ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM

FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE

Introduction to the Human Body TYPES OF ANATOMY

Systemic - Studies body organ-system
Surface - Studies external features,
OUTLINE for example, bone projections
Regional
I. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
II. Structure and Function - Studies body regions (med school for
III. Evolution and Human Variation cadaver)
IV. FLOW Anatomical Structures in a variety of
V. Homeostasis Imaging Techniques
VI. Structural Organization of Human a. Gross Anatomy
Body
-brain considers structures visible
VII. Anatomical Terminology
with naked eye
b. Microscopic Anatomy
-can deal with the same structures,
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology though at a different scale. This is a
Human anatomy Micrograph of nerve cells from the
-is the scientific study of the body’s brain.
structures. c. Functional MRI (Fmri)
Microscopic Anatomy -shows regions of the brain actives
Some of these structures are very small during particular activities.
and can only be observed and analyzed d. Ultrasound
with the assistance of a microscope -visualization of the fetal brain.
Gross Anatomy e. X-rays
Larger structures can readily be seen, -best for illustrating hard structures
manipulated, measured, and weighted. such as skull.
Anatomy f. CT Scans
- Investigates body structure -show brain and body structures in
- The term means to dissect a variety of planes.
Physiology The themes of anatomy and Physiology:
- Investigates the process and functions • Structure
– Human Physiology: • Evolution and human variation
- Studies human organism • Flow
Systemic Physiology • Homeostasis
- Studies body-organ systems 2.2 Structure and Function
Cellular Physiology Form is closely related to function in all
living things. The harmony between form
- Studies body cells
and function can be seen in every aspect of
Importance of Anatomy & Physiology
human life from molecular structure to
- Responds to stimuli; environmental
physical traits of the whole organism.
changes; environmental cues; disease &
• Structure and function are closely
injury
related
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
• Structure determines function • For example, the number of
• Human pelvis evolved to support pulmonary veins and lumbars may
abdominal and thoracic organs vary from person to person
Physiological variation
• More diverse and widespread than
anatomical variation
• Affects function of an organ, organ
system, or organism
• Physiological variation can be
based on age or gender
• Necessitates diversity when health
studies are conducted
Phosphorylation causes changes in protein 2.4 Flow
shape • Flow is movement of a substances
• This illustrates how form is related or molecule
to function • Dependent on a gradient
• Adding a phosphate group to a -Examples of gradients in nature
protein changes the shape of the -Electrical, pressure, and
protein concentration gradients
-Flow is directly proportional to
• Common form of molecular
size of a gradient
regulation
• Resistance opposes or stops the
Branching Structures in Nature
flow
• Branching maximizes surface area
-Flow is inversely proportional to
• Eg… Respiratory tubes increase
resistance
surface area available for gas
-An increase in resistance will
exchange
decrease flow
• Branching increases speed of
ANATOMY OF FLOW
molecular transport
• Gradient determine the direction
2.3 Evolution and Human Variation
of flow
Evolution
-Molecules flow down their
• Caused by random changes in gene concentration gradients
expression that occur from -Pressure gradients move food,
generation to generation blood and air through the body.
• Leads to variation among a species STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
• Becomes more frequent when the ORGANIZATION
variation offers an advantage Six levels from chemical to organism:
• Variation less likely to be seen in
1.Chemical:
traits that affect the ability
- Smallest level
Anatomical variation occurs more
- Atoms, chemical, molecules
frequently than represented
• Does not affect the function
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
2. Cellular produce vitamin D. Consists of the nails,
- Cells: basic units of life hair, skin, sebaceous glands and sweat
- Compartments and organelles glands.
- Examples are mitochondria, nucleus
3. Tissues
- Group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substances they
release
- Four broad types: epithelial, connective,
muscular, and nervous.
4. Organs
- Two or more tissues types acting together
to perform function(s) 2. Skeletal System
- examples : stomach, heart, liver, ovary, - Provides protection and support, allows
bladder, kidney body movements, produces blood cells,
5. Organ-System and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
- Group of organs contributing to some Consist of bones, associated cartilages,
function ligaments, and joints
- Example: digestive system, reproductive
system
6.Organism
- All organ systems working together -
Includes associated microorganisms such as
intestinal bacteria
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE
BODY (STEP BY STEP)

3. Muscular System
- Produces body movements, maintains
posture, and produces body heat. Consists
of muscles attached to the skeleton by
tendons

ORGAN SYSTEM OF THE BODY

1. Integumentary System
- Provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevent water loss, and helps
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
4. Nervous System
- A major regulatory system that detects
sensations and controls movements,
psychological processes , and intellectual
functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.

7. Lymphatic System
- Removes foreign substances from the
blood and lymph, combats disease,
maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs
dietary fats from the digestive tract.
Consist of the lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, & other lymphatic organs.
5. Endocrine System
- A major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and
other functions. Consist of the endocrine
glands such as the pituitary glands that
secrete hormones.

8. Respiratory System
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates
6. Cardiovascular System blood pH. Consists of the lungs and
- Transports nutrients, waste products , respiratory passages.
gasses and, and hormones throughout the
body; plays a role in the immune response
and the regulation of body temperature.
Consists of the heart, blood, and blood
vessels.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Consists of the testes, accessory structure,
ducts, and penis

10. Urinary System

- Removes waste product from the blood
and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and
water balance. Consists of the kidneys,
urinary bladder, and ureters.
Chapter 1: The Human Organism
HOMEOSTASIS
- Maintenance of constant environment
despite fluctuations in the external or
internal environment
Variables
- Measures of body properties that may
change in value
- heart rate
11. Female Reproductive System - Blood pressure
- Produces oocytes is the site of fertilization - Blood glucose level
and fetal development; produces milk for Normal Range
the newborn; produces hormones that - A normal extent of increase or decrease
influence sexual function and behaviors. around a set point.
Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, Set Point
uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and - Normal or average value of a variable
associated structure. overtime, body temperature fluctuates
around a set point.
● Set point for some variables can be
temporarily adjusted depending on body
activities, as needed
Examples Common cause
of Change
• Body Fever
Temperature
12. Male reproductive System • Heart rate, Exercise
- Produces and transfers sperm cell to the blood
female and produces hormones that pressure,
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
respiratory TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLAN
rate Anatomical Position
- Person standing erect with face and palms
Negative Feedback forward
- Is the mechanism used for homeostatic - All recreational descriptions based on the
regulation. anatomical position, regardless of body
- A negative feedback response involves: Orientation
- Detection: of deviation away from set
point and;
- correction: reversal of deviation toward
set point and normal range
Positive Feedback
- Mechanisms occur when the initial
stimulus further stimulus further stimulates
the response
❖ System response causes progressive
deviation away from;
❖ Set point, outside of normal range Directional Terms
❖ Not directly used for homeostasis - Superior: above
❖ Some positive feedbacks occurs under - Inferior: below
normal conditions ex: childbirth - Anterior: front ( also: ventral)
❖ Generally associated with injury, disease - Posterior: back (also: dorsal)
❖ unable to maintain homeostasis - Medial: close to midline
THE COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK - Lateral: away from midline
1. Receptor: - Proximal: close to point of attachment
- Detects changes in variable - Superficial: structure close to the surface
2. Control Center: Note: in four-legged animals, the terms
- Receives receptor signal ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond
- Establishes set point to anterior and posterior in humans.
- Send signal to effector
3. Effector:
- Directly causes change in variable
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
Body Planes SUBDIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN
Sagittal Plane
- separates the body into right and left
parts
Median Plane
- A sagittal plane along the midline that
divides body into equal left and right halve
Transverse Plane
- A horizontal plane that separates the
body into superior and inferior parts
Frontal Plane
- A vertical plane that separates the body
into anterior and posterior parts
BODY CAVITIES
1. Thoracic Cavity
- Space within chest wall and diaphragm
- Contains heart, lungs, thymus gland,
esophagus, trachea
2. Mediastinum
- Space between lungs
- Contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus,
trachea
3. Abdominal Cavity
- Space between diaphragm and pelvis
BODY PARTS & REGIONS - Contains stomach, intestines, liver,
Upper Limbs spleen, pancreas, kidney
- Upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand 4. Pelvic Cavity
Lower Limbs - Space within pelvis
- Thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot - Contains urinary bladder, reproductive
Central Region organs, part of large intestine
- Head, neck, trunk
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRE-LIM
FIRST SEMESTER
7:00 AM-9:30 AM|BIOCHEM LAB|TUES-THURS|LECTURE
SEROUS MEMBRANE ● Pleural Cavity - Reduces friction -
Line trunk cavities, cover organs structure: Adheres lungs to thoracic wall
● Visceral serous membrane covers organ
● Parietal serous membrane is the outer
membrane
● Cavity- a fluid-filled space between the
membranes

Three sets of serous membranes and PERITONEUM AND PERITONEAL CAVITY

cavities: Peritoneum
Membrane Cavity ● Visceral peritoneum - Covers, anchors
Pericardium around Pericardial Cavity organs - Double layers called mesenteries
heart ● Parietal Peritoneum - Lines inner wall of
Pleura around lungs Pleural Cavity abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum around Peritoneal cavity ● Peritoneal Cavity - Reduces friction
abdominopelvic
cavity and its
organs

PERICARDIUM & PERICARDIAL CAVITY

Pericardium
● Visceral pericardium- covers heart
● Parietal pericardium- thick, fibrous
● Pericardial Cavity- reduces friction

PLEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITY

Pleura
● Visceral pleura- covers lungs
● Parietal pleura- lines inner wall of thorax