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82 ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSMISSION-LINE PARAMETERS 83

a
REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What are skin and proximity effects?

2. Clearly explain what you understand by GMR and GMD of a transmission line. 5.3 m
4m
3. What are ACSR conductors? Explain the advantages of ACSR conductors, when used for overhead
lines.
4. What are bundled conductors? Discuss the advantages of bundled conductors, when used for over-
b
head lines.
5. Distinguish between AC and DC resistance of a conductor. Do the two differ? Explain. c
cm 3.8 m
5
6. Prove that the inductance of a group of parallel wires carrying current can be represented in terms of 1.
their geometric distance.
Fig. 2.53 Conductors’ location in triangle
7. A conductor is composed of seven identical copper strands each having a radius r. Find the GMR of
the conductor. 3. Calculate the inductance and reactance of each line of a three-phase 50 Hz overhead high-tension line
8. Derive an expression for the flux linkages of one conductor in a group of n conductors carrying which has conductors of diameter 2 cm. The distance between three-phase shown as in Fig. 2.54 are:
currents whose sum is zero. Hence, derive an expression for inductance of composite between A and B is 3 m, B and C is 4.6 m and C and A is 2.1 m. Assume the lines are transposed
conductors of a single-phase line consisting of m strands in one conductor and n strands in the regularly.
other conductor.
9. What do you understand by transposition of lines? What are its effects on the performance of the
line?
10. Derive the expression for inductance of a three-phase unsymmetrically spaced transmission line. c
11. Develop an expression for the inductance of a single-phase transmission line taking into account the 4.6 m
2.1 m
internal flux linkages.
12. Derive the expression for inductance per kilometer of a three-phase line with diagonal spacing
between the conductors. a b
13. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a single-phase overhead transmission line.
14. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a three-phase transmission line with unequal spacing 2 cm
assuming uniform transposition. 3m
15. What do you understand by electric potential? Derive an expression for electrical potential and deduce
the formula for capacitance for the following cases: Fig. 2.54 Conductors’ location in triangle
a. Single-phase two conductor line
b. Three-phase unsymmetrical spacing but transposed. 4. A 300 kV, three-phase bundle conductor line with two sub-conductors per phase has a horizontal
configuration as shown in Fig. 2.55. Find the inductance per phase, if the radius of each sub conductor
is 1.5 cm.

PROBLEMS 50 cm
a′ b b′ c c′
1. Calculate the inductance of a conductor (line-to-neutral) of a three-phase system, which has a 1.8 cm a
diameter and conductors placed at the corner of an equilateral triangle of sides 3.5 m.
2. Calculate the inductance (line-to-neutral) of a three-phase three-wire system when the conductors
each of diameter 1.5 cm are placed at the corners of a triangle with sides 4 m, 3.8 m and 5.3 m as 20 m 20 m
shown in Fig. 2.53. Assume that the conductors are transposed at regular intervals and that the load
is balanced. Fig. 2.55 Conductors’ location in horizontal configuration
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84 ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSMISSION-LINE PARAMETERS 85

5. Calculate the inductance per phase of a three-phase transmission line with horizontal spacing as shown 10. Calculate the capacitance (phase-to-neutral) of a three-phase 150 km double circuit line as shown in
in Fig. 2.56. The radius of the conductor is 0.9 cm. The line is untransposed. Fig. 2.58 has a conductor of diameter 1.8 cm and the conductors are arranged at the corners of an
hexagon with side 2.8 m.

2.8 m
c
5.5 m
4m
b
a

cm
1.8 4m

Fig. 2.56 Conductors’ location in triangle

cm
8
1.
6. Calculate the inductance per phase of a three-phase double circuit line if the conductors are spaced at
the vertices of a hexagon with sides 1.8 m each. The diameter of each conductor is 1.5 cm.
7. Calculate the inductance per phase of a three-phase, double circuit line as shown in Fig. 2.57. The Fig. 2.58 Conductor’ location in hexagonal spacing
diameter of each conductor is 2.1 cm.

11. Calculate the capacitance per phase of a three-phase, double circuit line as shown in Fig. 2.59. The
4.5 m diameter of each conductor is 1.8 cm.

5m

1.75 m
m

n 3.8 m

1.75 m

3.8 m

cm
1
2.

Fig. 2.57 Three-phase, double circuit line cm

8
1.
8. Calculate the capacitance of a conductor per phase of a three-phase 450 km long line with the conduc-
tors spaced at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side 3.5 m and the diameter of each conductor Fig. 2.59 Vertical configuration of three-phase, double circuit line
is 2.8 cm.
9. Calculate the capacitance per phase of a three-phase three-wire transposed system when the conductors
are arranged at the corners of a triangle with sides of 1.6 m, 1.8 m, and 2.3 m. The diameter of each 12. Calculate the capacitance per phase of a three-phase double circuit line as shown in Fig. 2.60. The
conductor is 1.8 cm. diameter of the conductor is 1.8 cm. Assume the line is completely transposed.
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86 ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

8m
a c′

Appendix 2
4m
b b′

10 m
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS
4m

a′
c cm
1.8 CHAPTER 2
1. 1.24 mH/km
Fig. 2.60 Three-phase, double circuit line 2. 1.32 mH/km
13. Calculate the capacitance per phase of a three-phase, three-wire system by considering earth effect, 3. 1.19 mH/km, 0.3755 Ω/km
when the conductors are arranged in a horizontal plane with spacing D12  D23  5 m, and D31  10 m. 4. 1.159 mH/km
The conductors are transposed and each has a diameter of 1.9 cm. Assume that the transmission line is 5. La  1.3012  j0.055 mH/km, Lb  1.2693  j0 mH/km,
6.5 m above the ground level. Lc  1.3012  j0.0552 mH/km
6. 0.5586 mH/km
7. 0.5486 mH/km
8. 4.527 μF
9. 10.4021 pF/km
10. 2.9775 μF
11. 0.0184 μF/km
12. 0.0173 μF/km
13. 8.7917 pF/km

CHAPTER 3
1. (i) 31.92 kV, (ii) 74.09 A, (iii) 97.7%
2. (i) 2.1%, (ii) 0.895 lagging, (iii) 98.6%
3. (i) 23.85 kV, (ii) 7.56%, (iii) 95%
4. 4.99%, 94.7%
5. 34.485 kV, 1760.03
6. (i) A  D  (0.99475  j0.00225), B  (15  j35) Ω, C  (0.0000003  j0.000299) S
(ii) 122.796 kV, (iii) 12.22%, (iv) 93.93%

CHAPTER 4
1. At full load: (i) 275.65 kV, (ii) 498.72 A, (iii) 30%
At no load: (i) 212 kV, (ii) 438.78 A, (iii) 3.4%