20 GEOMETRY

or more
Tmportance : t is very important chapter for
Transversal Ine :A line that Intersects two
called a transversal.
ompetit exams and questions on different difflculty parallel lnes at different polnts, 1s
levels are asked.

Geope
co of question: Questions are based on
of sides angles or bisectors,
ratio/measur

measu
sure/ratio of trapeslum/square/rectangle/
/pentagon sides/angles, centre, radius,
p a r a l l e l o g r a m / p e r

and circumference of circle.

area
meter, angle,
Way to succese: The complete and thorough study
chapter is
a must.
D
ofthis
Line : A figure
form by joining collinear or non- two transversal
and AB and CD
are
inearpoints is. known as line. It has no width e.g. Here, 1,|l LIL
lines. other
Two lines that intersect each
Intersecting ines : (Called point
share a c o m m o n point
or in other words, lines.
are called intersecting
There are two
types of line of intersection)
D
Straight Hne :
A
line travels a distance without any
line. It
is called straight
diversion on straight path,
represents the shortest path between any two points
lying on it.

Two lines that intersect

each
Perpendicular lines lines.
other at right angle (90) are called perpendicular
They are denoted by the symbol "1".
travels on a diverted path,
Gi) Curved line: Line whenline.
that is called curved A

two end points. i.e.

Line segment: Aline segment has
direction. Sometimes,a
itcan not be extended in any
same sense as
line and a line
segment may be used in
that of a line.

- D AB L CD
Ray: A extended in one direction only,
ray can be B
which is denoted by an arrow. On the other side we
to be
have an end point, called the initial point. Concurrent lines: Three or more lines are said
at one common point as
concurrent if they all intersect
shown below.
A
>B represents as AB
Parallel lines: Two lines are said to be parallel, if they
do not intersect each other at any point and the distance
perpendicular distance h) between them is constant.
They are denoted by the symbol

A B

-D

In the above figure AB || CD.

SME-1071
 GEOMETRY
Coplanar lines: The lines that lie in the same plane <T
are said to be coplanar lines, otherwise they are called Here 90 <0< 180° or < 0
non. coplanar lines. Same holds good for coplanar points
(i.e.. points that lie in the same plarne) and non-coplanar to 90" (or 2 radíans
points. (Points that not lie in the same plane.) : An angle equals
Right angle
Points to remember: right anglde.
Three or more points lying on the same line are
called collinear points.
- Only one line can be drawn through any two given

points. 90
- Two line can intersect maximum at one point.
to a third
If two different lines are perpendicular as equals to 180° (or t radianoians)
parallel to each other, : An angle
line, then the former are Straight angle
shown below. is straight angle.
180

m2 greater than l80 and

Reflex angleIt is a n angle
: radians).
360°(2t
but less than
(or t radians)

Hence, as per above

and m, 1 AB.
Here, m, L AB >A
rule m, ||m, on a straight
infinite number of points
- There are

line. single
of lines can be made from a

Infinite number 8

point 360° (20 360°-21)

Here, 180° < 0 <

ANGLES or an
have same starting point 2 T
Angle: When two rays
formed. or t <0 <
are said to be
then a n angle is angle : Two angles
ending point, Complementary

Types of Angles: than 0° but less

than is equal to 90° (or
complementary if their
sum
Acute angle : An angle greater

acute angle. radians).

radians) is an
90°(i.e.

o2 04
C
Case-I Case-II

Here 0 <90° or 0 <

Obtuse angle: An angle which is greater than 90° and
less than 180° (T radians) is an obtuse angle.

(3 24 =90°)
are

In the above figure, 21+ 22 = 90°: Hence, the fore

complementary angles. Also L3+ L4 90°, there
they are also complementary angles.

SME-1072
 GROMETRY
olementary angles: If the sum of the angles ls
Supp

0, then they are called

to 180
aee. For example supplementary (or Tsupplementary
qual

an ang
180° 50° 130°
radlans) angle
of 50 1s
-

A -B

A 2 C
A
21+ L2 = 180°
Case -I

=L8,
adians Corresponding angles:41 =25, L2
and 23 = L7 are
26, 24

pair of corresponding angles will be

equal.
26, 24 45.
InterlorAlternate angles: 23
= =

L4, L2 =L3,
and Vertically opposite angles: 21 =

L5 28/26 = L7 are pairofvertically opposite angles.

Q M4
N 5 180° and
Opposite interlor angles: 23
=

23+ 44 180° Case-II

L4+46 = 180°.

TRIANGLES
Linear pair: In the case I above, 21 and L2 form a

linear pair. Two angles torm a linear pair, ifthey have | Types of Triangle : According to Sides:
between them and the two angles
one side common
Equilateral Triange:Atriangle whose allthe three
are supplementary. sides are equal, is called an equilateral A. If in AABC,
and 22 arecalled adjacent angles, ifAB BC=AC, then AABC is an equilateral triangle.
Adjacent anges: 1
side c o m m o n between them.
since they have one Also, all angles of an equilateral triangle are equal
i.e., A = 2B = 2C = 60°.
to be
(or P () Isosceles triangle: Atriangle
is an isosceles triangle.
with two equal sides

Also, angles opposite to equal sides are equal.

|L
In isosceles AABC, if AB = AC

then ACB= ZABC.

L,& L are adjacent angles.
be two
Vertically opposite angles : Let L, and L,
21 and L2 are
intersecting lines as shown below, then
24
said to be vertically opposite angles. Also, 23 and
are vertically opposite angles.

ey á Angles between parallel

3 4

lines: Let AB and CD be two

transversal T
A
BA

(ii) Scalene triangle : A triangle

three sides is equal is called a
in which

triangle. In
scalene
none of the
a

relore parallellines that are intercepted by a scalene triangle AB# BC CA and LA* ZB# 2C
then we have.

SME-1073
 GEOMETRY
According to Angles: Congruency conditions:
( Acute angled triangle : It is one in which all the s-8-8 (Side-side-Side) Here, ABD RH.

then
less than 90° or in other words, all the BC EF and AC =DF,
angles are
AABC e ADEFby S-S-S congruency conditlon
angles are acute. n.
(1) Right anged triangle: It is onewith one angle equals
to 90. side opposite to 90° is called hypotenuse. D
A
(i) Obtue angled trlangle: A triangle with one of its

A
angle greater than 90° or obtuse.
Similar Triangles : If all the angles of a triangle
are

then both are

equal to the angles of another triangle,
called similar triangles (relation [represented as |
to

each other.
E

Me
S-A-S (Side-Angle-Side):

Here, AB =DE, AC =DF

and ZA = ZD then

AABC s ADEF by SAS congruency condition.

Here, ZA = ZA', B = LB.2C =2C', then AABC and

AA'B'C
AA'B'C will be similar. So. AABC

AB BC CA
AB E
called
Congruent Triangles: Any two
triangles are

represented as =), when condition mustk

congruent triangles (relation words Note: The angle involved in SAS
a triangle covers totaly
the other triangle. In other between the sides.
(identical) to each
if both triangles are exactly same A-S-A (Angle-Side-Angle) : Here, ZA = D
other in sides or angles.
4C = LF and AC = DF, then

AABC e ADEF by ASA congruency condition.

BL
AA A
Here, in AABC and ADEF
LA

BC
E

= ZD, ZB = LE, ZC = LF, and AB = DE,

EF, CA =FD then

B

Note: The side involved in ASA condition m

A

mustl

AABC ADEF. between the angles.

SME-1074
 GEOMETRY as
areas.
R.H.S (Right-Hypotenuse-Slde):
The medians make 6
triangles of equal
AOBD = ar
AODC = ar ACO
ar AAPO = ar AFOB = ar

AABC
ar AAOE.= a r a
but the height of
: An altitude is
nothing vertex to
Altitude perpendicular
drawn from a
riangle. It is a
the opposite side.

D F

any two sides of a right

If an angled triangle
(separately) to any two
are equal
corresponding sides of another
triangle then both
rnght angled tria
triangles
are
congruent.
Here, B ZD = 90° and AB = DE and AC = EF, then

AABC= s DEF.
B D
Medlan

obtuse
altitudes. In c a s e of an
A triangle c a n have three the triangle.
altitude lies out side
triangle atleast o n e
altitudes.
AD, BE and CF are
a side of
A line that bisect
Perpendicular Bisector :
is called the perpendicular
the triangle at right angle
bisector of BC if BD
B Bisector. OD is the perpendicular
D 90°.
DC and 2ODC = 4ODB
=
=

A line drawn from a vertex to the opposite side of a

triangle, which divides the side into 2 equal parts is
called a median.
Here, AD, BE and CF are medians and

BD DC, CE =AE and

Ist AF BF
Centrold (Centre of gravity):
D

Ortho centre : It is the point of intersection of three

Altitudes of a triangle. In AABC, O is the Orthocentre.

A Centroid (polnt in figure) is the point of intersection

of three medians.

Rule 1. The centroid divides a median in the ratio of

21 with the larger part towards the vertex, i.e.,
G divides BE, CF and AD in the ratio of 2 : 1.
D

0
OD
B0CO2
OE " OF
Here, AD, BE and CF are altitudes of AABC.
. LBOC+ ZA = 180°

SME-1075
 GEOMETRY

LAOB + 2C = 1 8 0 (2) Ifin a certain triangle ABC, ZB is obtuse angle.

e, an
LCOA + LB =180 AD LBC, then
lncentre: The point of intersection of the Angle Bisectors AC AB2+ BC?+ 2BC.AD
of a triangle is called the Incentre.

C
HD

In AABC, given above AD, BE and CF are the angle (3) If in a certain AABC,
bisectors of A, B and C respectively. Therefore O is
the incentre, and OH, OI and OG are in-radi.
A
Circumcentre:
The point of intersection of the Perpendicular Bisectors
of the sides of a triangle is called the circumcentre.
Here, O is the circum centre and OA, OB and OC are
circum radii.
Here, BOC 2 A, LcOA =2 4B, LAOB = 2 4C.

LC is acute angle. and AD 1 BC, then

AB BC?+AC 2BC.DC.
(4) Sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180° and sum
of exterior angles is 360°

Properties of Triangies
(1) Pythagoras theorem: In any right angled triangle
AB+BC =AC?, where 2 1 + 4 2 + L3 = 180°. Zx + 4y + Zz = 360°.
AB is Perpendicular, BC is Base, AC is Hypotenuse 5) In a triangle, sum of two sides is always greale
than third side.
(6) In the glven AABC

BD 44 21+L2 and 23+ 24 = 180°.

SME-1076)
 GEOMETRY
(7)
In given AABC ifOB and OC are the bisectors of
the
intersects two parallel lines, then
bisectors
angles of triangle ZB and LC, then <BObC (1faline
of the interior angles make a rectangle

LNMP is a rectangle.
90° +

BC, the sides AB and AC are extended

in the AABC
(8) If
nd the bisectors of exterior angles of ZB and 4C
>B
90-A
A
then 2BoC
meet at O
=

C
D
M

of angle LBAC
(12) In the given AABC, AM is the bisector

BC then 2MAN
= LB- 2C)
andAN L

In thegiven AABC, AD, BE and CF are the medians,

(9
then

AD +BE+ CF> AB+BC+ CA

2

(13) in AABC, If BC is extended to D, and AL is the

bisector of exterior angle LAthen ZABC+ LACD=

2 LALC.

CF the
uo) In the given AABC, if AD, BE and
are

BC + CA > AD + A
Perpendiculars, then, AB +
BE+CF.

B D

Here. BA i_ extended to BE.

(14) In a AABC, If BC is extended to D and BE and CE

90 are the bisectors of ZABC and ACD which meet at
90

B
E,then BEC=A
SME-1077
 GEOMETRY

/80 40

8
-D B
(18) In any AABC, D and E are the mid-point of sides.
BAB
(15) In the given quadrilateral, the bisectors of adjacent and AC respectively, then DE||BC and DE=
53
AD
angles meet at P, then, LAPB = - (4C - D) area AADE = a r e a (AABC) and D AE
EC.
where < C> <D

According to figure, F is mid-point of BC thenarea

AB BD ADEF = area (AABC)

(16) In any AABC, ifAD is the median then
DC
(19) In AABC, AD is the bisector of exterior angle A

BD AB
then. pAC

(17) In any AABC, IfAD is the bisector of angle LA then, (20) In an equilateral AABC, if AD 1 BC, then.

AB BD
AB
AC DC
(AD

SME-1078)
 3AB) 44AD) GEOMETRY

M 90

(24) In AABC, ZB =90° and X and Y are the points on

ou Here. AABC and ADEF are similar, sides AB and BC respectively

then
then (AY+ (KCP =(AC)' + (XY?

area AABC
A
area ADEF

P Perimeter of AABC
P,= Perimeter of ADEF

(26) Circumcentre of a right angled triangle lies on the

therefore.
mid-point of the hypotenuse,
radius of circumcircle
AD =BD DC
= =

c E
22) In the given figure, AABC is a right angled triangle
in which P and 9 are the mid-point on the side AB
and BC.
then 4 (AQ? + (CP)) = 5 (AC) = 20 (POP
BZL

(27) If AABC is a right angled A, such that B 90°.

And BD LAC.

ABx BC
then, BD = VAD x DC. and BD =

AC

PR-.
90
B H

25) If in AABC, BN and CM are the medians of the 90

at 90°, then (AB)" + [AC)"
riangle intersecting
5 (BC)

SME-1079
 GEOMETRY

ADEF
(28) In the given flgure AABC
Perimeter of AABC
P =

P, Perimeter of ADEF

DE F DF DY EE G

A D

(32) In the triangle ABC If medians BE and CF aree

i.e., BE = CF then AB =AC
equal
AABC is an isosceles triangle.
B c E

(29) In the given figure, ABCD is a trapezium with

AB||DC
OA OB
then. OC OD

(33) Triangles on the same base and between two parall

lines are equal in area.

A D

30) If all of these medians bisect the angles from where Perpendicular
it start, then A will be equilateral. In the given figure,
AD and BE are medians of AABC, then BD = DC,
AE CE, ZBAD = LCAD, LEBC = LEBA then
AB = BOC = AC
Area AABC =Area ABDC. (as both triangles ie on
AABC is an equilateral triangle. base BC)
(34) If a parallelogram and a triangle lie on same base
and between two parallel lines, then area of AAB
=
Area parallelogram EBCD)

BLY
D
z
B

(31) In the given AABC, AD, BE and CF are the

medians. he
If AD BE CF, then AB BC AC So,
= =
(35) The perimeter of a quadrilateral is greater than
AABC will be an equilateral
triangle
= =
sum of its
diagonals.
triangle.
AB+ BC + CD +
DA >AC + BD.

SME-1080
 GEOMETRY

(36) AB
trapeziu AD|
CD is a |BC and E and F are the equal is are
whose all sides
mid-points of AB and DC respectively, then EF Square: The quadrilateral
(90). Diagonals
angle is right angle
=

called square. Every and cut each other at 90

and BD equal
equa (AB+CD) AC

( ) AB =
are

BC = CA =AD = side = a

diagonal (BD)
=
y2 side =a /2
li diagonal (AC)
=

90°(every angle)
=2C= D
=

i) ZA= LB
iv) OD = OB OA = OC rectangle
as

a special
kind of
Note that square is of Rectangle
rhombus. Hence,
all properties
well a s for a square.
be satisfied
and Rhombus will

then AB||DC, P and Q are

trapezium, 90
137 ABCD is a
the mid-points of diagonals BD and AC respectively,

(DC-AB)
rale| thenPg= 2
90
B A

are
Rectangle : ABCD is a rectangle whose properties

e on
in
is any point
ABCD is a rectangle, 0
ase OD.
ABCD. then. OA2 + OC? = OB2+
ABC
AD.
AB = CD and AB| |CD, BC DA and BC|| =

() Diagonal AC =
Diagonal BD.
ZA ZB 2C = 2D = 90°
O (il) = =

BC BD? BC?+ CD?

AC =AB? + = =
(iv)
(v) AC bisects BD and vice versa

Parallelogram:
ABCD is a parallelogram whose properties are-

gUADRILATERALS (0 AB CD and AB||CD and BC DA and BC||DA. =

which is (i) diagonals AC and BD bisect each other means

flgure
the 9uadrilaterals:
bounded
uadrilateral is a
lines. Here, ABCD is a OA OC and OB = OD, but AC # BD. .Note]
by four traight diagonals,
lateral in which!BD and AC are two (H A=C, LB =2D (opposite angles are equal)
LB+4C+2D=360
ut each other at O. 2A+
SME-1081
 GEOMETRY
() A+ 2B 2B+ C= 4C+ 2D= 2D+ A = 180 Some Propertles of guadrilaterals
CU
(Sum of adjacent angles is 180°) Polygon: Polygon is a sector (2D-shape) whi..
bounded by three or more than three straight
On the basis of number of sides, there are
di
names of polygon. In Regular Polygons all
sid sides a
equal.

Polygon No. of sides

Quadrilateral 4

Pentagon
Rhombus: Hexagon
ABCD is a Rhombus whose properties are- Heptagon 7
0 AB BC = CD = DA (all sides are equal) Octagon 8

(AD||BC, and AB||CD. Nonagon 9

(#i ZA= 4C and ZB D (but not equal to 90°) Decagon 10

() A+2B = 180°, B+2C180°, 4C+ D= 180 Properties of Regular Polygons

D+ZA= 180 [Le. sum
of Adjacent angles is 180° ( Sum of interior angles of a polygon
fv) The diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at 90°. = (n - 2) x 180° where n is no. of sides.

It means AC 1 BD and OA = OC and OD = OB but (i) Each exterior angle of a polygon = 180° (eve
AC BD. [Notel interior angle).

(i) Each interior angle of a polygon =

n-2) x180
n

(iv) Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon is 360

360
(v) Every exterior angle of a polygon =
n

(vi) Measurement of each angle at the centre made

AX B
360°
any side of a polygon =
n

Trapezlum: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which two sides

(AB||DC) are parallel to each other but they are not n-3)
(vi) Number of diagonals of a polygon =
equal (AB+ DC), that is called trapezium.
Area of polygon:
DR The area of a polygon of n sides

where n = no. of sides, a

= length of side.

() Radius of outer circle of a polygon having nsidsy

Here,
AB |DC But AD + BC (R) Cosec180
n
Rhomboid :The
sides are
quadrilateral in which two adjacent (i) Radius of inner circle of a polygon having n s sides

equal to each other.

SME-1082)
 CIRCLE
GEOMETRY
circle is a set of
A

ightwhiinch circlerom point. points,

a fixed
Note: Radius is always perpendicular to the tangent
lying at a constant
e differe distaadius (r) and the fixed
That constant
distance is
point is called its
LORB = LORA
90, So, OR
=
L AB. is half
semicircle
centre. l e : As the n a m e suggest,
sides a minor Segment r
thec
circle.
A diameter divides a circle into two semi-circles. AB
tangent
2
Chord 7
and AgB are two semicircles made by diameter AD
Measure of a semicircle = 180°
minor
Centre arc
2r
diameter
/>radius X
radius

(Sector)
let A and B be any two points
Are: In the given circle,
on the circle.
Semicircle We get two arcs here (by two points) i.e. minor arc AB
and major arc AB. An arc is denoted by the symboln
Centre: The fixed point is called the
circle. In the above figure, O is the centrecentre of the
of the circle. e.g. arc AB or (AB3)
Radius : OA, OB. OC are the radii of minor
ahove figure. A radius is the distance fromcircle in the
arc

(eve circle to any point on it's circumference.

centre of a

Chord: Any line segment whose end points lie on the

circle is called a chord. PQ is the chord of circle with
S0° A
centre O as shown above.
Diameter: Diameter is the longest chord of the circle.
It is that chord, which passes through the centre.
major arc
A diameter is twice the radius of a circle.
Secant:A linesegment that intersects a circle at two
points is called a secant. Here, PQ is the secant that
intersects the circle at points A and B. Sector: The part of the circle which is bounded by a n
arc and two radius is called sector.

sector

P
Here, OAPB is a sector.
angent: Aline that touches the circle at one and only
one point is called Segment: A circle is divided into two parts by a chord,
a
tangent. which are called segments. In the given
AB divides circle into two
figure, chord
R segments, minor segment
A -B and major segment.

major
segment

minor segment

(SME-1083
 GEOMETRY

Is called Its
Circumference: The perimeter ofa circle
1.e. C
circumference (C) and it is cqual to 2nr.
= 2Ttr

360 Where
Area of Sector: Area of sector OACB
0 is the angle sub-tended at centre by ACB

Cycllc guadrilateral: quadrilateral wh.

It is a
whose
the circle. Also the sumofor
fourvertices lje on
oppn
angles is equal to 180°
1 + 22 = 180°, also L2+ 3 =180°
21= 23.
i.e. In a cyclic quadrilateral,
exterlor angle is eaual
qual
interior opposite angle.
Two circles are said to be
Concentric circles
concentrc if they have the same centre.

() Properties of Circles:
243

If a point lies outside the circle, then distance from

that point to centre is greater than radius i.e. OP>0
concentric circles with
In the given figure, we have two
radius r and R, but with same centre O.
rad,
Congruent Circles : Two circles having equal
are called congruent circles.
subtended at the centre is called
Ceatral ange Angle:

the central angle.

Creamcircle: It is the circledrawn around a triangle,
on the
in such a way that the vertices of a triangle lie
circe, as shown here. P

Ifa point lies inside the circle, then distance from u

Incircle:
A
It is the circle drawn inside a
i.e. OP < OA point to centre is less than radius.

that all the three sides of

trlangle ch
triangle are tangents the
to
circle.
Since radius is
perpendicular to the tangent OAL XZ,
OC LYZ and OB LXY. Also OA =OB =OC =r. O is the
incentre.
in the glven figure. In two circles of same radl

8ME-1084
 GEOMETRY
If two circles do not touch each other then 4 tangents
can be drawn.

O'

Ifm AB m CD then AB CD
( )
f two circles touch each other externally, then 3
It means, LAOB tangents can be drawn.
2CO'D then arc
Again, If ÁB CD then mAB AB arc CD
i.e. if are AAB arc CD mCD
=

then LAOB
In the given circle,
=
2cOD.
f ÁB CD
AB CD (Chords)

two tangents can be

If two circles cut each other, then
drawn.

In the given figure chord AB =Chord CD, then minor

arcAB minor arc CD as chord AC = Chord BD
If one circle touches another circle internally, then only
one tangent ean be drawn.

I n the gven figure, if OD L AB

There is no common tangent of two concentric circles.
1a
. AD BD =

0DOA"- (AD)

In the gtven figure if OP bisect AB, such that AP = BP.

then OP LAB.

SME-1085
 GEOMETRY

P both sides of segments subtena.

Angles lying on
chord are supplementary to T. Heed
each other.
Here ACc
3 non-collinear
Only one circle can be drawn through Za ZB 180
=
+
chord, then,
points. ON where
In the given figure, if AB
= CD, then OM =

OM LAB and ONLCD

A
M

interior toa parallelogram touches

Ifa circle drawn is a Rhombus.
the parallelogram
Converse : If OM = ON then, its sides, then
rhombus.
AB CD. ABCD is a
made
LAOB = 2 LACB. i.e. Angle R
In the given figure,
2 x Angle made at c i r c u m f e r e n c e e
centre =

by an Arc on
by same arc.

O
P
can be drawn through a polnt o
Only one tangent
circumference of circle.

Two circles touch each

other at point P then the
centres O and and P will be collinear.
O'
on two
the same arc AB
Two angles subtended bycircumference are equal i.e.
different points C&D at
LACB= LADB.

each ou
AB and CD are chords
of circle which cut
at O. then OA x OB
= OC x OD.

Anges subtended by semicircle is right angle 1.e. (90°),

.LACB =LADB = 90°

SME-1086
 ind to
According
given figure, chords GEOMETRY
otherat P externally, then, AB and CD
cut
PA x PB = PC x PD
each and length of the transverse tangent

-
PS QR yCC-+2)
A,

edb 7 S

of a quadrilateral
arding to touches all the four sides
Accore figure, PT is (PT2apoint
a chord, then, PA x PB = tangent at point T and AB is
Ifa circle
then sum of the opposite sides is equal.
and AB is
. AB + DC = AD + BC

According to figure, AB 1s
tangent
LAPX= ZPYX, ZBPY= LPXY.
at point P, then,

circles and AB is
two concentric
If C, and C, are
is such that
common
and chord point P
OP LAB, then AC =BD

A
I n the given figure, PA and PB are two tangents, from
a point P, then PA = PB.
909

two circles having centres O and O' and

C, and C, arediameters Both circles cut
AC and AD respectively.
B and D will be collinear.
each other at AandB. Then, C,

circles. B lies on CD. 2CBD =180°

Here, C,C, is the distance between centre of
tangent
length of each of the common C
2

AB CD Gc-( -2)

) Q00

(SME-1087