on mathematics?
(1) Nyaya Sutras
(2) Samkhya Karika
(3) Samkhya pravacana sutras
(4) Sulva sutras
