Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology

Parul University
Engineering Physics II (303192102)
B.Tech. Semester 1
Assignment 1

Date: 15/09/2024 UNIT- 4

1. Choose the correct options:

A. Acronym of laser is “Light Amplification by _____________ Emission of Radiation”.
a. Spontaneous
b. Stimulated
c. Single
d. Simple

B. In lasing action, the spontaneous emission depends on

a. Intensity of incident light
b. Number of atoms in the ground state
c. Number of atoms in the excited state
d. None of the above

C. In a Ruby laser, the activator atom is

a. Aluminium
b. Copper
c. Chromium
d. Carbon

D. In He: Ne gas laser, the ratio of mixture of Ne gases and He gases is

a. 1:1
b. 10:1
c. 1:10
d. 2:1

E. In He-Ne laser, He is excited to ____eV and Ne is excited to ___ eV, respectively.

a. 21.61, 20.66
b. 20.61, 20.66
c. 26.61, 21.66
d. 21.61, 21.10

F. What is the primary semiconductor material used in a semiconductor laser?

a. Silicon
b. Germanium
c. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)
d. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

G. In a gain/active medium of a lasing system, only a small fraction of atoms is responsible for light
amplification. They are known as:
a. Host medium
b. Active centres
c. Pumping sources
d. None
H. Which among the following is a continuous laser?
a. He-Ne laser
b. Ruby laser
c. Both of these lasers
d. None of these lasers

I. In the population inversion

a. the number of electrons in higher energy state is more than the ground state
b. the number of electrons in lower energy state is more than higher energy state
c. the number of electrons in higher and lower energy state are same
d. depends on temperature

J. In Ruby laser, Cr atoms decay spontaneously to lower energy state by emitting photons of wavelength ___ Å
a. 6828
b. 6489
c. 6943
d. 6923

K. Which of the following is an example of a metastable state?

a. Ground state of an atom
b. Excited state of an atom with a very short lifetime
c. Excited state of an atom with a relatively long lifetime
d. Ionized state of an atom

L. It is most difficult to obtain lasing action in

a. Microwaves
b. X-rays
c. Ultra-violet
d. Infra-red

M. In a graded index fibre, the refractive index of core

a. changes suddenly at the core-cladding interface
b. changes gradually throughout the core surface
c. and cladding remains the same
d. None of the above

N. Which of the following statement is correct?

a. Optical fibres can bend light by diffraction
b. Optical fibres cannot pass light
c. Optical fibres follow stimulated emission of radiation
d. Optical fibres bend the light beam using the principle of total internal reflection

O. In an optical fibre, the intensity of light

a. Attenuates linearly with the length of the fibre
b. Attenuates exponentially with the length of the fibre
c. Attenuates logarithmically with the length of the fibre
d. Do not undergo any kind of attenuation

P. When an optical fibre is immersed in water then

a. Both θA and NA changes
b. Both θA and NA remains same
c. θA changes but NA remains same
d. NA changes but θA remains same
 Q. The unit of measurement of attenuation in fibre optics is
a. dB
b. dB/km
c. km/dB
d. km

R. Choose the correct formula for Numerical Aperture.

a. NA = √(n1 )2 − (n2 )2
b. NA = √(n1 ) − (n2 )2
c. NA = √(n1 )2 − (n2 )
d. NA = √n1 − n2

S. The maximum angle of incidence at the entrance aperture of the fibre for which the light ray is totally
reflected at the core-cladding interface is called
a. Critical angle
b. Acceptance angle
c. Refracted angle
d. Reflected angle

T. The refractive index vary ____in Graded Index fibre.

a. Radially
b. Transversely
c. Longitudinally
d. Tangentially

B. Answer all the questions:

1. Write the full form of LASER? Mention four characteristics and four applications of LASER.
2. Discuss the various interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
3. Differentiate between Spontaneous and Stimulated emission
4. What are the three conditions for lasing action?
5. Discuss the components of a laser system. What is the role of an optical resonator in a lasing system?
6. Write short notes on:
a) Population inversion
b) Metastable states
c) Active Medium
d) Pumping schemes
e) Coherence length

2. (a) Establish the relation between Einstein’s A and B coefficients.

(b) From the relation between Einstein’s coefficients explain why lasing action is difficult for visible light in
comparison to microwaves.
Or
 Discuss on the physical significance of Einstein’s equations.
3. (a) Explain the construction and working of Ruby Laser with necessary diagrams.
(b) State one disadvantage of Ruby laser.
4. a) Describe the He-Ne laser in detail, explaining its working principle, construction, and energy level diagrams.
Use clear and concise language and provide relevant diagrams.
b.) What is the role of Helium in He-Ne Laser?
c.) Sate two applications of He-Ne laser.
5. Why Semiconductor laser is much preferred over He-Ne laser?
6. What is an optical fibre? Discuss the structure/construction of an optical fibre with a suitable diagram. State two
conditions needed for confining light within the fibre.
7. Elucidate total internal reflection and determine the value of the critical angle in terms of refractive indices of
core and cladding of an optical fibre.
8. Classify optical fibres based on the modes of propagation and refractive index of materials.
9. (a) Define the numerical aperture and acceptance cone of an optical fibre.
(b) Deduce the expression of the numerical aperture of an optical fibre.
(c) Write two significant applications of optical fibres in the present world.
10. Mention and explain the advantages of a 4-level lasing scheme (He-Ne Laser) over a 3-level one (Ruby Laser).
11. Mention three advantages of data transmission via optical fibres over traditional copper cables.
12. The wavelength of emission is 6000 Å and the coefficient of spontaneous emission is 106 s-1. Determine the co-
efficient of stimulated emission.
13. An LED emitting red light of mean wavelength 630 nm have a wavelength spread of 20 nm. Find the coherence
length of light.
14. The rates of stimulated and spontaneous emission are equal at room temperature (300 K). Find the wavelength
of radiation.
15. Find the energy difference between two energy levels of neon atoms of a He-Ne gas laser. The transition between
these levels gives a light of wavelength 632.8 nm.
16. A step-index fibre has a core of refractive index 1.50 and a cladding of refractive index 1.40. If the fibre is used
in a water environment, find its N.A. and acceptance angle. The refractive index of water is 1.33.
17. The emitted power from an optical fibre power, after propagating through 1.5 km length, is reduced to 95 % of
its original value. Compute the power loss in dB/km.
 UNIT -1

A. Choose the correct options:

1. According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it is impossible to simultaneously determine:
a. The energy and speed of a particle
b. The mass and charge of a particle
c. The wavelength and frequency of a wave
d. The position and momentum of the particle

2. When light of suitable frequency falls on a metal surface____________ are emitted

a. Electrons
b. Neutrons
c. Protons
d. Positrons

3. The Compton shift depends upon

a. Mass of the scattering electron
b. Frequency of the scattered photon
c. Angle of scattering
d. Speed of the electron

4. According to Wien’s displacement law, the maximum wavelength of blackbody radiation is proportional
to
a. T
b. 1/T
c. T2
d. √T

5. The energy operator of a moving particle 𝐸̂ is

𝜕
a. 𝐸̂ = 𝑖ℏ 𝜕𝑡
ℏ 𝜕
b. 𝐸̂ = 𝑖 𝜕𝑡
𝜕
c. 𝐸̂ = −𝑖ℏ 𝜕𝑡
𝜕
d. 𝐸̂ = ℏ2 𝜕𝑡

6. When the Hamiltonian operator operates on a wave function ψ(r), then the corresponding Eigen value is
______
a. Potential energy of the system
b. Kinetic energy of the system
c. Total energy of the system
d. None of the above
7. The momentum operator in one dimension (p) is _____
𝜕
a. 𝑝
̂𝑥 = −𝑖ℏ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕
̂𝑥 = ℏ2 𝜕𝑥
b. 𝑝
𝑖 𝜕
c. 𝑝
̂𝑥 = − ℏ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕
d. 𝑝
̂𝑥 = ℏ 𝜕𝑥
 8. The probability of finding a quantum particle can be given by
a. |𝜓|
b. |𝜓|3
c. |𝜓|4
d. |𝜓|2

9. In a one-dimensional potential box, the potential energy of the particle inside the box is
a. Variable
b. Undetermined
c. Zero
d. Infinite

10. The energy spectrum of black-body radiation can be explained by the Wien’s radiation formula for only
a. Higher Temperature
b. Longer wavelength
c. High energy
d. Shorter wavelength

11. Electron microscopes are related to

a. Radio waves
b. Matter waves
c. Electric field
d. Electromagnetic waves

12. The Einstein’s photoelectric equation is ℎ𝜈 = 𝑋 + ℎ𝜈0 . Here X represents the ______. (h is Planck’s
constant, 𝜈 is the frequency of incident radiation, 𝜈0 is threshold frequency)
a. The velocity of ejected electrons
b. The intensity of incident light
c. The kinetic energy of ejected electrons
d. None of the above

B. Answer all the questions:

1. Mention the three failures of Classical mechanics?

2. a) What is a blackbody?
b) State Stefan-Boltzmann’s law.
c) State Wien’s displacement law.
d) Describe the limitations of classical approaches to explain the energy spectrum of blackbody radiation and
discuss how Max Planck explained the energy spectrum of Blackbody radiation.
e) What is ultraviolet catastrophe?
3. State de Broglie’s hypothesis. Derive the expression showing wave-particle duality.
4. Name two phenomenon where light acts as a particle and two phenomena where light acts as a wave.
5. Write short notes on:
a) Photoelectric effect
b) Quantum tunnelling
c) Compton effect
6. Define wave function and its physical significance. What are the conditions for a well-behaved wave function?
7. What is Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation? Explain with proper mathematical expression.
8. What do you mean by Eigen value and Eigen functions? Express the mathematical formula for momentum and
energy operators.
9. (a) Derive the Time-dependent Schrodinger’s wave equation.
(b) Derive the Time Independent Schrodinger’s wave equation.
10. Derive the energy and wave function formula for a free particle trapped in a one-dimensional box of width ‘a’.
11. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with an electron of energy 1.5 eV.
12. Calculate the velocity of the ejected photoelectron for the incident photon energy of 5 eV. The threshold energy
for the photosensitive metal is given by 3.2 eV.
13. X-rays of wavelength 0.75Å are scattered by a target at an angle of 45⁰. Calculate the wavelength of scattered
X-rays.
14. An electron is bound in one-dimensional potential well of the width 0.18 nm. Find the energy value in eV for the
second excited state. Given m = 9.1×10-31 kg, h=6.626×10-34 Js.
15. Calculate the three lowest energy levels (in eV) for an electron inside a one-dimensional infinite potential well
of width 2 Å. Also, determine the corresponding normalized eigenfunctions. Given m = 9.1 × 10-31 kg, h=6.626
× 10-34 J.s
16. Find the probability that a particle in a one-dimensional box of length L can be found between 0.40 L and 0.60
L for the ground state.