FUNDAMENTAL

IDEAS IN PLANE
AND SOLID
GEOMETRY
OBJECTIVES

• Identify, describe, and contrast points, lines,

planes, line segments and rays.
• Identify, define, estimate and measure
segments and angles.
• Identify, define, or describe properties
associated with points, segments, angles,
lines and planes.
• Prove and use theorems involving the
properties of parallel lines cut by a transversal.
• Determine if lines are parallel or
perpendicular
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POINTS, LINES, AND
PLANES
UNDEFINED TERMS

Point, line, plane, and set are the undefined terms

that provide the starting place for geometry. When
we define words, we ordinarily use simpler words,
and these simpler words are in turn defined using
yet simpler words. This process must eventually
terminate; at some stage, the definition must use a
word whose meaning is accepted as intuitively clear.
Because that meaning is accepted without
definition, we refer to these words as undefined
terms. These terms will be used to define other
terms. Although these terms are not formally
defined, a brief intuitive discussion is needed.
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 POINT
✓A point is the most fundamental
object in geometry.
✓It is represented by a dot and
named by a capital letter.
✓A point represents position only;
✓it has zero size (that is, zero length,
zero width, and zero height).

Figure 1 illustrates point C, point M, and point Q.

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 LINE ✓ A line (straight line) can be thought of as a
connected set of infinitely many points.
✓ It extends infinitely far in two opposite
directions.
✓ A line has infinite length, zero width, and
zero height. Any two points on the line
name it.
✓ The symbol written on top of two letters
Figure 2 is used to denote that line.
Two lines. ✓ A line may also be named by one small
letter (Figure 2).

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PLANE ✓ A plane may be considered as an infinite set of
points forming a connected flat surface
extending infinitely far in all directions.
✓ A plane has infinite length, infinite width, and
zero height (or thickness).
✓ It is usually represented in drawings by a
four‐sided figure.
✓ A single capital letter is used to denote a
plane.
✓ The word plane is written with the letter so as
not to be confused with a point (Figure 4 ).

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POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

A postulate is a statement that is

assumed true without proof.
A theorem is a true statement
that can be proven.

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POSTULATES
• Postulate 1: A line contains at least two points.
• Postulate 2: A plane contains at least three
noncollinear points.
• Postulate 3: Through any two points, there is exactly
one line.
• Postulate 4: Through any three noncollinear points,
there is exactly one plane.
• Postulate 5: If two points lie in a plane, then the line
joining them lies in that plane.
• Postulate 6: If two planes intersect, then their
intersection is a line.

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THEOREMS

• Theorem 1: If two lines intersect, then they

intersect in exactly one point.
• Theorem 2: If a point lies outside a line,
then exactly one plane contains both the
line and the point.
• Theorem 3: If two lines intersect, then
exactly one plane contains both lines.

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EXAMPLES
State the postulate or theorem you would use to
justify the statement made about each figure.

Through any three noncollinear Through any two points, there

points, there is exactly one is exactly one line (Postulate 3).
plane (Postulate 4).
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EXAMPLES
State the postulate or theorem you would use to
justify the statement made about each figure.

If two points lie in a plane, then If two planes intersect, then

the line joining them lies in that their intersection is a line
plane (Postulate 5). (Postulate 6).
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ACTIVITY 1
State the postulate or theorem you would use to
justify the statement made about each figure.

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ACTIVITY 1
State the postulate or theorem you would use to
justify the statement made about each figure.

A line contains at least two If two lines intersect, then

points (Postulate 1). exactly one plane contains
both lines (Theorem 3).
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ACTIVITY 1
State the postulate or theorem you would use to
justify the statement made about each figure.

If a point lies outside a line, If two lines intersect, then they

then exactly one plane contains intersect in exactly one point
both the line and the point (Theorem 1).
(Theorem
16 2).
SEGMENTS
MIDPOINTS AND
RAYS
SEGMENTS MIDPOINTS AND RAYS

The concept of lines is straightforward, but

much of geometry is concerned with
portions of lines. Some of those portions are
so special that they have their own names
and symbols.

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LINE SEGMENT

✓A line segment is a connected

piece of a line.
✓It has two endpoints and is
named by its endpoints.
✓Sometimes, the symbol –
written on top of two letters is This is line segment CD
(Figure 1).
used to denote the segment.

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LINE SEGMENT

✓Postulate 7 (Ruler Postulate):

Each point on a line can be
paired with exactly one real
number called its coordinate.
The distance between two
points is the positive difference Figure 2 Distance between
of their coordinates (Figure 2). two points.

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LINE SEGMENT

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LINE SEGMENT

✓Postulate 8 (Segment Addition

Postulate): If B lies between A
and C on a line, then AB + BC
= AC (Figure 4).
Figure 4 Addition of lengths of
line segments.

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LINE SEGMENT

✓Postulate 8 (Segment Addition

Postulate): If B lies between A
and C on a line, then AB + BC
= AC (Figure 4).
Figure 4 Addition of lengths of
line segments.

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LINE SEGMENT

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MIDPOINT

✓A midpoint of a line segment

is the halfway point, or the
point equidistant from the
endpoints (Figure 6).
Figure 6 Midpoint of a line
segment.

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MIDPOINT
The midpoint of KR would be ½(24),
or 12 spaces from either K or R.
Because the coordinate of K is 5,
and it is smaller than the coordinate
of R (which is 29), to get the
coordinate of the midpoint you
could either add 12 to 5 or subtract
12 from 29. In either case, you
determine that the coordinate of the
midpoint is 17. That means that
point O is the midpoint of KR
because KO = OR.

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MIDPOINT
Another way to get the coordinate
of the midpoint would be to find the
average of the endpoint
coordinates. To find the average of
two numbers, you find their sum and
divide by two. (5 + 29) ÷ 2 = 17. The
coordinate of the midpoint is 17, so
the midpoint is point O.

Theorem 4: A line segment has

exactly one midpoint.

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RAY ✓A ray is also a piece of a line,
except that it has only one
endpoint and continues forever
in one direction.
✓It could be thought of as a
half‐line with an endpoint. It is
named by the letter of its
endpoint and any other point on
the ray.
✓The symbol → written on top of
the two letters is used to denote
that ray. This is ray AB (Figure 8).

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RAY

29
THANK YOU
Analyn B. Serohijos
Instructor
FUNDAMENTAL
IDEAS IN PLANE
AND SOLID
GEOMETRY
OBJECTIVES
1. Identify, define, estimate and measure
segments and angles.
2. Identify, define, or describe properties
associated with points, segments,
angles, lines and planes.

2
ANGLES AND ANGLE
PAIRS
ANGLES
✓ Two rays that have the
same endpoint form
an angle.
✓ That endpoint is
called the vertex, and
the rays are called the
sides of the angle.
✓ In geometry, an angle
is measured in
degrees from 0° to
180°.
✓ The number of
degrees indicates the
size of the angle.
4
 ANGLES
✓By the letter of the vertex—
therefore, the angle in Figure
could be named ∠ A.
✓By the number (or small
letter) in its interior—
therefore, the angle in Figure
could be named ∠1 or ∠ x.
✓By the letters of three points
that form it—therefore, the
angle in Figure could be
named ∠ BAC or ∠ CAB. The
center letter is always the
letter of the vertex.
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EXAMPLE 1

Figure 3 Different
names for the same
angle

(a) ∠3 is the same as ∠ IMJ or ∠ JMI;

(b) ∠ KMJ is the same as ∠ 4.
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POSTULATE 9
(PROTRACTOR
POSTULATE)
Figure 4 Using the Protractor Postulate
• Suppose O is a point on . Consider all rays with
endpoint O that lie on one side of . Each ray can be
paired with exactly one real number between 0° and
180°, as shown in Figure 4. The positive difference
between two numbers representing two different rays
is the measure of the angle whose sides are the two
rays.
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 EXAMPLE 2
Figure 5 Using the
Protractor Postulate.
Use Figure 5 to find
the following: (a) m
∠ SON, (b) m ∠ ROT,
and (c) m ∠ MOE.

(a) (b) (c)

m ∠ SON = 40° −0° m ∠ ROT = 160° m ∠ MOE = 180°
−70° −105°
m ∠ SON = 40° m ∠ ROT = 90° m ∠ MOE = 75°
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POSTULATE 10
(ANGLE ADDITION
POSTULATE)

Figure 6 Addition of angles.

• If lies between and , then m ∠ AOB + m ∠

BOC = m ∠ AOC (Figure 6).

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EXAMPLE 3
Figure 7 Addition of
angles.
In Figure 7, if m ∠1
= 32° and m ∠2 =
45°, find m ∠ NEC.

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ANGLE BISECTOR
✓ An angle bisector is a ray that divides an
angle into two equal angles. In Figure 8,
is a bisector of ∠ XOZ because = m ∠
XOY = m ∠ YOZ.

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THEOREM 5:
AN ANGLE THAT IS NOT
A STRAIGHT ANGLE HAS
EXACTLY ONE BISECTOR.

Certain angles are given special names

based on their measures.

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 RIGHT ANGLE

✓A right angle has a

measure of 90°. The
symbol in the interior of
an angle designates the
fact that a right angle is
formed. In Figure 9, ∠ ABC
is a right angle.

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 ACUTE ANGLE

✓An acute angle is any

angle whose measure
is less than 90°. In
Figure 10, ∠ b is acute.

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 OBTUSE ANGLE

✓An obtuse angle is an

angle whose measure
is more than 90° but
less than 180°. In
Figure 11 , ∠4 is
obtuse.

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 STRAIGHT ANGLE

✓Some geometry texts refer

to an angle with a measure
of 180° as a straight angle.
In Figure 12, ∠ BAC is a
straight angle.

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 EXAMPLE 3 Use Figure 13 to identify
each named angle as
acute, right, obtuse, or
straight: (a) ∠ BFD, (b) ∠
AFE, (c) ∠ BFC, (d) ∠
DFA.
Figure 13 Classification of
angles
(a) (b)
m ∠ BFD = 90° (130° − 40° = m ∠ AFE = 180°, so ∠ AFE is a
90°), so ∠ BFD is a right angle. straight angle.

(c) (d)
m ∠ BFC = 40° (130° − 90° = m ∠ DFA = 140° ( 180° − 40° =
40°), so ∠ BFC is an acute 140°), so ∠ DFA is an obtuse
angle. angle. 17
SPECIAL ANGLES
 Certain angle pairs are
given special names based
on their relative position to
one another or based on the
sum of their respective
SPECIAL measures.
ANGLES
ADJACENT ANGLES

Adjacent angles are any two

angles that share a common side
separating the two angles and
that share a common vertex. In
Figure 1, ∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent
angles.

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COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES
Complementary angles are any two angles whose sum is
90°. In Figure 3, because ∠ ABC is a right angle, m ∠1 +
m ∠2 = 90°, so ∠1 and ∠2 are complementary.

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VERTICAL ANGLES
Vertical angles are
formed when two lines
intersect and form four
angles. Any two of these
angles that are not
adjacent angles are
called vertical angles. In
Figure 2, line l and line
m intersect at point Q,
forming ∠1, ∠2, ∠3, and
∠4.
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EXAMPLE 1
If ∠5 and ∠6 are complementary, and m ∠5
= 15°, find m ∠6.
Because ∠5 and ∠6 are complementary,

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THEOREM 8: IF TWO ANGLES ARE
COMPLEMENTARY TO THE SAME
ANGLE, OR TO EQUAL ANGLES,
THEN THEY ARE EQUAL TO EACH
OTHER.

Refer to Figures 5 and 6. In Figure 5, ∠ A and ∠ B are

complementary. Also, ∠ C and ∠ B are complementary.
Theorem 8 tells you that m ∠ A = m ∠ C. In Figure 6, ∠
A and ∠ B are complementary. Also, ∠ C and ∠ D are
complementary, and m ∠ B = m ∠ D. Theorem 8 now
tells you that m ∠ A = m ∠ C.
25
SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES
Supplementary angles are two angles whose sum is
180°. In Figure , ∠ ABC is a straight angle. Therefore m
∠6 + m ∠7 = 180°, so ∠6 and ∠7 are supplementary.

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THEOREM 9
IF TWO ADJACENT ANGLES HAVE THEIR
NONCOMMON SIDES LYING ON A LINE, THEN
THEY ARE SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES.

Because m ∠8 + m ∠9 = 180°, ∠8 and ∠9 are

supplementary. 27
THEOREM 10

If two angles are supplementary

to the same angle, or to equal
angles, then they are equal to
each other.
LINES: INTERSECTING,
PERPENDICULAR,
PARALLEL

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 You have probably had the
experience of standing in line for
a movie ticket, a bus ride, or
something for which the demand
was so great it was necessary to
wait your turn. However, in
geometry, there are three types of
LINES: lines that students should
INTERSECTING, understand.
PERPENDICULAR,
PARALLEL
INTERSECTING LINES
Two or more lines that meet at a point are called
intersecting lines. That point would be on each of these
lines. In Figure 1, lines l and m intersect at Q.

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PERPENDICULAR LINES

Two lines that intersect

and form right angles
are called perpendicular
lines. The symbol ⊥ is
used to denote
perpendicular lines. In
Figure , line l ⊥ line m.
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PARALLEL LINES
Two lines, both in the same plane, that never
intersect are called parallel lines. Parallel lines
remain the same distance apart at all times.
The symbol // is used to denote parallel lines.
In Figure 3, l // m.

Figure 3 Parallel lines. 33

PARALLEL AND
PERPENDICULAR
PLANES
PARALLEL PLANES
Parallel planes are two planes that do not intersect. In
Figure 1, plane P // plane Q.

Figure 1 Parallel
planes
 THEOREM 11
If each of two planes
is parallel to a third
plane, then the two
planes are parallel to
each other (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Two planes parallel to a third
plane

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PERPENDICULAR PLANES
A line l is perpendicular to plane A if l is
perpendicular to all of the lines in plane A
that intersect l. (Think of a stick standing
straight up on a level surface. The stick is
perpendicular to all of the lines drawn on the
table that pass through the point where the
Figure 3 stick is standing).
Perpendicular
planes A plane B is perpendicular to a plane A if
plane B contains a line that is perpendicular
to plane A. (Think of a book balanced upright
on a level surface.) See Figure 3.
THEOREM 12
If two planes are
perpendicular to the same
plane, then the two planes
either intersect or are
parallel.

In Figure 4, plane B ⊥ plane

A, plane C ⊥ plane A, and
plane B and plane C
Figure 4 Two intersecting planes intersect along line l.
that are perpendicular to the same
plane 38
THEOREM 12
If two planes are
perpendicular to the same
plane, then the two planes
either intersect or are
parallel.

In Figure 5, plane B ⊥ plane

Figure 5 Two parallel planes that A, plane C ⊥ plane A, and
are perpendicular to the same plane B // plane C.
plane

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THANK YOU
Analyn B. Serohijos, LPT

Instructor