The bundles of pipes in rhe photograph suggest hexagonal prisms.

Each
individual pipe is in lhe shape o[ a circular cylinder. prisms and cylinders
are two of the geometric solids you will study in this chapter.

of Solids

422
10
---
Important Solids
Obiectiaes
l. Identify the parts of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, and cones.
2. Find the lateral area, lotal area, and volume of a right prism or regular
pyramid.
3. Find the lateral area, total area. and volume of a right cylinder or cone.

10- 1 Prisms
In this chapter you will be calculating surface areas and volumes of special
as theorems
solids. It is'possible to begin with some postulates and then prove
the formulas for areas a"nd volumes oi solids, as we did for plane figures'
Instead,informalargumentswillbegiventoshowyouthattheformulasfor
solids are reasonable.

The first solid we will study is the prism' The two

shaded faces of the prism shown are its bases' Notice
that the bases are congruent polygons lying in paral-
lel planes. An altitude of a prism is a-segment joining
the two base planes and perpendicular to both' The
length of an altitude is the height (h) of the prism'
The faces of a prism that are not its bases are
called lateral faces. Adjacent lateral faces intersect in
parallel segments called lateral edges.

Thelateralfacesofaprismareparallelograms.Ifthey.arerectangles,the
prism is a right prism. Otherwise the prism is an oblique
prism' The diagrams
telow showlhai a prism is also classifred by the shape of its base.

lateral
edge is
+
not an
altitude

Right rectangular Prism Oblique Pentagonal Prism

Right triangular prism
(Rectangular solid)

Note that lna right prism, the lateral edges are also altitudes.
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 423
 The lateral area (L.A.) of a prism is the sum of the areas of its lateral
faces. The total area (T.A.) is the sum of the areas of all its faces. Using .B to
denote the area of a base, we have the formula:

L.A.+ zn
T.A.=

If a prism is a right prism, the next theorem gives us an easy way to get the
lateral area.

Theorem 10-1
The lateral area of a right prism equals the perimeter of a base times the height
of the prism. (L.A. = ph)

The formula for lateral area applies to any right prism.

We'll use a right pentagonal prism to illustrate the development

ffi
of the formula.
t'o' ul**,'l;
: ?: I
Perimeter'h
{"i" o

Prisms have uolume as well as area. A rectangular solid with

square faces is a cube. Since each edge of the shaded cube
shown is I unit long, the cube is said to have a volume of I cubic
unit. The larger rectangular solid has 3 layers of cubes, each
layer containing (4 . 2) cubes. Hence its volume is (4 . 2) . 3, or
24 cubic units.

Volume - Base area X height

= (4 .2) .3
= 24 cubic units
The same sort of reasoning is used to find the volume of any right prism.
we will list the result as a theorem without giving the details or the proof.

Theorem 10-2
The volume of a right prism equals the area of a base times the height of the
prism. (V - Bh)

Some common units for measuring volume are the cubic centimeter (cm3)
and the cubic meter (m3).
4M / Chqpter t0
Erample 1 A right trapezoidal prism is shown. Find the (a) lateral area,
(b) total area, and (c) volume.
Solution a. Lateral area 12 cm
First find the perimeter of a base.
p:5+6+5+12=28(cm)
Now use the formula for lateral area.
L.A. - ph =28 '10 = 280 (cm2)
b. Total area
First find the area of a base.
B =*'4'(12 + 6):36 (cm2)
Now use the formula for total area.
T.A. - L.A. + 28 = 280 + 2.36 = 352 (cmz)
c. Volume
V - Bh :36'10 = 360 (cm3)
Example 2 Anght triangular prism is shown. The volume 10.5
is 315. Find the total area.
Solution First find the height of the prism.
V_Bh
-:2lh
+'t}.s'4'h
W
315
315
15=h
Second, frnd the Tateral area.
L.A.:Ph = (10.5 + 6.5 + 7)'15 -24' 15 = 360
Now use the formula for total area.
T.A. : L.A. + 28 = 360 + 2'21 : 402

Classroom Exercises
Exercises 1-8 refer to the right prism shown.
1. What kind of polygons are the bases?
P
2. The prism is called a right t prisr.n.
3. How many lateral laces are there?
4. What kind of hgure is each lateral face? ,
5. Name two lateral edges.
6. Name an altitude.
7. The length of hn altitude is called the ? of the prism'
8. Suppose the bases are regular hexagons with 4 cm edges.
a. Find the perimeter of a base.
b. Given that the height of the prism is 5 cm, find the lateral area'
c. Find the base area.
d. Find the total area.
e. Find the volume.
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 425
 Written Exercises
Exercises 1-6 refer to rectangular solids with dimensions {, w, and fr. Complete
tbe table.

I ' lt, h L.A. T.A. V

,| ,| ,|
A 1. 6 4 2
,|
50 30 l5 ? ?

3. 6 J ?< ,| ,|
54
,| ,| ,|
4. 8 5 360
,| ,|
5. 9 ? 2 60
,| ,| ,|
6. 5x 4x 3x

Exercises 7-12 refer to cubes with edges of length e. Complete the table.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. tZ.
e ,| ,l
., 6 ? 2x
,| ,| ,l ,|
T.A. ? 150
,|
V ? 1000 64 ? ?

13. If the edge of a cube is doubled, the total area is multiplied by ? and the
volume is multiplied by ?
14. Find the lateral area of a right pentagonal prism with height 13 and base
edges 3.2, 5.8, 6.9, 4.7, and 9.4.

Facts about the base of a right prism and the height of the prism are given.
Sketch each prism and find its lateral area, total area, and volume.
-15. Equilateral triangle with side 8; h l0
=
16. Triangle with sides 9, 12, 15; h - l0
B 17. Isosceles triangle with sides 13, 13, l0; h - 7
18. Isosceles trapezoid with sides lO, 5, 4, 5; h = 20
19. Regular hexagon with side 8; h - 12 -l-
20. Rhombus with diagonals 6 and 8; h 20 cm
- 9 i
21. The container shown has the shape of a rectangular solid.
When a rock is submerged, the water level rises 2 cm.
Find the volume of the rock. 30 cm
22. A driveway 30 m long and 5 m wide is to be paved with blacktop 3 cm
thick. How much will the blacktop cost if it is sold at the price of $42 per
cubic meter?
426 / Chapter t0
23. A brick with dimensions 20 cm, l0 cm, and 5 cm weighs l.2kg. A second
brick of the same material has dimensions 25 cm, 15 cm, and 4 cm. What
is its weight?
24. A drinking trough for horses is a right trapezoidal prism with dimensions
shown below. If it is filled with water, how much will the water weigh?
(l m3 of water weighs I metric ton.)
12 cm

20 cm

40 cm
Ex. 25

25. Find the weight of the cement block shown. Cement weighs l700kg/m3.

26. Find the weight of the steel l-beam shown below. Steel weighs
7860 kglm3.

5 -r
cm-f
20cm I

s.*4
30 cm

For Exercises 27 and 28 find the volume and total surface area of each solid in
terms of the given variables.

29. The length of a rectangular solid is twice the width, and the height
is three times the width. If the volume is 162 cm3, what are the
dimensions of the solid?
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 427
 30. A diagonal of a box forms a 35' angle with a diagonal of the base,
shown below. Use trigonometry to find the volume of the box.

Ex.30 Ex.31

C 31. The rectangular solid shown above has length 10, width 8, and height 6.
Plane WXYZ intersects the solid as shown, forming two trapezoidal
prisms, one with base AYXE and'the other with base- BYXF.
a. Find the volumes of the two trapezoidal prisms.
b. Find the total surface area of the prism with base BYXF.
32. A rectangular beam of wood 3 m long is cut
into six pieces, as shown in the diagram.
Find the volume of each piece.
33. A diagonal of a cube joins two vertices not in
the same face. If the diagonals are 416cm
long, what is the volume? 8 cm

34. All nine edges of a right triangular prism are 8 cm

equal. Find the length of these edges if the
uolu-" is 54V3 cm3 8 cm

35. A right prism has height ft and has bases which

are regular hexagons with sides s. Show that
ffi
cm cm cm Ex.32
the volume is V - BIT t'n.

A manufacturing company produces metal boxes of different

sizes by cutting out square corners from rectangular pieces of x
-t
metal that measure 9 in. by 12 in. The metal is then folded
along the dashed lines to form a box without a top. If a cus- 9
tomer requests the box with the greatest possible volume,
what dimensions should be used?
The volume, V, of the box can be expressed in terms of x. x
V - length 'width 'height
I
=(12 -2x).(9 -2x)'x
To form a box, the possible values for x are 0 ( x ( B.

12 -2x
428 / Chapter l0
 _ The following computer program finds the volumes of the boxes produced
for values of x from 0 to 4.5.
10 PRINT trxtt, trvgLulm,'
20 FOR X = 0 T0 4.5 STEP O.s
30 LET V = (L2 - 2*X)*(9 - 2*X)xX
40 PRINT X, V
50 NEXT X
60 END
RUN

x VOLUME

0 0
E
44
1 70) The print-out shows that the maximum
1.5 811 volume of the box probably occurs when the
2 8oJ value of x is between t and 2.
2.5 70
3 54
3.5 35
4 16
4.5 0

Exercises
1. To find a more accurate value for x, change line 20 to:
FORx=1T02STEP0.1
Between what values of x will the maximum volume occur?
2. Modify line 20 so that you frnd the maximum volume, correct to the near-
est tenth of a cubic inch. what are the approximate dimensions of this
box?
3. Suppose the manufacturing company cuts square comers out of pieces of
metal 8 in. by 15 in.
a. Express the volume in terms of x.
b. Find the maximum volume, correct to the nearest tenth of a cubic inch.
c. what are the approximate dimensions of the box that has maximum
volume?

Challenge
A cube with sides n cm long is painted on all faces. It is then cut
into cubes with sides I cm long. If n 4, as the diagram at the
=
right illustrates, how many of these smaller cubes will have paint
on
a. 3 surfaces? b. 2 surfaces?
c. I surface? d. 0 surfaces?
Answer the questions above for the case of any positive integer n.

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 429

 10-2 Pyramids
The diagram shows the pentagonal pyramid V-ABCDE'
Point Zii the vertex of the pyramid and pentagon ABCDE is
the base. The segment from the vertex perpendicular to
the base is the altitude and its length is the height (/r) of the
pyramid.
The frve triangular faces with Z in common, such as
LVAB, are lateral faces. These faces intersect in segments
called lateral edges.
Most of the pyramids you'll study will be regular pyra-
mids. These are pyramids having the following properties:
(1) The base is a regular PolYgon.
(2) All lateral edges are congruent.
(3) All lateral faces are congruent isosceles triangles' The
height of a lateral face is called the slant height of the
pyramid. It is denoted bY /.
(4) The altitude meets the base at its center, O. Regular hexagonal pyramid

To find the lateral area of a regular pyramid, you may use either of the
following methods:
Method I Find the area of one lateral face.
Multiply this area by the number of lateral faces'
Method 2 Use the following formula, in which p denotes perimeter of the
base. (See Classroom Exercise l')
L.A. =$Pl

The prism and pyramid below have congruent bases and. equal heights'
Since the volume ofiire prism is Bh,lhe volume of the pyramid
must be less
that Bh. In fact, it is exactlY $Bft.

ffil V=Bh
A y=tan
I
i
h

Example 7 Given a regular square pyramid with base edge 10 and lateral edge 13, find
the (a) lateral area, (b) total area, and (c) volume'

430 / Chapter 10
Solution t=\frY=9-1/tu-tz
Method l:
Area of one lateral face = +. l0 . 12 = 60
Area of four lateral faces = 4'60 = 240
Method 2:
Perimeterofbase-p-40
L.A. : Lrpl
= i. 40. 12 - 240
b. Area of base: B = 102 - 100
T.A. : L.A. + B - 240 * 100 : 340
ln rt. A VOM, h = 1f l' --P
= \fi44 - 25 = \frO
100 rA 19
I/ = *Bh = +. 100' Vll9 :

Erample 2 - with lateral edge

Given a regular triangular pyramid
l0 and height 6, find the (a) lateral area and
(b) volume.
Solution a. In rt. LVOA, AO - \/1d"=@
=/too-36 A
_\/64_8
Since AO = |AM (whY?), ?AM = 8, AM : 12,
and OM :4.
:
I tf6\@ = \E' :z\frt
In 30._60._90" LAMC, CM _ 4 = a,\/T
\/3
Base edge - AC : BC = 2' 4\/T = 8 \,6
L.A. = Lrpl = L.24\/3 .2\fi3 = 24\E

b. Area of base = B = Lr'8lT'12 : 48\/T

V = +Bh: t . 48 t/T 'e = 96\fT

Classroom Exercises
1. The base of the regular pyramid shown is an r-sided polygon with
edge a. The slant height is /.
a. Perimeter of base - p - 1
b. Area of one lateral face - ?
c. Area of nlateral faces = ?
d. Express your answer to (c) in terms of p and /. What formula
have you developed?

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 431

 , V-ABCD is a regular square pyramid. Find numerical answers.
2. OM- ? 3.t- ?
4. Area of AVBC - ? 5. L.A. : ?
6. Volume - ? 7.VC_ ?
All edges of regular pyramid [/-XYZ are 6 cm long. Find numeri-
cal answers.
8.XM_ ? 9.XO- ?

t0.h- 1 11. Base ara& = 1

12. Volume - ? 13. Slant height = ?

Written Exercises
You can use the following three steps to sketch a square pyramid.

\ ---

(l) Draw a parallelogram (2) Draw a vertical line seg- (3) Join the vertex to the
for the base and sketch ment from the point base vertices.
diagonals. where the diagonals in-
tersect.

Sketch each pyramid. Then find its lateral area.

A - 1. A regular square pyramid with base edge 1.5 and slant height 9
2. A regular triangular pyramid with base edge 4 and slant height 6
3. A regular square pyramid with base edge 12 and lateral edge l0
4. A regular hexagonal pyramid with base edge l0 and lateral edge 13

Copy and complete the table below for the regular square pyramid shown.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

height, ft 4 I2 24 ? ? 15
,|
slant height, / 5 l3 t2 5 ?

,| ,| ,|
base edge ? t4 8
,| ,|
lateral edge 2 ? l5 t7

432 / Chapter l0
 For Exercises 11-14 sketch each square ppamid described. Then find its lat-
eral area, total area, and volume.
11. base edge = 6, height = 4 12. base edge = 16, slant height - l0
13. base edge 16, lateral edge = 17 14. height * 12, slant height = 13
=
B 15. V-ABCD is a pyramid with a rectangular base 18 cm long
and l0 cm wide. O is the center of the rectangle. The height,
VO, of the pyramid is 12 cm.
a. Find VX and VY. . l0 cm
b. Find the lateral area of the pyramid. (Why can't
you use the formula L.A. = tPl?) A

F-tacm-----l
16. A pyramid and a prism both have height 8.2 cm and congruent hexagonal
baiis with area}i.3 cm2. Give the ratio of the volumes. (You do not need
to calculate their volumes.)
11. The shaded pyramid is cut from a rectangular solid. How does the volume
of the pyramid with the volume of the rectangular solid?
"ompare

Ex. 17 Ex. lE

18. Find the height and the volume of a regular hexagonal pyramid with lat-
eral edges l0'units and base edges 6 urtits. (Hint: The diagonals of the base
form six equilateral triangles.)

For Exercises 19-25 refer to the regular triangular pyramid shown below.
lg. lf AM = 9 and VA = 10, find ft and /.
20. a. lf BC :6, ftnd AM arrd AO.
b. If BC - 6 and VA = 4, frrrd h and l.
21. a. If h - 4 ar.d / = 5, find OM, OA, and BC'
b. Find the lateral area and the volume.
A
22. If VA = 5 and h = 3,find the slant height, the lateral area;
and the volume.
23. If AB - 12 and VA = 10, frnd the lateral area and the volume' B

24. r. If all edges of the pyramid are 6, show th.at h - \f-24, or 2tf6' Exs. 19-25
b.-Find the total area and the volume.
C 25. Suppose all edges of the pyramid shown above are e units long. Find the
volume in terms of e.
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 433
 The base of a pyramid is a regular hexagon with
sides x cm long. The lateral edges are 2x cmlong.
Find the volume of the pyramid in terms of x.
)1 Show that the ratio of the volumes of the two regu-

Iar square pyramids shown 6 !enj9^ .

tan 80"

* 28. Different pyramids are inscribed in two identical cubes, as shown below.
a. Which pyramid has the greater volume?
b. Which pyramid has the greater total area?

Pyramid F-ABCD Pyramid M-ABCD has vertex M

at center of square EFGH.

The earliest pyramids, which were built

abot2750 8.c., are called step pyramidsbe-
cause the lateral faces are not really trian-
gles but a series of great stone steps. To
find the volume of such a pyramid it is only
necessary to find the sum of the volumes of
the steps, or layers. Each layer is a rectan-
gular solid with a square base.
Let us consider a pyramid with base
edges 10 and height 10. Suppose that this
pyramid is made up of l0 steps with equal
heights. The top layer is a cube (base edges
equal the height), and the base edge for
each succeeding layer increases by an
amount equal to the height of a layer. As the left side of the diagram at the top
of the next page shows, the height of each step is {$ - l, and the volume of the
top layer is V, * Bh : (12). I - 1. The volumes of the second and third lay-
ers are Vr:(22).1=4 and V, = (32).1=9. Continuing in this way, the
total volume for the pyramid is:
v = 12.l 122,1 a3z.l a 42. I + . .. +92. I + 102.1 : 395

434 / Chapter l0
 Now consider another pyramid with the same base and height but having
100 steps instead of l0 steps. The height of each layer is = fr-, and the
#
volume of each layer is as follows:

Volume of each layer - B.h

Volume of top layer = (+)'.+

.+)' .+ = (#)'
volume of second layer = (, +
vorume of third rayer = (, .+)' .+ = (#)' '#

::
'
, r \,
volume of eeth layer = (r, '+)' '+ = (#)''+
vorume of r00th rayer = (roo.#)'.+ = (#)' #
Thus, the volume of the pyramid is:

,= (+)'.fr + (+)'.f + (*)'.fi + . (#)'.$+ (#)' +

The following computer program finds the total volume for the given
pyramid having N steps.

10 LETV=0
20 PRINT "HOW MANY STEPS ARE THEREII;
30 INPUT N
40 LETH=10lN
50 FORX=1T0N
60 LETV=V+(X*H)12*H
70 NEXT X
80 PRINT "VOLUME 0F PYRAMID WITH. ";N;'TSTEPS rs ";v
90 END

Areas and Volumes of Solidi / 435

 Exercises
1. RUN the given program to verify the volume of the l0-step pyramid and
to find the volume of the 100-step pyramid.
2. a. Suppose that another pyramid with the same base and height has
1000 steps. RUN the program to find the volume.
b. Complete the chart.

Number of steps Volume

t0 ?

,|
100

1000 1

,|
5000
,|
r0,000
,|
15,000

c. As the number of steps increases, what value do the volumes seem to be

getting close to?
d. What is the volume of a regular square pyramid with base edge of
length l0 and height l0?
What can you conclude from comparing the answers to parts (b)-(d[

The base of a pyramid is a triangle with sides 7 cm, 8 cm, and 9 cm 1ong. The
height of the pyramid is I I cm. Find its volume. (Hint: Use Heron's Formula,
page 390.)

Challenge
Given any two rectangles, draw one line that divides each into two parts of
equal area.

436 / Chapter l0
10-3 Cylinders and Cones
A cylinder is like a prism except that its bases are circles instead of polygons. In
a right cylinder, the segment joining the centers of the circular bases is an
altitude. The length of an altitude is called the height (ft) of the cylinder. A
radius of a base is also called a radius r of the cylinder.

M
'W
Right prism Right cylinder Oblique prism Oblique cylinder

The diagrams above show the relationship between prisms and cylinders.
The relationship between pyramids and cones is shown in the diagrams below.

&;
slant

!
height, /

Regular pyramid Right cone Oblique pyramid Oblique cone

In the discussion and exercises that follow, the words "cylinder" and
"cone" will always refer to a right cylinder and a right cone. Note that "slant
height" applies only to a regular pyramid and a right cone.
The formulas for cylinders are related to those for prisms, and the formu-
las for cones are related to those for pyramids. Classify these solids and their
corresponding formulas as follows: Prisms and cylinders have parallel bases
(V = Bh) whereas pyramids and cones have one base and a pointed end, or
vertex (v : tBh). Since cylinders and cones have circular bases, use rr2 for B
and Znr for p.
Prism Cylinder
V_Bh V-Bh=nrzh
L.A. = ph L.A.-ph-2nrh
Pyramid Cone
v =+Bh V=*Bh-$nrzh
L.A. = LzPl L.A.=fuI =|(2nr)l=nrl
So far our study of solids has not included formulas for oblique solids.
The volume formulas shown above, but not the area formulas, can be used for
the corresponding oblique solids. (See the Extra on pages 460-461.)

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 437

 Exampla I Given a cylinder with radius 5 cm and height 4 cm, find the (a) lateral area,
(b) total area, and (c) volume.
blution a. L.A. - 2rrh = 2n '5 '4 = 40r (cmz)
b. T.A. =L.A. +ZB
-- 40z + 2(tr'52) = 90n (cmz)
c. V - nrzh = r' 52'4 - l00r (cm3)

Example 2 Find the (a) lateral area, (b) total area, and (c) volume for the
cone shown.
Solution a. To find L.A., first frnd /.
I = t/6' aT : lB :]tE
L.A. = rrl : r. 3' 3\/t - g*t/S
b. T.A. - L.A. * B =9rt5 + n'32 -
gntfi +9qr
c. V =lgnrzh - tn' 3'' $ = 18zr

Classroom Exercises
l.a.Whenthelabelofasoupcaniscutoffandlaidflat,itisarectangular
piece of paper. (See diagram How are the length and width of
Flo*'l
to r and h?
ihis rectingle related
b. What is the area of this rectangle?

2. a. Find the lateral areas of cylinddrs I, II, and III'

b. Notice that the height of is twice the height of L
II I
Is the lateral area of tI twice the lateral area of I?
c. Notice that the radius of III is twice the radius of I'
Is the lateral area of III twice the lateral area of I?

3. a. Find the volumes of cylinders I, II, and III'

b. Notice that the height of II is twice the height of I' II
Is the volume of II twice the volume of I?
Notice that the radius of III is twice the radius of ['
Is the volume of III twice the volume of I?

4. Suppose the radius and height of a cylinder are both

doubled.
a. What happens to the lateral area"!
b. What haPPens to the volume?
4lt / Chapter 10
 5. A manufacturer needs to decide which container to use
for packaging a product. One container is twice as wide
as another but only half as tall. Which container holds
more, or do they hold the same amount? Guess first and
then calculate the ratio of their volumes.

Complete the table for the cone shown.

WW
f h I L.A. T.A. V
,| ,| ,|
6. J 4 ?

7. 5 t2 ? ) ,|
1
,| ,|
8. 6cm l0 cm ?
,|

Written Exercises
Find the lateral area, total area, and volume of each cylinder.
A l. r-4 2.r:8 3.r:4 4. r=8
h=5 h-10 h:3 h:6
5. The volume of a cylinder is 64n. If r - h, fiid r.
6. The lateral area of a cylinder is l8r. If h - 6, find r.
7. The volume of a cylinder is 72n. If h - 8, hnd the lateral area.
8. The total area of a cylinder is 1002.. If r - h, find r.

Copy and complete the table below for the cone shown.

r h I L.A. T.A. V
,| ,|
9. 4 J ? ?

10. 8 6 ? ?. o ,|

,| ,|
t1. l2 t3 ?
,|

12. ,) ,|
? 2 6 ?
,| ,|
13. ? l5 l80rr ?
,| ,| ,| ,|
14. t5 600n

15. In the first two rows of the preceding table, the ratio of the radii is or
$, ],
and the ratio of the heights is fi, or ]. Use your answers from these two rows
of the table to determine the ratios of the following:
a. lateral areas b. total areas c. volumes
16. A cone and a cylinder both have height 48 and radius 15. Give the ratio of
their volumes without actually calculating the two volumes.
Areas and Volumes E Solids / 439
B 17. a. Guess which contains more, the can or the bottle. (Assume that
the top part of the bottle is a complete cone.)
b. See if your guess is right by finding the volumes of both.

18. A solid metal cylinder with radius 6 cm and height 18 cm is melted

down and recast as a solid cone with radius 9. Find the height of
the cone.
;i& Ex. 17

19. A pipe is 2 m long and has inside radius 5 cm and

outside radius 6 cm. How many cubic centime-
ters of metal are in the pipe?

20. Two water pipes of the same length have diameters 6 cm and 8 cm. These
two pipes are replaced by a single pipe of the same length, which has the
same capacity as the smaller pipes combined. What should the diameter of
the new pipe be?
21,. If the radius and height of a cylinder are both multiplied by 3, the lateral
area is multiplied by ? and the volume is multiplied by ?

22. The total area of a cylinder is 402r. lt h - 8, find r.

23. The total area of a cylinder is 90r. If h = 12, flnd r.
24. In rectangle ABCD, AB - l0 and AD = 6.
a. lf the rectangle is revolved in space about A B, what is the volume of the
space through which it moves?
b. Answe,r part (a) if the rectangle is revolved about 1D.
25. a. The segment joining (0,0) and (4, 3) is rotated about
the x-axis, forming the lateral surface of a cone.
Find the lateral area and the volume of this cone.
b. Make a sketch showing the cone that would be
formed if the segment had been rotated about the
7-axis. Find the lateral area and the volume of this
cone.
c. Are your answers to parts (a) and (b) the same?
26. Each of the prisms shown below is inscribed in a cylinder with height l0
and radius 6. Find the volume and lateral area of each prism.

Base is an equi- Base is a square. Base is a regular

lateral triangle. hexagon.
440 / Chapter l0
 27. A square pyramid with base edge 4 is inscribed in a cone with
height 6. What is the volume of the cone?
28. A square pyramid is inscribed in a cone with radius 4 and height 4.
a. What is the volume of the pyramid?
b. Find the slant heights of the cone and the pyramid.

C 2s. A regular hexagonal pyramid with base edge 6 and height 8 is Exs. 27, 2E

inscribed in a cone. Show that the lateral area ofthe cone is 602
and the lateral area of the pyramid is 18r,61.
30. In LABC, AB = 15, AC :20, and BC - 25. If the triangle is rotated in
space about BC, what is the volume of the space through which it moves?
31. A 120' sector is cut out of a circular piece of tin with radius 6 and bent to
form the lateral surface of a cone. What is the volume of the cone?

l. Water is pouring into a conical reservoir at the rate of 1.8 m3 per

minute. How long will it take to fill thd reservoir?

2. Given a cylinder with radius l0 and height 12, suppose that the
lateral surface of the cylinder is covered with a thin coat of paint
having thickness 0.1. The volume of the paint can be calculated
approximately or exactly. Ex. I
a. Use the diagrams below to explain the following formula.
Approximate volume - (lateral area of cylinder) '(thickness of paint)
V
=
(2nrh) '(t)
-t
T t2
t2

I 2rr=20t ----1
i
Why is this formula only an approximation of the volume?
b. Use the formula above to find the approximate volume of the paint.
c. Find the exact volume of paint by subtracting the volume of the inner
cylinder (the given cylinder) from the volume of the outer cylinder (the
given cylinder plus paint).
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 441
 Refer to Exercise 2 of the Calculator Key-In.
1. Write a computer program that will find the approximate volume of paint
for each thickness: 0.1, 0.01, 0.001
Paint Approximate Exact
2. Write a computer program that will find
thickness volume volume
the exact volume of paint for each thick-
,|
ness: 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 0.1 ?

3. Complete the table at the right. 0.01 ?

,|

What can you conclude from the values ,| ,|

listed in the table? 0.001

Self-Test 1
For Exercises 1-5 Iind the lateral area, the total area, and the volume of each
solid.
L. A rectangular solid with length 10, width 8, and height 4.5
2. A regular square pyramid with base edge 24 and slant height 13
3. A cylinder with radius l0 and height 7
4. A right hexagonal prism with height 5 cm and base edge 6 cm
5. A cone with height 12 and radius 9
6. The lotal 6rea of a cube is 2400 m2. Find the volume.
7. A solid metal cylinder with radius 2 and height 2 is recast as a solid cone
with radius 2. Find the height of the cone.
8. A prism with height 2 arld a pyramid with height 5 have congruent trian-
gular bases. Which solid has the greater volume?

Challenge
A piece ofwood contains a square hole, a circular hole, and a triangular hole as
illustrated. Explain how one block bf wood in the shape of a cube with a 2 cm
edge can be cut down so that it will pass through, but will plug, each of the
holes in turn.

o A -24
442 / Chapter 10
Similar Solids
Obiectioes
- l. Find the area and the volume of a sphere.
2. State and apply the properties of similar solids.

l0-4 Spheres
The sphere has many useful applications. One recent application is the devel-
opment of a spherical blimp. An experimental model of the blimp is shown in
tlie photograph and drawing. A spherical shape was selected for this blimp
because a sphere gives excellent maneuverability, stability, hovering capabili-
ties, and lift. fhe rotation of the top of a sphere away from the direction in
which the sphere is traveling provides lifting power.

The area and the volume of a sphere are given by the formulas below.
After some examples showing how these formulas are used, we will see how
they may be derived.
A=4trz V=fittr|
I Find the area and the volume of a sphere with radius 2.
Exarnplc
Solatiort A:4trr2:4n'22 - l6n
V-lr{-Lr'2'=3?'
' - 3"' - 3" 3

Areas and Volumes of Solids /443

 Example2 The area of a sphere is 256n. Find the volume.
Solation To find the volume, we must first find the radius.

(l)A:256n:4nr2 O\ V:!nr'-ln'83
64:rz 33
8:r 204kr
1

The next example shows how to find the area of the circle formed when a
sphere is cut by a plane.

Example 3 A plane passes 4 cm from the center of a sphere with

radius 7 cm. Find the area of the circle of intersection. otY4
Solution Let x = radius of the circle.
x:1f1'--@ = \E
A : rxz : n11fi3)2 - 33n (cm2)

Deriving the Volume Formula (Optionat)

Any solid can be approximated by a stack of thin
circular discs of equal thickness, as shown by the
sphere drawn at the right. Each disc is actually a
cylinder with height ft. /
The sphere, the cylinder, and the double cone
below all have radius r and height 2r. Look at the
disc that is x units above the center of each solid.

hT
T
2r

------ L
Disc volume: Disc volume: z'r2ft Disc volume: nxzh
n(\F--V)'h-r1r'-xz)h
= trzh - nxzh
Study the calculations shown for the figures above. Notice that no matter
what the distance x is, the volume of the lirst disc equals the difference be-
tween the volumes of the other two discs. This means that if you take many
discs of the same thickness in the three solids (as in the diagrams on the next
page) the total volume of all the discs in the first solid will equal the difference
between the total volumes of all the discs in each of the other two solids.

444 / Chapter 10
 Total volume of Total volume of Total volume of
discs in sphere discsin cylinder discsin double cone

The equation on the preceding page holds if there are just a few discs
approximating each solid or very many discs. If there are very many discs,
tlieir total volumQ will be practically the same as the volume of the solid. It
follows that we can find the volume of the sphere by subtracting the volume of
the double cone from the volume of the cylinder.
Volume of sphere = trrz '2r - 2(lrr2 ' r)
= 2trr3 - 3or'
- *nr'

Deriving the Area Formula (Optional)

Imagine a rubber ball with inner radius r and rubber thickness r. To
frnd the volume of the rubber, we can use the formula for the vol-
ume of a sphere. We just subtract the volume of the inner sphere
from the volume of the outer sphere.
Exact vol. of rubber - t"0 I t)3 - $nra
=finl(r+t)3-r3)
- tnlru + 3r2t * 3rt2 + ts - r37

= 4nr2t * 4nrtz * fitrt3

If
The volume of the rubber can be found in another way as well.
we think of a small piece of the rubber ball, its approximate
volume would be its outer area A times its thickness l. The same
thing is true for the whole ball.
dp,
Volume of rubber
= Surface area X thickness
V=At
Now let us use both results for the volume of the rubber.
At=4nrzt*4nrt2*tnt3
If we divide both sides of the equation by t, we Eet the result:

A=4nr2 *4nrt *$trtz

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 445

 This approximation for I gets better and better as the layer of rubber gets
thinner and thinner. As t gets near zerci, the last two terms in the formula
above also get near zero. The limiting result is the formula
A = 4rr2.
This is exactly what we would expect, since the surface area of a ball
clearly does not depend at all on the thickness ofthe rubber, but only on the
size of the radius.

Classroom Exercises
Copy and complete the table for spheres.
3. 4. 5. 6.
,|
Radius I 2 4 ? ?

,| ,l ,|
Area ? 36n l00r
,| ,| ,| 4000,n
Volume ? ?
J

A plane passes ft cm from the center of a sphere with radius r cm. Find
the area of the circle of intersection, shaded in the diagram, for the
given values.

7.r-5 8. r=17 9.r-7

h:3 h=8 h:6

Written Exercises
Copy and complete the table for spheres.
A 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
,| ,|
Radius J 5 1
2
a
4 ? \/,
,| ,| ,l
Area 1 ? ? 64r 324r
,| ,| ,| ,| ,|
Volume ? ? 288r

9. If you double the radius of a sphere, the area of the sphere is multiplied by
? and the volume is multiplied by ?
10. If you triple the radius of a sphere, the area of the sphere is multiplied by
? and the volume is multiplied by ?
11. Find the area of the circle formed when a plane passes 2 cm from the
center of a sphere with radius 5 cm.

446 / Chapter 10
 I

12. Find the area of the circle formed when a plane passes 7 cm from the
center of a sphere with radius 8 cm.
13. A sphere has radius 2 and ahemisphere has radius 4. Compare their
volumes.

14. A scoop of ice cream with diameter 6 cm is placed in an ice-cream

cone with diameter 5 cm and height l0 cm. Is the cone big enough to
hold all the ice cream if it melts?

B ls. An experimental one-room house is a hemisphere with a floor. If

three cans of paint are needed to cover the floor, how many cans will
be needed to paint the ceiling? (Ignore door and windows.) Ex. 15

16. A silo of a barn consists of a cylinder

capped by a hemisphere as shown.
Find the volume of the silo.
17. Two cans of paint cover the hemispher-
ical dome of the silo shown. Approxi-
mately how many cans are needed to l-to
*]
paint the rest of the silo's exterior? Exs. 16, 17

18. A hemispheric bowl with radius 25 contains water whose 90'N

depth is 10. What is the area of the water's surface?

t9. The circle containing points midway between the Earth's

l, t(r.
equator and the North Pole is at latitude 45'N. What is
the ratio ofthe area ofthis circle to the area ofthe circle at
the equator?

20. A metal ball with radius 8 cm is melted down and recast as a cone with the
same radius. What is the height of the cone?

21. Four metal balls frt snugly inside a cylindrical can. A geometry student
claims that two extra balls of the same size can be put into the can, pro-
vided all six balls can be melted down and the molten liquid poured into
the can. Is the student correct? (Hint: Let the radius of the balls be r.)

Areas and Volumes of Solids /441

 1' A sphere with radius r is inscribed in a cylinder. Find the volume of
the cylinder in terms of r.
)7, A sphere is inscribed in a cylinder. Show that the area ofthe sphere
equals the lateral area of the cylinder.

Bxs.22,23
24. A double cone is inscribed in the cylinder shown. Find the volume of
the space inside the cylinder but outside the double cone.

Wr
2s. A hollow rubber ball has outer radius I
a. Find the exact volume of the rubber.
I cm and inner radius l0 cm.

b. The volume of the rubber can be approximated by the formula:

ffi1
8x.24
V surface area X thickness of rubber
=inner
Use this formula to approximate V and compare your answer with
part (a).
c. Is the approximation method used in part (b) better for a ball with
a thick layer of rubber or a ball with a thin layer? 8x.25
26. A cylinder with height 12 is inscribed in a sphere with radius l0
Find the volume of the cylinder.
C 27. A cylinder with height 2x is inscribed in a sphere with ra-
dius 10.
a. Show that the volume of the cylinder, \ is
2nx(1Q0 - x2).
b. By using calculus, one can show that Z is maximum
Exs.26,27
when x = 'orvt. If you substitute this value for x, the
maximumvolume V= ?
(Optional exercise) Use a calculator or a computer to evatuate V =
2nx(100 - x2) for various values of x between 0 and 10. Show that the
maximum volume Zoccurs when x is approximalely 5.77.

28. A cone is inscribed in a sphere with radius 10 as shown.

a. Show that the volume of the cone, trj is
]rz'(100 -x2)(10 ax).
b. By using calculus, one can show that Zis maximum when x = +.
If you substitute this value for x, the maximum volume V = ?
c. (Optional) Use a calculator or a computer to evaluate
V = tn(100 - x2)(10 + x) for various values of x between 0 and
Show that the maximum volume Z occurs when x is f .
29. Sketch two intersecting spheres with radii 15 cm and 20 cm, respectively.
The centers ofthe spheres are 25 cm apart. Find the area ofthe circle that
is formed by the intersection. (Hint: IJse Exercise 33 on page 251.)
30. A sphere is inscribed in a cone whose radius is 6 and whose height is 8.
Find the radius of the sphere.
448 / Chapter 10
The volume of a sphere with radius l0 can be approximated by cylindrical
discs with equal heights. It is convenient to work with the upper half of the
sphere, then double the result.
Suppose you use ten discs to aPproximate the upper hemisphere, as shown
at the left below.

Volume of disc
= trzh
:ny2. I
3-i
t+ = 71(lQQ-yz) . I

The diagram at the right above shows that the volume of a disc 7 units
from the center of the sphereis V :n'(100 -72)' Substitutey : 0, 1,2, . . . ,
9 to get the volumes of the ten discs.
Suppose you use n discs to approximate the upper hemisphere. Then the

altitude of each disc equah J9, and the volume of a discT units from the center
n

of the sphere is V : z(100 - y\'!. The following computer program totals

n
the volumes of n discs, then doubles the result. Note that line 80 calculates the
volume of the sphere using the formula V - $rr3.
10 LETY=0
15 LETV=0
20 PRINT I'HOW MANY DISCSI';
25 INPUT N
30 FORI=1T0N
40LETY=(I-1)*10llt
50 LET V = V + 3.14159 * (100 - Ytz )* (10,/N )
60 NEXT I
70 PRINT "V0LUME 0F DISCS IS ";2*V
80' PRINT ''VOLUME OF SPHERE IS ";4/3 * 3.14159 X 1Ot 3
90 END

Exercises
1. Use l0 for N and RUN the program. By approximately what percent does
the disc method overcomPute the volume of the sphere?
2. RUN the program several times and then complete the chart on the next
page.
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 449
 3. Our discs, outside the sphere, have
Number of Height of Total Volume
yielded approximations greater than
Discs Each Disc of Discs
the true volume. Replace line 40 with
,|
LET Y = I*(10lN) to obtain a set of 20 ,|

discs inside the sphere. RUN the new ,|

50 ?
program for N = L00. Find the average
of this result and the result listed for 100 ?
,|

N = 100 in Exercise 2. ,|
1000 ?

A l. Approximately 707o of the Earth's surface is covered by water. How many

square kilometers is this area? (The radius of the Earth is approximately
6380 km.)
7 a. Find the volume, correct to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimeter, of a
sphere inscribed in a cube with edges 6 cm long.
b. Show that the volume of the sphere is a little more than half the volume
of the cube.
B 3. A solid metal sphere with radius 3 is melted and recast as a cone with
radius 3. Show that the lateral area of the cone is abortt 37o more than the
area of the sphere.

Application
GEODESIC DOMES
A spherical dome is an efficient way of en-
closing space, since a sphere holds a greater
volume than any other container with the
same surface area. In 1947, R. Buckminster
Fuller patented the geodesic dome, a frame-
work made by joining straight pieces of
steel or aluminum tubing in a'network of
triangles. A thin cover of aluminum or
plastic is then attached to the tubing.
The segments forming the network are
of various lengths, but the vertices are all
equidistant from the center of the dome, so
that they lie on a sphere. When we follow a
chain of segments around the dome, we
find that they approximate a circle on this

450 / Chapter l0
 It is this property that gives the dome design its
sphere, often a great circle.
name: A geodesic on any surface is a path of minimum length between two
points on the surface, and on a sphere these shortest paths are arcs of great
circles.
Though the geodesic dome is very light and has no in-
ternal supports, it is very strong, and standardized parts
make construction'of the dome relatively easy. Domes have
been used with success for theaters, exhibition halls, sports
arenas, and greenhouses.
The United States Pavilion that Fuller designed for
Expo '67 in Montreal uses two domes linked together. The
design of this structure is illustrated at the right. The red
triangular network is the outer dome, the black hexagons
form the inner dome, and the blue segments represent the
trusses that tie the two domes together. The arrows mark
one of the many chains of segments that form arcs of circles
on the dome. You can see all of these features of the struc-
ture in the photograph at the right, which shows a view from
inside the dome.

Exercises
1. In this exercise you will compare the volume of a sphere with the volume of
a cube having about the same surface area as the sphere.
a. Find the volume and surface area of a sphere of radius 7. (Use 3.14
for zr.)
b. Find the volume and surface area of a cube with edge 10.
c. What is the approximate ratio of the sphere volume to the cube volume?

Acube has 8 vertices,6 faces, and 12 edges. 8+6-12=2. Leonard

Euler (1707-1783) showed that for any solid with polygons for faces,
vertices + faces - edges = 2. You can use Euler's formula to test possible
frame patterns for a geodesic dome that completely encloses a volume. The
pieces of tubing are the edges of the frame, and the points where they join are
the vertices olthe frame. Suppose you try to build a frame using n hexagons in
the pattern shown in black in the diagram. Each hexagon contributes 6 verti-
ces,6 edges, and I face to the total, but 3 hexagon vertices combine at each
vertex of the frame, and 2 hexagon edges combine at each edge of the frame.
2. The frame must have 6n -:- 3 or vertices, faces, and edges.
3. What is vertices + faces - edges- for this frame?
- Does Euler's - formula
hold? Can the frame be built?
4. Show that if you change exactly 12 hexagons to pentaSons, the frame will
satisfy Euler's formula. (Hint: 12 hexagon vertices are lost, but since they
combine in threes, the frame loses 4 vertices. How many edges does it lose?)
5. One ofthese pentagons appears in the photograph above, Can you find it?

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 451

 10-5 Areas and Volumes of Similar Solids
one of the best-known attractions in The Hague, the Netherlands, is a unique
miniature city, Madurodam, consisting of five acres of carefully crafted r"pio-
ductions done on a scale of I :25. Everything in this model city works, inciud-
ing the two-mile railway network, the canal locks, the harbor fireboats, and the
nearly 50,000 tiny lights that come on at dusk. In this section you will learn
about the relationship between scale factors of similar solids and. their areas
and volumes.

Similar solids are solids that have the same shape but not necessarily the
same size. It's easy to see that all spheres are similar. To decide whether two
other solids are similar, determine whether bases are similar and corresponding
lengths are proportional.

Right cylinders Regular square pyramids

t2

E' II II

Similar because 612 Similar because 128

48 64
-:-
J 2
Scale factor: Scale factor:
, T
452 / Chapter l0
 The table below shows the ratios of the perimeters, areas, and volumes for
both pairs of similar solids shown on page 452. What do you notice about the
ratios for the cylinders? for the pyramids?

Cylinders I and II Pyramids I and II

2
Scale factor
, T
4-12 t2
Base perimeter (I)
Base perimeter (II) *+:f;, o,
I 4.6 6',
2
I

L.A. (r) 2n'6'12 932

_-or- +- 48.r0 _ 422
L.A. (II) 2n'4'8 4', 22 7.)a.\ T,O'P
Volume (I) n'62'l2 27 33 +.122.8 8 o' 23
Volume (II) n'42' 8 -
-= 8'"'23 i:@:T = T' l,

The results shown in the table above are generalized in the following
theorem. (See Exercises 20-25 for proofs.)

Theorem 10-3
Ifthe scale factor of two similar solids is azb, then:
(1) The ratio of corresponding perimeters is a:b.
(Zi fne ratios of the base areas, of the lateral areas, and of the total areas are a2zb2.
(3) The ratio of the volumes is aa :03.

Example For the similar solids shown, find the ratios of

' (a) base Perimeters, (b) lateral areas, and
volumes.
.(c)
Solution The scale factor is 6:10, or 3:5.
a. Ratio of base Perimeters = 3:5.
b. Ratio of lateral areas = 32:52 - 9:25
c. Ratio of volumes - 33:53 - 27:125

Theorem l0-3 above is the three-dimensional counterpart of Theorem 9-6

on page 410. (Take a minute to compare these theorems.) There is a similar
relationship between the two cases shown below'
ln two dimensions: In three dimensions:
tt xvll AB, then If plane XYZII plane ABC,
AVXY - AVAB, then V-XYZ - V-ABC.

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 453

 Classroom Exercises
Tell whether the solids in each pair are similar.

'E
Right cylinders Right prisms

3. a. what is the ratio of the lateral areas of the prisms in Exercise 2?

b. What is the ratio of the total areas of the prisms?
c. What is the ratio of the volumes of the prisms?
4. Two spheres have diameters 24 and 36.
a. What is the ratio of the areas?
b. What is the ratio of the volumes?
5. Two spheres have volumes2tr and 16z. Find the ratios of the following:
.a. volumes b. radii c. areas
Complete the table below, which refers to two similar pyramids.

6. 7- 8. 9. 10. 11.
Scale factor ,| ,| ,|
3:4 5:7 ?

Ratio of base perimeters ?

,|
2:l , ,| ,|

,|
Ratio of slant heights ?
,|
4:9 ?
,|

Ratio of lateral areas ,| ,| ,|

? 4:9 ?
,| ,| ,|
Ratio of total areas ?
,|
?

Ratio of volumes ,| ,|
? ? ? 8:125

12. Plane PQR is parallel to the base of the pyramid and bisects
the altitude. Find the following ratios.
a. The perimeter of APQR to the perimeter of LABC
b. The lateral area of the top part of the pyramid to the
lateral area of the whole pyramid
c. The lateral area of the,top part of the pyramid to the
lateral area of the bottom part
d. The volume of the top part of the pyramid to the volume
of the bottom part

13. Find the ratios in Exercise 12 (a)-(d) if the height of the top pyramid is 3
and the height of the whole pyramid is 5.
454 / Chaprer l0
 Written Exercises
1. Two cones have radii 6 and 9. The heights are l0 and 15. Are the cones
similar?
2. The heights of two right prisms are l8 and 30. The bases are squares With
sides 8 and 15. Are the prisms similar?
3. Two similar cylinders have radii 3 and.1. Find the ratios of the following:
a. heights b. base circumferences c. lateral areas d. volumes
4. Two similar pyramids have heights 12 and 18. Find the ratios of the fol-
lowing:
a. base areas b. lateral areas c. total areas d. volumes
5. Assume that the Earth and the moon are smooth spheres with diameters
12,800 km and 3,200 km, respectively. Find the ratios of the following:
a. Iengths of their equators b. areas c. volumes

6. The package of a model airplane kit

states that the scale is I :200. Compare
the amounts of paint required to cover
the model and the actual airplane. (As-
sume the paint on the model is as thick
as that on the actual plane.)

7. The scale for a certain model freight

train is l:48. If the model hopper car
(usually used for carrying coal) will
hold 90 in.3 of coal, what is the capacity
of the actual hopper car?

8. Two similar cylinders have lateral areas 8lz and 144n. Find the ratios of
the following:
a. heights b. total areas c. volumes
9. Two similar cones have volumes 8n and 27n. Find the ratios of the fol-
lowing:
a.radii b. slant heights c. lateral areas
10. Two similar pyramids have volumes 3 and 375. Find the ratios of the
following:
a. heights b. base areas c. total areas

B 11. A certain kind of string is sold in a ball 5 cm in diameter and in a ball

12cm in diameter. The smaller ball costs $1.00 and the larger one costs
$6.50. Which is the better buy?
12. Two balls made of the same metal have radii 6 crn and 10 cm. If the
smaller ball weighs 4 kg, how much does the larger ball weigh?

13. A snow man is made using three balls of snow with diameters 30 cm,
40 cm, and 50 cm. If the head weighs roughly 6 kg, find the total
weight of the snow man. (Ignore arms, eyes, nose, and mouth.)
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 455
 14. Construction engineers know that the strength of
a column is proportional to the area of its cross
section. Suppose that the larger of two similar
columns is three times as high as the smaller
column.
a. The larger column is ? times as strong as the
smaller column.
b. The larger column is ? times as heavy as the
smaller column.
c. Which can support more, per pound of column
material, the larger or the smaller column?

15. Two similar pyramids have lateral areas 8 and 18. If the volume of the
smaller pyramid is 32, what is the volume of the larger?
16. Two similar cones have volumes l2n ar..d96tr. lf the lateral area of the
smaller cone is l5zr, what is the lateral area of the larger?

17. A plane parallel to the base of a cone divides the cone into two
pieces. Find the ratios of the following:
a. The areas of the shaded circles
b. The lateral area of the top piece to that of the whole cone
c. The lateral area of the top piece to that of the bottom piece
d. The volume of the top piece to that of the whole cone
e. The volume of the top piece to that of the bottom piece
18. Redraw the figure for Exercise 17, changing the 9 cm and 3 cm dimensions
to l0 cm and 4 cm. Then find the five ratios described in Exercise 17.
19. A pyramid with height 15cm is separated into two pieces by a plane paral-
lel to the base and 6 cm above it. What are the volumes of these two pieces
if the volume of the original pyramid is 250 cm3?

The purpose of Exercises 20-25 is to prove Theorem 10-3 for some similar
solids.

20. Two spheres have radii a andb. Prove that the ratio of the areas is a2:b2.
21. Two spheres have radii a and b. Prove that the ratio of the volumes is
a3:b3.
22. Two similar cones have radii r, and r, and heights h, and hr. prove that
the ratio of the volumes is hr3:hr3.
23. Two similar cones have rad.ii r, and r, and lateral heights /, and /r. prove
that the ratio of the lateral areas is rr2:rr2.
24. The bases of two similar prisms are regular pentagons with base
e, and e, and base areas.B, and Br. The heights are ft,
edges
and hr. Prove that the ratio of the lateral areas is erz:erz.
25. Refer to Exercise 24 and, prove that the ratio of the volumes of
the prisms is erl:er3. m,,m,,
456 / Chapter 10
C 26. The purpose of this exercise is to prove that if plane
XYZ llplane ABC,then V-XYZ - V-ABC. To do this, suppose
that VA - k' VX and show that every edge of V-ABC is k
times as long as the corresponding edge of V-XYZ. (Hint: Use
Theorem 2-1.)

27. Aplane parallel to the base of a pyramid separates the pyramid

into two pieces with equal volumes. If the height of the pyra-
mid is 12, find the height of the top piece.

The Great Pyramid of King Cheops was a

true pyramid, not a step pyramid. The pyr-
amid has a square base with sides 755 feet
long. The original height was 481 feet, but
the top part of the pyramid, which was
3l feet in height, has been destroyed. Ap-
proximately what percent of the original
volume remains?

Self-Test 2
1. Find the area and volume of a sphere with diameter 6 cm.
2. The volume of a sphere isffn. Find the area.
3. The students of a school decide to bury a time capsule consisting of a
cylinder capped by two hemispheres. Find the volume of the time
capsule shown.
4. Find the area of the circle formed when a plane passes 12 cm from
the center of a sphere with radius 13 cm.
One regular triangular pyramid has base edge 8 and height 6. A
similar pyramid has height 4.
a. Find the base edge of the smaller pyramid.
ffit
b. Find the ratio of the total areas.
6. The base areas of two similar prisms are 32 and 200, respectively'
a. Find the ratio of their heights.
b. Find the ratio of their volumes.

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 451

 The diagrams show two rectangles inscribed in an isosceles triangle with legs 5
and base 6. There are many more such rectangles. The question is, which one
has the greatest area?

To solve the problem,let CDEF represent any rectangle inscribed in isos-

celes LABV with legs 5 and base 6. If we let OD x and ED y,the area of
- -
the rectangle is2xy. Our goal is to express this area in terms of x alone. Then
we can find out how the area changes as x changes.
l. In right LVOB, OB - 3 and VB = 5. Thus VO :4.
2. AEDB - AVOB (why?)
"EDDB
VO OB (why?)

3-x
4.
I= (By substitution in Step 3)

5. y"3: *ft - *l (Multiplication postulate)

8x(3-- x)
6. Area of recrangle : A = 2xy - 2x . lO
'33 -x; :
we can use the formula found in Step 6 and a calculator to find the area for
many values of x. It is easiest to calculate 3 x first, then multiply by x, then
multiply by 8, and hnally divide by 3.
-

x Area

0 0
0.2s 1.83333
0.5 3.33333
0.75 4.5 The table was used to make
I 5.33333 a graph showing how the
1.25 s.83333 area varies with x. Both the
1.5 6 table and the graph suggest
t.7 5 5.83333 that the greatest area, 6,
2 5.33333 occurswhenx=1.5.
2.25 4.5
2.50 3.33333
2.75 1.83333
J 0

458 / Chapter 10
Exercises
Suppose the original triangle had sides 5, 5, and 8 instead of 5, 5, and 6.

1. Draw a diagram like the third diagram on page 458 and show that
, 3x(4 -
A:__ x)
2 .

2. Find the value of x for which the greatest area occurs'

The diagrams at the left below show two cylinders inscribed in a cone with
diameter 6 and lateral height 5. There are many more such cylinders. The
question is, Which one has the greatest volume?

T4

I
6-i 6-l F- 3

The diagram at the right above shows a typical inscribed cylinder. By

-l
using similar triangles, we can write the proportion +=+
Thus

, = lG
J - x). The volume of the cylinder is as follows:
v = nxzy = rx2 .1O - xl =- *t3. 14159)x2(3 - x\
3' 3'
The program in BASIC below will evaluate Z for various values of x.
10 pRINT ,rX,,, ,IVOLUME,,
20 X=0 T0 3 STEP 0.25
FOR
gO t ET y=4/3 + 3. 141b9 x xf2 x 1
g-x )
40 PRINT X, V
50, NEXT X
60 END

Exercises
1. If your computer uses a language other than BASIC, write a similar pro-
gram in that language to evaluate V for various values of x.
2. RUN the program. Make a graph that shows how the volume varies with x.
For what value of x did you find the greatest volume?
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 459
 ::tr:::iiiri*ll:;!;i;r.ttailt*.'.1$;!;t:td.!i:!n:i,jji:jil.rtii3;::i*!:ilitti:#::.91*Liir+

Cavalieri's Principle
Suppose you have a right rectangular prism and divide it horizontally into thin
rectangular slices. The base of each rectangular slice has the same area as the
base of the prism. If you rearrange the slices, the total volume of the slices does
not change.

Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598-1647), an Italian mathematician, used this

idea to compare the volumes of solids. His conclusion is known as cavalieri's
Principle.

Cavalieri's Principle
If two solids lying between parallel planes
have equal heights and all cross-sections at
equal distances from their bases have equal
areas, then the solids have equal volumes.

Using Cavalieri's Principle you can find the volume of an oblique prism.
Consider a right triangular prism and an oblique prism that have the same
base and height.

460 / Chapter l0
 The volume of the right prism is V - Bh (Theorem l0-2). Every cross-
section of each prism has the same area as that prism's base. Since the base
areas are equal, the corresponding cross-sections of the two prisms have equal
areas. Therefore by Cavalieri's Principle, the volume of the oblique prism also
isV=Bh.
Similarly, you can show that the volume formulas given for a regular
pyramid, right cylinder, and right cone hold true for the corresponding oblique
solids.

V-Bh for any prism or cylinder

v =\nnrcr any pyramid or cone

J

Exercises
Find the volume of the solid shown with the given altitude.
1. 2.

3. Find the volume of an oblique cone with radius 4 and height 3.5.
4. The oblique square prism shown below has base edge 3. A lateral edge that
is 15 makes a 60' angle with the plane containing the base. Find the
volume.

Ex.4 Ex.5

5- The volume of the oblique pentagonal prism shown above is 96 cm3. A

lateral edge that is 24 cm makes a 30' angle with the plane containing the
base. Find the area of the base.
6. Refer to the derivation of the formula for the volume of a sphere given on
pages 444-445. How does Cavalieri's Principle justify the statement that the
volume of the sphere is equal to the difference between the volumes of the
cylinder and the double cone?

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 461

 Three-dimensional Figures
When a three-dimensional figure is pictured on paper, you may
find it difficult to picture in your mind segments not shown in the
drawing. The use of actual three-dimensional models often makes
the relationships clearer. Look at the rectangular solid with dimen-
sions /, w, and ft shown on page 426. Can you picture a diagonal of
the solid? Try using your geometry book as a model.
You probably have models at hand for many situations. To
picture perpendicular or parallel planes, consider the floor, ceiling,
and walls of a room. You can use pencils for lines, a ball for a
sphere, and a can for a cylinder. Ifa set ofbuilding blocks is avail-
able, you may frnd cubes, cones, pyramids, and rectangular prisms
as well. If not, you can make your own models.
Patterns for three figures are shown. Can you tell what they
are? To build them, make large copies of the patterns. Trace them
onto cardboard or stiff paper. Cut along the solid lines, fold along
the dashed lines, and tape the edges together.
If you want to make a pattern for a figure, think about the
number of faces, their shapes, and how the edges are related. Try a
triangular pyramid.

l. You should know the following formulas for areas and volumes.

Solid L.A. T.A. V

Right prism L.A. - ph T.A.-L.A.+28 V_Bh

Regular pyramid L.A. = +t)l T.A._L.A.+B v:+Bh
Right cylinder L.A. - 2rrh T.A. - L.A.+ Zn V : nrzh
Right cone L.A. : nrl T.A. - L.A.+ A V : tnrzh

Sphere: A = 4nr2 arLd V - tnr'

2. If the scale factor of two similar solids is a:b, then.
(a) The ratio of corresponding perimeters is a:b.
O) The ratio of corresponding areas is a2:b2.
(c) The ratio of the volumes is a3:b3.
462 / Chapter 10
 1. In a right prism, each ? is also an altitude.
2. Find the lateral area of a right octagonal prism with height 12 and base
edge 7.'
3. Find the total area and volume of a rectangular solid with dimensions 8, 6,
and 5.
4. A right square prism has base edge 9 and volume 891. Find the total area.
5. Find the volume of a regular triangular pyramid with base edge 8 and to-2
height 10.

6. A regular pentagonal pyramid has base edge 6 and lateral edge 5. Find the
slant height and the lateral area.

A regular square pyramid has base edge 30 and total area 1920.
7. Find the area of the base, the lateral area, and the slant height.
8. Find the height and the volume of the pyramid.
9. Find the lateral area and the total area of a cylinder with radius 4 and l0-3
height 3.
10. Find the lateral area, total area, and volume of a conewith radius 6 cm and
slant height l0 cm.
11. A cone has volume 8n and height 6. Find its slant height.
12. The radius of a cylinder is doubled and its height is halved. How does the
volume change?
13. A sphere has radius 7. Use n=? to find the approximate atea of the t0-4
sphere.
14. Find, in terms of z, the volume of a sphere with diameter l2ft.
15. A plane intersects a sphere with radius 29, forming a circle with radius 21.
Find the distance from the center of the sphere to the plane.
16. Find the volume of a sphere with area 484n cmz.
v
Plane RSI II ptane XYZ and VS: YY = I : 3.
perimeter of ARSI _ ,l
10-s
'r' perimeter of LXYZ X
te total area of small pyramid _
'"' total area of large pyramid ?

volume of small pyramid _ ?

19.
votume ofbottom part Y

20. Two similar cylinders have lateral areas 482' and 27n. Find the ratio of
-their volumes.
Areas and Volumes of Solids / 463
 1. Find the volume and the total area of a cube with edge 2/c.
2. A pyramid has a rectangular base 10 cm long and 6 cm wide. The pyra-
mid's height is 4 cm. Find the volume.
3. A cone has radius 8 and height 6. Find the volume.
4. Find the lateral area and the total area of the cone in Exercise 3.
5. A right triangular prism has height 20 and base edges 5, 12, and 13. Find
the total area.
6. Find the volume of the prism in Exercise 5.
7. A cylinder has radius 6 cm and height 4 cm. Find the lateral area.
8. Find the volume of the cylinder in Exercise 7.
9. A regular square pyramid has lateral area 60 m2 and base edge 6 m. Find
the volume.
10. A sphere lias radius 6 cm. Find the area and the volume.
11. Two cones have radii 12 cm and 18 cm and have slant heights l8 cm and
24 cm. Are the cones similar?
12. A regular pyramid has height l8 and total area 648. A similar pyramid has
height 6. Find the total area of the smaller pyramid.
13. The volumes of two similar rectangular solids are 1000 cm3 and 64 cm3.
What is the ratio of.their lateral areas?
14. A cone and a cylinder each have radius 3 and height 4. Find the ratio of
their volumes and of their lateral areas.
15. Find the volume of a sphere with area 9n.
16. A cylinder with radius 7 has total area l68n cmz. Find its height.

464 / Chqpter 10
 Strategy for Success

Questions on college entrance exams often require knowledge of areas and

volumes. Be sure that you know all the important formulas developed in
Chapters 9 and 10. To save time in doing unnecessary calculations, be sure
to read the directions to find out whether answers may be expressed in terms
of n.

Indicate the best answer by writing the appropriate letter.

1. A cone has volume 320n and height 15. Find the total area.
(A) 200n (B) 368r 264n
(C) (D) 136z (E) 320tr
2. Two equilateral triangles have perimeters 6 and g/t fhe ratio of their areas is:
( ) 23\/T fs\ z\/T:g (c) 4:27 (D) 4:e (E) 8:81Vt
3. A sphere has volume 2882r. Its diameter is:
( ) 12\/6 (B) 6\/, (C) 12 (D) r2\/, (E) 6

4. RSTWis a rhombus withmLR = 60 and RS = 4. If X is the midpoint of RS, find the

area of trapezoid SXWT.
(A) 12 (B) 16 (C) 6V' (D) 8vt (E) 16 - 2\/,
5. If ABCD is a square and AE - y,-the area of ABCDE is B A
(A) ?y' (B)Eyz (c)31' la,
(D) (4 + L{,yz (E) (+ + t/Zly' (:4
Compare the quantity in Column A with that in Column B. Select:
(A) if the quantity in Column A is greaterl
(B) if the quantity in Column B is greater;
(C) if the two quantities are equall
(D) if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
Column A Column B

H
6. volume of square pyramid volume of square pris

7. area of triangle area of sector

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 465

 Classify each statement as true or false.

1. point I lies on ft Uut not on BC, then B is between A and C.

If
2. The statement oolf ac = bc, then a = b" is true for all real numbers a, b,
and c.
3. The conditional "p only if q" is equivalent to "if p, then q.',
4. If two parallel lines are cut by transversal t and t is perpendicular to one of
the lines, then I must also be perpendicular to the other line.
5. If AABC : LDEF and LA: 18, then DE - {p.
6. If the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle has measure j,then the measure
of a base angle is 180 - 2j.
7. Ifthe opposite sides ofa quadrilateral are congruent and the diagonals are
perpendicular, then the quadrilateral must be a square.
8. In ARSTI if m lR = 48 and mZ S = 68, then RZ > RS.

9. If AGB.S - LJFK, then

fr = #.
10. The length of the altitude to the hypdtenuse of a right triangle is always the
geometric mean between the lengths of the legs.
11. A triangle with sides of length \/i,2, and tfT is a right triangle.
12. If right LJEH has hypotenuse ,I4 then ran J :
#.
13. If an angle inscrib,ed in a circle intercepts a major arc, then the measure of
the angle must be between I80 and 360.
14. If JK - 10, then the locus of poiats in space that are 4 units from -/ and 5
units from K is a circte.
15. It is possible to csastnrct an angle of measure 105.
16. The area of a triangh with sides 3, 3, and 2 is at/I.
17. When a square is circumscribed about a circle, the ratio of the areas is 4 : z.
18. The volume of both a pyramid and a cone can be computed by using the
formula V = *Bh.

19. B and E are the respective midpoints of AZ and AD. Given A

that AB - 9, BE = 6, and AE = 8, frnd.,
a. the perimeter of LACD
b. the ratio of the areas of LABE afi, LACD

An equilateral triangle has sides 4 cm long.

Find its altitude and its area.

46 / Chapter 10
 21. Given: W-Z L ZY; W-X L XY; WX: YZ
Prove: W-Z II XY

A sphere has a diameter of 1.8 cm. Find its surface area to the nearest
square centimeter. (Use zr
=3.14.)
23. A regular square pyramid has base edge 10 and height 12. Find its total
area and volume.
B 24. In ARSTI mLR:2x + 10, mLS = 3x - 10, and mLT = 4x.
a. Find the numerical measure of each angle.
b. Is ARSZ a scalene triangle, an .isosceles triangle, or a right triangle?
why?
In DJKLM, m/-J - $x and m/-L - x + 17.
Find the numerical measure of /-K.

Find the value of x in the diagram.

27. A cylinder has a radius equal to its height. The total area of the cylinder is
l00z cmz. Find its volume.
25. iE Hes on OO with *B = 60. OO has radius 8. Find,4B.
29. Prove: If the diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular, then the
parallelogram must be a rhombus.
30. LABC is an isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse lZof length 2\/-2. If
medians AD and BE intersect at M, firid AD and AM.
31. Draw two segments with lengths 7 and z. Construct a segment of length I
such that , :'].
32. Describe each possibility for the locus of points in space that are equidis-
tant from the sides of a LABC and 4 cm from A.
33. In LDEF,mLF :42,mLE - 90, and DE :12. Find EFtothe nearest
integer. (Use the table on page 271.)
34. Find the area of atrapezoid with legs 7 and bases ll and2l.
35. In OO, mfr - 90 and OA - 6.
a. Find the perimeter of secror AOB.
b. Find the area of the region bounded by AB and fr.
36.'AB and CD are chords of OP intersecting at X. If AX :7.5, BX :3.2,
CD = ll, and CX > DX, find CX.

Areas and Volumes of Solids / 467