Examples

simply supported beam of span 5 m carrying reinforced

a
Example 10.1 Design a

restraint to the top compression flange.

concrete floor capable ofproviding lateral
The uniformly distributed load is made up of 20 kN/m imposed load and
20 kN/m
dead load (section is stiff against bearing). Assume Fe 410 grade steel.

Solution
Step 1: Calculation of factored loads
Dead load =1.5 x 20 30 kN/m
Live load 1.5 x 20 30 kN/m
Total factored load on the beam 60 kN/m (see
=

Fig. 10.47)
Step 2: Calculation of maximum bending moment and shcar force
Maximum bending moment 60 x 5-/8 187.5 kN m
= =
 Design of Beams 881

60 KN/m
(factored)

150kN

150 kN

187.5 kN m

Fig. 10.47

Step 3: Section modulus required (Z,)

MX Ym0 187.5 x 10 x1.1

- 825 x 10 mm°
2, (required) =

250

Step 4: Selection of suitable section

Choose a trial section of ISLB 350 0.486 kN/m
The properties of the section are as follows:
Depth of section (h) =
350 mm
Width of flange (b) = 165 mm

Thickness of flange (1) = 11.4 mm

Depth of web (d) =h -21,+ R) = 350 2(11.4 + 16) = 295.2 mm

Thickness of web ( , ) = 7.4 mm

Moment of inertia about major axis , 13200 x 10* mm*

Elastic section modulus (Z,) = 751.9 x 10' mm

Plastic section modulus (Z,) = 851.11 x 10 mm

Section classification

250 250
V V250
1.4
b82.=7.239.4 23<9.4

d295.2 - 39,9< 84
7.4
Hence the section is classified as a plastic section.
Step 5: Adequacy of the section including self weight of the beam
Factorcd self weight of the beam= 1.5 x0.486= 0.73 kN/
882 Design of Steel Structures

60.73 kN/m
acting on the beam
=

Total load
kN
bending moment = 190
m
Maximunm

190x10°x1.1 836x 10 mm
Plastic scction modulus requircd 250
is adequate.
Since it is less than 851.11x 10 mm',
hence, the chosen section
shear force
Step 6. Calculation of design
w_60.73x 5 =
- 151.83 kN
Design shear force = " 2
7: shear strength of the section
Step Design
250x350x 7.4
Design shear strength V= Xxhx1
3
1X3
340kN> 151.83 kN

Also
0.6V 204
Therefore. the design shear force V< 0.6Va
section
Step 8: Check for design capacity of the

39.9 (which is less than 67e)

Hence

MA B.Z,x Ym0
B, =
1.0, since the section is plastic section.
Therefore,
1.0x851.11x10*x250
M= -
193.43 kNm
1.1

193.43 kN ms
1.2xZ,x f 1.2x751.9x10'x 250=205
kN m
m0 1.1
Hence the design capacity of the member is more than maximum bending moment
M(193.43 kN m> 190 kN m).
Step 9: Check for deflection
Deflection (which is a serviceability limit state) must be calculated on the basis of
the unfactored imposed loads.

Swl4 5x 20 x5000 = 6.165 mm

384EI 384 x 2 x10x 13200 x 10

Allowable maximum deflection max =

300
=

300
=16.67 mm

The deflection is less than the

allowable maximum deflection.
 Design of Beams 883

Example 10.2 Design a simply supported beam of 7m span carrying a reinforced

concrete floor capable of providing lateral restraint to the top compression flange.
1otal ull is made up of 100 kN dead load incuding self weight plus 150 kN
imposed load. In addition, the beam carries a point load at mid span made upof
s0 AN dead load and 50 kN imposed load (assuming a stiff hearing length of 75
mm)

Solution
Step 1: Calculation of factored load
Ud:
Dead load = 1.5 x 100 = 150 kN
Live load = 1.5 x 150 225 kN

Total udl acting on the beam = 375 kN

Concentrated load:
Dead load = I.5 x 50 75 kN
Live load= 1.5 x 50 = 75 kN
Total concentrated load acting on the beam = 150 kN (see Fig. 10.48)

150 kN (factored)

W= 375 kN
(factored)

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY Y

7m-
Fig. 10.48

Step 2: Calculation of maximum bending moment

=
L, 375X7 + 150 x 7
Bending moment
8 8 4
= 590.63 kN m

Calculation of required plastic section modulus

Step 3:
M x Ym0 590.63 x10°x1.10 =
2600 x 10 mm
250

Selection of suitable section

Step 4:
Choose a trial section of ISMB 550 @1.037 kN/m.
follows:
properties of the section are
as
The
Overall depth (h) 550 mm
=

Width of flange (b)= 190 mm

Thickness of flange (1)= 19.3 mm 475.4
550 2(19.3 + 18) mm
Depth of web (d) h-2(t,+ R)
= -
=
=

Thickness of web (1) = 11.2 mm

Moment of inertia about major axis 1, = 64900 x 10 mm
Elastic section modulus (Z,) = 2359.8 x 10 mm

Plastic section modulus (Z,) =

2711.98 x 10* mm'
 884 Design of Steel Structures

Section classification

250 250 = 1
250
b
19.3
95-4922 <9.4e

d4/4
11.2
-42.45<84e
Hence the section is classified as a plastic section.
Step 5: Adequacy of the section including self weight of the beam
Self weight of the section (factored) = 1.5 x 1.037= 1.5555 kN/m

aximum bending moment= 590 63 + . 5 x1.037x 72 =

600.16 kN m
8
Plastic section modulus required
600.16 x l10 x1. ?640 7 x 10 mm<2711.98 x 10° mm
250
Hence the chosen section is adequate.
Step 6: Calculation of design shear force

Shear force V= 037 X7,375

2
150 -266 k
Step 7: Design shear strength of the section

Design shear strength Va Sy 250

Ymo XV3"*"w
xhxtw 11x 3
1.1x 3
x 550 x 11.2

= 808.29 kN

Also,
0.6= 485 kN
The design shear force V< 0.6/a
Step 8: Check for design capacity of the section

=42.45 which is less than 67e

w

M=B,2, x 2x Z, x f,
m0 1.10
B=1.0 since the section is plastic section
1.0x 2711.98 x 10'x 250
M= 1.1
=
616.36 kN m

1.2 x
Z Xf, 1.2 x
2359.8 x 10'x 250 =
643.58 kN m
I.
 Design of Beams 885

design capacity of the member is more than the maximum bending

Hence the
moment M, (616.36
kN m> 600.16 kN m)
9: Check for deflection
Step
Actual deflection = dudt opi

5W W
384E 48EI

5x150 x 7000 50 x103 x7000

384 x2 x10 x 64900x104 48 x2 x10x 64900 x10
= 7.91 mm

Allowable maximum deflection nax 300

7000
300
23.33 mm
allowable maximum deflection.
Actual deflection is less than the
Step 10: Check for web buckling support
at

Assume stiff bearing length b,

75 mm =

467.5
Depth of web d mm
=

Web= X_ 75x11.2 =8780.8 mm

12 12
11.2 840 mm*
1= 75
=
x
Aefr Web =b
X

8780.83.233 mm
erweb
rA web V840
0.7 times the depth of the web (d)
Effective length of web det=
= ef0.7x475.4 = 102.9
3.233
N/mm* (From Table 9c of the code)
Therefore, fed=103.4
n=550/2=275 mm

b, tn=75+275 350 mm
=

A, 350 x11.2=3920 mm
Buckling resistance led X A^
= 103.4 x 3920 /1000
= 405.3 kN > 266 kN

Hence the web is safe.

11: Check for web bearing
Step
(b +n2) Xt X Sy

F YmO
b 7 5 nmm

n 2.5 x (Root radius + flange thickness)

is 1:2.)
93.25 mm (since angle of dispersion
=
2.5 (18 + 19.3) =
886 Design of Steel Structures

11.2 mm
S-250N/mm
11.2 x 250
(75 +93.25) x

F 1.10
= 428.27 kN > 266 kN
Hence the web is safe.
in Fig. 10.49, calculate the plastic
Example 10.3 For the built-up section shown
section modulus and plastic moment capacity. Also calculate the shape factor

200 mm

I1.5 mm
Z
300 mmn

3 mm

Fig. 10.49

Solution
Calculation of the plastic section modulus
Since the section is symmetric, the equal area axis passes through the centre of the
cross section. Calculate the centre of
gravity for the divided cross section about
Z-2 axis

200x 3x 151.5 + 150 x 1.5 x 75

= 130.64 mm
Yop (200 x 3) + (150 x 1.5)
Also ybottom= 130.64 mm, since the section is
symmetrical
Zp opt bottom
(130.64+
2 130.64) =215.56 x10 mm
Calculation of 2
Divide the section into
centre of
two equivalent portions along y-y axis and calculate the
gravity for the divided cross section
 Design of Beams 887
[2x (100 x 3 x50)]+(0.75 x 300 x 0.75/2)
= 36.47 mm
(2x 100 x 3) + (0.75 x 300)
The section is also symmetric
along y-y axis. Hence zrieht 36.47 mm
Therefore

Zpy et t righ)
1650
(36.47+36.47) 30.09 x10 mm
Shape factor calculation

-2x|| 12 (200x3) x151.5+ 12

=
30.92 x 10 mm
30.92x 10
202.08 x 10' mm'
153
215.56 x 103
Shape factor S= 202.08 x 10
= 1.067

Example 10.44 proposed cantilever beam is built into a concrete wall. Itsupports
a dead load of 20 kN/m and a live load of 10 kN/m. The length of beam is 5 mi.
Select a suitable section with necessary checks. Assume stiffbearing length of 100
mm.

Solution
Step 1: Calculation of load
Dead load = 1.5 x 20 30 kN/m

Live load =1.5 x 10 = 15 kN/m

Total load =45 kN/m

Step 2: Calculation of bending moment and shear force

BM 45x52 = 562.5 kN m
2
SF= wl= 45 x 5 225 kN
Step 3: Choosing a trial section

562.5 x10° x1.10

MYm0 2475 x 10 mm
Iy 250
Choose a trial section of ISMB 550 @1.037 kN/m.
Overall depth (h) = 550 mm
Width of flange (b) = 190 mm
Depth of web (d) = 475.4 mm
Thickness of flange (t) = 19.3 mm
Thickness of web (,) = 11.2 mm
Moment of inertia about major axis, I, = 64900x 10" mm"

Elastic section modulus (Z,) =

2359.8 x 10 mm'
Plastic section modulus (Z,) =
2711.98 x 10 mm
888 Design of Steel Structures

Section classification
b9
1 053 4.92<9.4
I 19.3

d475.4 - 42.45 <84

11.2
Hence the section is classified as plastic.
Step 4: Caleulation of shecar capacity of the section
J 250
Va xhxti 1.1x 3 x 550 x 11.2 =808.3 kN
YmoX3
0.6V=485 kN > 225 kN
Step 5: Design capacity of the section

M,=p
Ma
X/y2711.98 x10x 250 = 616 kNN

m0 1.10

1.5xZxfy 1.5x2359.8 x10X20

1.1
=
804.47 kN m
mO
Hence the section is safe.
Step 6: Check for deflection

30 x 50004 = 18.06 mm
8EI 8x2x10 x 64900 x104
L
Allowable deflection 150
150 5000
150
33.33 mm
Step 7: Check for web buckling
Cross-sectional area of web for buckling 4, (b^t n\)t
=

b = 100 mm

n=550/2 275 mnm

A= (100+ 275) x 11.2 =4200 mm
Effective length of the web = 0.7 x d= 0.7 x 475.4 =332.8 mm

I= DX_100x11.23
12 12 =11.707x 10 mm
A = 100 x 11.2 1120 mm*

11.707 x10
min 3.23
1120

= e 332.8 103
min 3.23
Allowable stress 103.4 N/mm* (Table 9c of the code)
=

Capacity of the section = 103.4 x 4200 = 434.2 kN > 225 kN

Hence the section is safe against web
buckling.
 Design of Beams 889

Step 8 Check for wcb bearing

( n,)1, /1,
Ym

n2.50R 1)2.5 (18 + 19.3) 93.25 mm

(100 +93.25) 11.2 250
491.91 kN 225 kN
1.10
Hence the section is safe against bearing.
Example 10.5 Design a continuous beam ofspans 4.9 m, 6 m, and 4.9 m carrying
a uniformly distributed load of 32.5 kN/m and the beam is laterally supported.
Solution
Step 1: Factored load calculation
Factored uniformly distributed load 1.5x 32.5 48.75 kN/m

Step 2: The bending moment and shear force distribution are shown in Fig. 10.50.
Maximunm bending moment = 146.25 kN m

Maximum shear force = 146.25 + 146.25 = 292.5 kN

48.75 kN/m

4.9 m- 6.0 m- 4.9 m

Beam loading
(a)

73.125 73.18
73.18 146.25 Y 146.25

Bending moment diagram

(b)
146.25 146.25

89.6

89.6

146.25 146.25

SF diagram
(c)
Fig. 10.50
890 Design of Steel Structures

Step 3: Plastic section modulus required

M x
Ym0 146.25 x 10°x1.10 = 643.5 x 10 mm3
250

Step4: Selection of suitable section

Choose a trial section of ISMB 300
Overall depth (h) = 300 mm

Width of flange (b) = 140 mm

Thickness of flange ()= 12.4 mm

Depth of web (d) = h - 2 t , + R) = 300- 2(12.4+ 14.0) = 247.2 mm

Thicknessof web ()=7.5 mm

Moment of inertia about major axis , = 8603.6 x 10 mm

Elastic section modulus (Z)= 573.6 x 10° mm

Plastic section modulus (Z,) =651.74x 10' mm
Step 5: Check for adequacy of the section to include self weight of the beam
Self weight of the beam = 0.442 kN/m

Total bendingmoment = 146.25 + (1.5x0.442 X6|= 148.2 kN m

12
Therefore plastic section modulus required
M XYm0 148.2 x 106x1.10 =
652.08 x 10 mm3
250
the provided section
Hence choose another trial section of ISHB 250.
Overall depth (h) = 250 mm

Width of flange (b)= 250 mm

Thickness of flange (t)=9.7 mm
Depth of web (d) = h-24,+ R) 250-2(9.7+ 10) = 210.6 mm
Thickness of web (,) = 6.9 mm

Moment of inertia about major axis 1, = 7736.5x 10* mm

Elastic section modulus (Z,) =
618.9 x 10° mm
Plastic section modulus (Z,) = 678.73x 10 mm
Section classification

b-212.88<15.7
9.7

d 210.6
6.9 30.5 <84
w

b
Since >
10.5, the section is classified as a semi compact section.

Step 6: Calculation of shear capacity of the section

=250 x 250 x 6.9 = 226 kN < 292.5 kN

hX(,
YnoX3 1.1x3
 Design of Beams 891
Hence the provided section 18 not
section of ISLB 350 a 0.495 kN/m.adequate. Therefore, choose another suitable
Overall depth (h) =350 mm
Width of tlange (b)= 165 mm
Thickness of tlange (() = \14 nmm
Depth of web () =h -20,+ R) 350 =

Thickness of web (,) 7.4 mm 2(11.4 16) 295.2 mm

=
Moment of inertia about
major axis I. = 13158.3 x 10 m
Elastic section modulus
(Z,)= 7519x 10' mm
Plastic section
modulus (Z,)- 851.11x t0
Section classification mm
82.5
14 7.239.4

d 295.2= 39.9< 84

Hence the section is

plastic.
Cheek for shear
capacity of section
250
mo X V3 xhxt 1.1x3
x 350 x 7.4 340 kN

0.6 204 kN< 292.5 kN

This shows a high shear eondition.
Check for moment capacity of the section
[Eqn 10.20(a)]
1.2x 2 , ,
Ma-M-AM-Ma)S
where Md is the plastie design strength of the area of eross section
shear area excluding the

-2 0.55
Calculation of section modulus of flange
ZZ-4.
-851.11 x 10- (350x 7.4x
=
624.485 x 10' mm

Ymd
624.485 x 10 x 250 =
141.93 kN m
1.10
 892 Design of Steei Structures

Moment capacity of the section

_ 851.11x 10 x 250
MM-
1.10
=
193.43 kN m

M 193.43 0.55(193.43 - 141.93)

=165.105 kN m<
1.2x Z, x f,1.2x 7519x 10'x250
Ym 1.10
=
205.06 kN m
146.25 kN m
Hence the section is safe.