EDUC 60 REVIEWER

Module 1: Society as Foundation of Schools Conflict Theory:

and Schooling

- By Karl Marx and Max Weber.

1. Sociology in Education
Sociology examines the social aspects of
- In contrast to functionalism, conflict
education, including how schools operate, the
theory focuses on the inequalities
role they play in society, and how they affect
present in education systems.
students' lives.

- It argues that schools can perpetuate

It helps us understand the broader social
social stratification and reinforce existing
dynamics that shape educational policies,
power dynamics, often favouring
practices, and outcomes.
privileged groups over marginalized
ones.
2. Sociological Theories
Several key sociological theories provide Symbolic Interactionism:
frameworks for analysing education:

- By George Herbet Mead

Functionalism:

- This perspective emphasizes the

- By Talcott Parson importance of individual interactions,
and the meanings people attach to their
- This theory posits that education serves educational experiences.
essential functions in society, such as
socializing children, promoting social
cohesion, and preparing individuals for - It explores how teacher-student
their roles in the workforce. relationships and peer interactions
shape students' identities and learning
outcomes.
- Schools are seen as institutions that
contribute to the stability and functioning
of society.
 - Strong connections within communities
can enhance educational outcomes by
Cultural Capital:
providing support and information.

- Introduced by Pierre Bourdieu, this

Feminist Theory:
concept refers to the non-financial social
assets (like education, intellect, style of
speech, and cultural knowledge) that
- By Harriet Martineau and Jane Addams
promote social mobility.
- This perspective examines how gender
influences educational experiences and
- Students from different cultural
outcomes.
backgrounds may have varying levels of
cultural capital, affecting their success in
educational settings.
- It critiques the ways in which education
can reinforce gender stereotypes and
inequalities.
Code Theory:
Societal Influence on Education
- By Basil Berstein
Education is not an isolated institution; it
- Refer to organizing principles used by
reflects and responds to the norms, values,
the members of a social group which
and economic conditions of society.
shape and reflect the assumptions we
hold about our relationship to a certain
group.
Factors such as socioeconomic status, race,
and cultural background significantly impact
- People learn their place in society by the students' educational experiences and
language codes they used. The codes opportunities.
come to symbolize identity.

Schools can either challenge or reinforce

Social Capital: societal inequalities, making it crucial to
understand the social context in which
education occurs.
- By James S. Coleman

- This theory highlights the value of social

networks and relationships in facilitating
access to resources and opportunities.
Conclusion 2. Cultural Transmission
Overall, this module emphasizes the
importance of sociological perspectives in
Schools propagate civilization and culture by
understanding the complex interplay between
instilling social, religious, moral, and ethical
society and education. By examining various
values in children.
theories and their implications, we can better
appreciate how educational systems function
and the ways they can be improved to promote
equity and social justice. This process ensures the continuity of cultural
heritage and promotes a shared identity within
society.

Module 2: Fundamental Functions and 3. Preservation and promotion of culture

Roles of School

School to uphold and develop valued principles

Introduction or beliefs, practices, and even of morals and
ethics, it supports and protects them with the
The concept of school has evolved from its
progression of time.
origins in the Old English and Latin terms,
which emphasized leisure for learning and a
place for instruction. Today, schools are
recognized as essential institutions for
education, playing a critical role in shaping 4. Character Building
individuals and society.

Education in schools fosters natural freedom

Key Roles of Schools and expression, enabling students to develop
their personalities in alignment with national
ideologies.
1. Socialization
Schools serve as a primary agent of
socialization, helping students learn cultural Character development is seen as a
norms, values, and expectations. fundamental objective of education, focusing
on the holistic growth of individuals.

They create a social self, allowing students to

navigate their cultural environment and develop
interpersonal skills.
5. Social agreeableness 9. Fulfilment of national aims

Society takes on the school to be responsible Schools are for the children to acquire
in getting the society and the school closer knowledge, skills, and values, so as to prepare
through teaching of social values and ethical them in the fulfilment of the national aims and
conducts. Thus, education progresses into ideals of the nation.
promoting teaching social sense to the
students.

10. Propagation of civilization and culture

6. Civic Training
Persuading the children to adopt social,
Schools play a vital role in developing positive
religious, moral, cultural, and ethical values of
civic attitudes and skills necessary for
a society is to uphold the culture and
responsible citizenship.
civilization. This is done by schools through
teaching such values to the children.
They provide a platform for students to engage
with political norms, values, and current events,
promoting critical thinking and informed
participation in democracy. In the article written by Puja Mondal about
Educational System: The Meaning, Aspects
and Social Functions of Education, the
7. Promotion of Democratic Values author has identified the social roles of school
and education.
Schools create an environment that
encourages self-expression and democratic
engagement, allowing students to grow as
Development of Personality
individuals.

The development of the personality and

This democratic ethos nurtures respect, justice,
character of an individual is considered by
and mutual understanding among students.
Durkheim to be the object of education,
through the stimulation and progress in the
different qualities of the society in the whole or
8. Development of Abilities
a specific aspect.
Education in schools aims to balance cognitive
development with the nurturing of skills and
affective factors. Social Control
Education shapes individual personality and
character, promoting societal qualities and
Schools provide diverse activities that cater to
early socialization to prepare children for adult
the holistic development of students, preparing
roles and preserve cultural heritage.
them for future challenges.
 2. Political Functions
Social Integration Schools contribute to political stability by
socializing students into political norms and
Schools facilitate incidental learning and
legitimizing governmental authority.
socialization, imparting essential values and
social skills among teachers and students.
They help cultivate awareness of international
interdependence and promote global
Determination of Status
understanding.
An individual’s socio-economic status is
influenced by education, which creates
economic opportunities and fosters personal 3. Technical and Economic Functions
growth based on social associations.
Schools equip students with the knowledge
and skills necessary for survival in a
competitive economy.
Social Mobility
Educational attainment allows individuals to
improve their qualifications and enhances They provide job training and opportunities,
social and economic mobility through training contributing to the technical and economic
programs. development of individuals and communities.

Social Development 4. Community and International Functions

The educational system is crucial for societal Schools serve the educational needs of local
development, providing literacy and skills that communities and contribute to social change
contribute to economic growth and political and development.
awareness among individuals, especially those
at the lower economic levels.
They reinforce the importance of international
understanding and cooperation, fostering
Functions of Schools global citizenship.

1. Educational Functions Conclusion

Schools are responsible for systematic Schools are multifaceted institutions that play a
learning, teaching, and knowledge crucial role in the education and socialization of
dissemination. individuals. By fulfilling various functions—
educational, political, cultural, and economic—
schools contribute to the development of a
They facilitate professional development for cohesive society and the personal growth of
teachers and contribute to the formation of a students. Understanding these roles and
learning society. functions is essential for recognizing the impact
of education on both individuals and the
broader community.
Module 3: School as a Vehicle for social 5. Holistic and Integrated Learning
mobility
• Emphasizes the development of values,
attitudes, skills, and competencies
through meaningful social participation.
1. Transformative Education
• Encourages a school culture that fosters
• An educational approach that
a comprehensive change in learners.
emphasizes meaningful and lasting
change in individuals, connecting both 6. Motivation in Learning
heart and mind.
• Student motivation is critical for effective
• Focuses on the holistic development of learning; unmotivated students may
learners, preparing them for societal disengage and exhibit disruptive
contributions beyond self-gratification. behavior.
• Teachers play a vital role in fostering
motivation through engaging and
2. Role of Schools
relevant teaching methods.
• Schools serve as vehicles for social
7. Behavioral Management
mobility, enabling individuals to
maximize their intellectual capacities • Schools must provide frameworks to
and contribute to economic growth. address negative student behaviors in a
humane and caring manner.
• They are responsible for producing
literate individuals and fostering a • A supportive environment is essential for
civilized society. positive academic and behavioral
outcomes.
8. Cultural Responsiveness
4. Essential Factors for Transformative
Education • Culturally relevant curricula are
necessary to connect students with their
• Anchored on Educational
heritage and enhance engagement.
Goals: Aligning with national
educational objectives, such as those 9. Continuous Improvement
outlined in the 1987 Constitution.
• The curriculum should be dynamic,
• Functional Learning subject to constant reform to meet the
Experiences: Ensuring that learning is evolving needs of society and learners.
relevant and meaningful, addressing
10. Social Psychological Model
real-life challenges faced by students.
• The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
• Quality Education: Striving for
highlights the influence of attitudes and
excellence in teaching and learning,
beliefs on student behavior,
encouraging creativity and
emphasizing the school's role as a
resourcefulness among students.
socializing institution.
• Individual Identity: Recognizing and
affirming each learner's unique identity
to facilitate transformation.
Module 4: Roles of the Teacher in the 4. Credibility of Information - As trusted
Society sources, teachers present vital
information that shapes public
understanding and societal values,
Module 4 explores the multifaceted roles of especially in critical situations like
teachers in society, emphasizing their influence elections.
on future generations.

Roles of Teacher in a Society 5. Community Innovators - Teachers can

create impactful change within their
1. Prime Mover of Change - Teachers communities by introducing novel ideas
inspire societal change. and resources, improving local
2. Second Parent in the virtue of Loco conditions.
Parentis - They take on parental roles in
school. 6. Role Modeling - The conduct of
3. Motivator - They foster both intrinsic teachers profoundly influences students,
and extrinsic motivation. making it essential for educators to
4. Presenter of Information - Teachers adhere to ethical standards and
provide credible knowledge. professional behavior.
5. Innovator - They introduce novel ideas
and resources.
6. Role Model - Teachers serve as 7. Leadership in Action - Competent
examples for students and the teachers can lead community initiatives,
community. leveraging their expertise to encourage
7. Leader & Trainer - They lead initiatives collective action for improvement.
and develop skills in others.

Key Insights
Module 5: Pedagogical Competencies of
1. Change Agents - Teachers are pivotal Teachers
in driving societal change, akin to light
guiding a kaleidoscope. Their influence
shapes the future. Module 5 emphasizes the crucial role of
teachers’ pedagogical competencies in
2. In Loco Parentis - Acting as second delivering quality education, regardless of
parents, teachers assume significant whether they work in public or private
responsibilities, emphasizing the need institutions.
for commitment and care in their roles.
It stresses that effective teaching extends
beyond mere intelligence, encompassing
creativity, passion, and a deep understanding
3. Motivational Duality - Balancing
of educational psychology and philosophy. The
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
strategies ensures students find module outlines specific learning outcomes,
personal satisfaction and external including the construction of a reflection grid
rewards in learning. and the establishment of collaborative
community relationships.
Key components of pedagogical competencies
include purpose, content, communication skills,
and professional development.
Teachers are encouraged to continually
enhance their skills to meet local and global
educational standards while fostering
meaningful connections with their communities.

The aim is to empower students and ensure

that educational practices positively impact
both learners and the society in which they live.

Key Insights

Teachers’ pedagogical competencies

significantly influence students’ lives and
community engagement.

Effective teaching requires a blend of creativity,

flexibility, and a strong grasp of educational
principles.

Continuous professional development is vital

for teachers to keep pace with evolving
educational demands and technology.

Establishing collaborative relationships with the

community enhances educational outcomes
and supports student development.

Communication skills are essential for effective

teaching and significantly affect students’
learning experiences.