EE 702

SCADA &
Smart Grid Technologies
B Tech VII Sem
Dr. (Mrs) Mini Shaji Thomas
Dean, Faculty of Engg & Tech, JMI
Professor, Dept of Electrical Engg
Former Director, NIT Trichy
Mini S Thomas
EE-702: SCADA & SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
Credits L T P 3 0 0

UNIT-I: Automation Systems, Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition

(SCADA) Systems, Components of SCADA Systems, Remote Terminal Unit
(RTU)/Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), Communication systems,
Master Station & Human Machine Interface, Application of SCADA in
Power Systems
UNIT II- Evolution of Smart Grid, Components of Smart Grid, Old Vs New
Grid, Challenges & Opportunities, Smart Grid benefits, Smart Grid
solutions, Status of Indian Electricity System, Markets, Case Studies.

Mini S Thomas
Contd….
Unit III: Substation Automation, Substation LAN, Substation
Communication Architecture, The new Digital Substation, Wide area
monitoring systems (WAMS), Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU),
Applications, Grid Automation Initiatives-Case Studies
Unit IV: Distribution Automation, Subsystems, Application functions-
Voltage/VAR Control, Power Quality, Network Reconfiguration,
Demand side management, demand Response, Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI), Smart meters, Smart Appliances, Home
Automation Systems, Microgrid.

Mini S Thomas
Contd….
UNIT-V: ISO OSI 7 layers communication Reference Model, TCP/IP Model, SCADA
communication requirements, SCADA communication system topologies, SCADA and
Smart Grid communication protocols- Modbus, IEC60870-5-101/103/194, DNP3, IEC
61850, Challenges
TEXT/REFFERENCE BOOKS
1. Mini S. Thomas and John Douglas McDonald, “Power System SCADA and Smart
Grids” CRC Press-2015.
2. Stuart Borlase, “Smart Grids, Infrastructure, Technology and Solutions, CRC Press-
2013
3. James Momoh, “Smart Grid, Fundamentals of Design and Analysis”, IEEE Press, John
Wiley & Sons, 2012.
4. Janaka Ekanayake, Nick Jenkins, Kithsiri Liyanage, Jianzhong Wu, Akihiko Yokoyama,
“Smart Grid: Technology and Applications”, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
Mini S Thomas
EE 702 SCADA & Smart Grid
Technologies
B Tech VII Sem
Unit IV: Distribution Automation

Mini S Thomas
 Unit IV: Distribution Automation
OBJECTIVES
1. Distribution Automation
2. Subsystems (OMS, CIS/GIS/OMS/AMS/AMI)
3. Application functions-Voltage/VAR Control, Power Quality,
Network Reconfiguration, Demand side management,
demand Response
4. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
5. Home Automation Systems, Smart meters, Smart Appliances
6. Microgrids
7. Home Automation Systems
REF: POWER SYSETM SCADA AND SMART GRIDS- Mini S Thomas & John D McDonald, CRC Press Chapter VI &VII
Mini S Thomas
SCADA- SA/DA/DMS Functions

SCADA/AGC SCADA/EMS

SCADA SA
SCADA (DA/DMS) Distribution SCADA

Substation DA DMS
Automation
Distribution Distribution Management Systems
Automation

Mini S Thomas
 Distribution SCADA: DA/DMS
• Distribution SCADA system
has the basic functions DMS
with many superimposed
application functions
specific to distribution
management systems DA

• 3 Component Automation
systems

Mini S Thomas
Components of Distribution Automation

1. Substation Automation- Discussed

2. Feeder Automation- Mostly Radial- Most cost intensive -??
3. Customer Automation- Up to Meter by Utility, then customer

Mini S Thomas
Distribution Management Systems (DMS)
• Distribution management systems include the real time functionalities of
distribution SCADA, coupled with the relevant application functions,
with support from the corporate process systems such as customer
information systems (CIS) and geographical information systems (GIS).

• The DMS is also integrated with Outage Management systems (OMS),

Asset Management systems (AMS), Advanced metering infrastructure
(AMI) for many common information sharing and activity.

Mini S Thomas
SCADA, DMS integration with Other Subsystems

Mini S Thomas
1. Customer Information Systems (CIS)
Generally CIS is the interface of the utility with the customer.
CIS will store the following information to be accessed by the customer any time.
• Customers; e.g. customer demographic, customer type, customer category
• Meters; e.g. meter type, and meter data
• Payment; e.g. payment pattern, payment history, payment method, bill history, and bill
information
• KWh consumptions; e.g. consumption history, and consumption pattern
• Rates; e.g. Rate category, and rate price
• Irregularities; e.g. any irregularities on payment pattern and consumption pattern.

Mini S Thomas
CIS data warehouse

Mini S Thomas
2. Geographic Information System (GIS)
• A geographic information system (GIS) captures, stores, manipulates, analyses, manages
and presents all types of geographical data. GIS provides spatial data entry, retrieval and
visualization facilities.

• GIS is integrated with CIS, OMS, AMS and billing and accounting systems of the utility.
It is also used for distribution planning studies, load flow and load management.

• The Electrical Network is superimposed on the physical map for better understanding and
utilization for CIS, OMS, AMS applciations

Mini S Thomas
GIS integration with DMS

Mini S Thomas
 Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-

INFORMATICS SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Survey of India, Uppal, Hyderabad
Deptt. of Science & Technology, Govt. Of India

https://www.iism.nic.in/

Mini S Thomas
Asset Management Systems with GIS

• Display of geographical Maps

• Dynamic info on Maps

(From T&D World, Oct 2001)

• Layering, Zooming, Scrolling and Panning

• Historical data on Devices

Mini S Thomas
(From T&D World, Oct 2001)
3. Asset Management Systems (AMS)
• The assets of an electric utility are the equipment installed in the field, the transformers
being the most expensive asset, insulators, bushings, conductors and associated
switchgear.
• Asset management –The process of maximizing equipment investment return by
maximizing performance and minimizing cost over the entire equipment life cycle.
• Asset Management systems may reduce expenditure, will manage risks more
efficiently
• Asset management is an art of balancing cost, performance and risk involved.
• The duration and frequency of the supply failure/ type of maintenance policy adopted
by utility.
• Asset Management is a business philosophy designed to align corporate goals with
asset-level spending decisions
Mini S Thomas
4. OMS (Outage Management Systems)

Outages are sustained interruptions in the power supply to the customers.

Outage Management systems is a critical sub-system, where the distribution

network is brought back from a state of emergency to normal state, in the
minimum time frame, with disturbance to least customers.

OMS includes functions- trouble call management, outage analysis, crew

management and reliability reporting.

Outages can be classified as unplanned outages and planned outages

Mini S Thomas
Trouble Call Management

• Responds to customer complaints

• Acceptance of interruption/restoration data from the operator

• Distribution Transformer trip/close info from SCADA

• Determination of source of interruption

• Improvement of response time to customer complaints

Mini S Thomas
Outage Management Systems (OMS)

Unplanned
outages

Planned
outages

Mini S Thomas
5. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

Automated meter reading (AMR) -cost of meter reading was reduced, Accuracy & efficiency
improved.

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), Two way communication between the utility customer,
- to gather meter data & use the energy meter for an array of functionalities for smart grid
implementation.

AMI enables

- the Utility to execute control functionalities

-the Customer to choose the electricity usage pattern and tariff structure &control over the
electricity bill.
Mini S Thomas
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) refers to systems that measure,

collect and analyze energy usage, from advanced devices such as
electricity meters, gas meters, and water meters through various
communication media.
• AMI - the communication link between the customer and the utility
• AMI - Integration of many technologies that provides an intelligent
connection between consumers and system operators.
• AMI- gives consumers the information they need to make intelligent
decisions, the ability to execute those decisions and a variety of choices
leading to substantial benefits (eg. reduction in bill, reliable supply etc. )

Mini S Thomas
AMI &
Future Grid vision

• AMI Integrates multiple

technologies such as smart
metering, home area
networks (HAN), integrated
communications, data
management applications,
and standardized software
interfaces with existing
utility operations
• AMI -link between the grid,
consumers and their loads,
generation and storage
resources. Mini S Thomas
Components of AMI

2 4
MDMS

Mini S Thomas
Components of AMI -1. Smart Meters:
• Smart meters are programmable devices that perform a variety of functions as compared to the
traditional electromechanical meters (only the total energy consumption per month of a customer)
• The new digital meters with two-way communication between the meters and a remote system are
capable of performing :
• Real-time information of electricity usage by the users.
• Communicate the meter readings to a remote station.
• Power quality assessment by storing waveform information
• Accept the commands from remote station to turn off the specific appliances at home
• Provides flexible tariff information to the consumers.
• Provides digital output connections for interfacing the devices for remote control
• Remote turn off/on operations
• Loss of power notification
• Tamper and energy theft detection
• Communication with other intelligent devices in the home ( Home automation
systems)
Mini S Thomas
IC & AMI Head end
2. Intelligent Collectors (ICs): The intelligent collectors establish a secure connection with
a specific group of smart meters and report energy usage periodically to the head end
application at the utility end.
The control commands and other information received from the head end application is
forwarded by the ICs to the smart meters at the customer premises.

3. AMI Head End: The AMI Head-End polls the group of meters through the intelligent
collectors as per the pre-defined intervals for collecting the energy readings and sends it to
the Meter Data Management System (MDMS).
The AMI head end system initiates the commands to the customers in general and the
specific appliances in particular, at the customer premises to facilitate demand response
mechanism.
Thus AMI head end system acts as a central commanding station for performing the control
operations apart from polling the meter readings.

Mini S Thomas
MDMS and Communication System
4. Meter Data Management System (MDMS): The MDMS located at the distribution utility level
-stores the meter data, validates the data, estimates the data
-necessary editing to convert it into bill format.
- The bills are then shared with the Customer Information System (CIS) and other services

5. Communication Infrastructure: major component AMI, depends heavily on the

communication capability available- poses the greatest challenge for smart meter
implementation.
a. The communication happens between the smart meter and the intelligent collectors (last mile
connectivity)
b. between the intelligent collectors and the head end located at the substation/local control
center.
Ensuring cheaper, secure communication without intrusions is a challenge in the
implementation.

Mini S Thomas
Smart Homes with Home Energy
Management systems (HEMs)
• To utilize the full potential of the smart meter, the implementation of a home

energy management system (HEM) is essential.

• The HEM improves the communication between the consumer and the utility,

helps in implementation of the demand response, energy saving and reduction in

electricity bill of the customers.

Mini S Thomas
Smart Home & HEM
Internet Router
HAN Appliance API
Based Control
WiFi WiFi
PLC
Automatic Light
ZigBee PLC
Control
Occupancy Based
Mobile Devices ZigBee
Control

Internet

SUN
- Metering
HAN - Control
(SUN) - IR Remote
Controller
Energy Service HEMS - SEP 2.0
provider overMAC
Smart Plug

Mini S Thomas
Smart Home Components
1. Measuring devices: Electricity, gas and water meters are the measuring devices which
informs the HEM about the energy consumption pattern of the household.
2. Sensors: To make a household energy efficient, and for better control of devices and
appliances, a variety of sensors can be employed.
A passive infrared motion sensor- to turn off/on a light when someone enters a room, burglar
alarm when an unwanted movement happens, Occupancy sensors- detect the presence of a
person in a room, Temperature sensor combined with a humidity senor- control the air
conditioning. Carbon monoxide sensors and fire alarm sensors-- for detecting fire.
Around 30 sensors including sensors for flood and moisture, proximity, contact sensors, glass
break sensors. Drive way probes to inform the HEM about vehicle arriving/ open gates.
3. Smart appliances/Smart Plug: with required intelligence, communication and control facility-
to assist the HEM to implement the requisite decisions to make them energy efficient.
(washing machines, dryers, dish washers, refrigerators, freezers, ovens, which can be
controlled remotely with your mobile device while you are at home or away from home).
You can switch on AC/Coffee Machine before reaching home. See the person working-Taking
care of your child/dear ones ?? Tesla Car- Complete Automation. Mini S Thomas
Smart Home Components –Continued
4. Home Area Network (HAN). Home area network connects all the components of the HEM
system, including the sensors, measuring devices, smart appliances and any displays into a
network for the implementation by transferring the monitoring and control data as per
requirement.
Different technologies used in building the home area network backbone -depending on the communication
technology and protocol used.

a. Power line wiring in the network with smart plugs. The smart plugs will have specific IP
address and can be monitored and controlled by the HEMs,
b. Zigbee wireless standards that connect the widest range of home devices
c. Z wave open standard for wireless
d. WiFi, WiMax, RFID, Wireless Sensor Networks etc
However, integrating various technologies for a homogeneous HAN is still a challenge
- as interoperability is an issue
- Security and privacy of the customer information
Mini S Thomas
Smart Home Components –Continued
5. EMS software: The energy management system software for HEM will monitor the
inputs, analyze the data and with inputs from the utility and consumer (owner), will come
out with a suitable operating plan which will be energy efficient and environment friendly

6. Distributed Energy Resource integration: Solar panels at residences, biogas, biomass

and solar-thermal for heating, Storage batteries & PHEVs. The integration -by the HEMs.

The HEM systems- Connect to entertainment system and healthcare of the inhabitants

The medical alert system with HEM -for person with medical conditions like diabetes,
arthritis, heart disease, or for a physically challenged person- for medication, and
automatically contact the family members for medical help.

HEM is also being extended to home office systems.

Mini S Thomas
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) refers to systems that measure,

collect and analyze energy usage, from advanced devices such as
electricity meters, gas meters, and water meters through various
communication media.
• AMI - the communication link between the customer and the utility
• AMI - Integration of many technologies that provides an intelligent
connection between consumers and system operators.
• AMI- gives consumers the information they need to make intelligent
decisions, the ability to execute those decisions and a variety of choices
leading to substantial benefits (eg. reduction in bill, reliable supply etc. )

Mini S Thomas
AMI &
Future Grid vision

• AMI Integrates multiple

technologies such as smart
metering, home area
networks (HAN), integrated
communications, data
management applications,
and standardized software
interfaces with existing
utility operations
• AMI -link between the grid,
consumers and their loads,
generation and storage
resources. Mini S Thomas
Components of AMI

2 4
MDMS

Mini S Thomas
Components of AMI -1. Smart Meters:
• Smart meters are programmable devices that perform a variety of functions as compared to the
traditional electromechanical meters (only the total energy consumption per month of a customer)
• The new digital meters with two-way communication between the meters and a remote system are
capable of performing :
• Real-time information of electricity usage by the users.
• Communicate the meter readings to a remote station.
• Power quality assessment by storing waveform information
• Accept the commands from remote station to turn off the specific appliances at home
• Provides flexible tariff information to the consumers.
• Provides digital output connections for interfacing the devices for remote control
• Remote turn off/on operations
• Loss of power notification
• Tamper and energy theft detection
• Communication with other intelligent devices in the home ( Home automation
systems)
Mini S Thomas
IC & AMI Head end
2. Intelligent Collectors (ICs): The intelligent collectors establish a secure connection with
a specific group of smart meters and report energy usage periodically to the head end
application at the utility end.
The control commands and other information received from the head end application is
forwarded by the ICs to the smart meters at the customer premises.

3. AMI Head End: The AMI Head-End polls the group of meters through the intelligent
collectors as per the pre-defined intervals for collecting the energy readings and sends it to
the Meter Data Management System (MDMS).
The AMI head end system initiates the commands to the customers in general and the
specific appliances in particular, at the customer premises to facilitate demand response
mechanism.
Thus AMI head end system acts as a central commanding station for performing the control
operations apart from polling the meter readings.

Mini S Thomas
MDMS and Communication System
4. Meter Data Management System (MDMS): The MDMS located at the distribution utility level
-stores the meter data, validates the data, estimates the data
-necessary editing to convert it into bill format.
- The bills are then shared with the Customer Information System (CIS) and other services

5. Communication Infrastructure: major component AMI, depends heavily on the

communication capability available- poses the greatest challenge for smart meter
implementation.
a. The communication happens between the smart meter and the intelligent collectors (last mile
connectivity)
b. between the intelligent collectors and the head end located at the substation/local control
center.
Ensuring cheaper, secure communication without intrusions is a challenge in the
implementation.

Mini S Thomas
Smart Homes with Home Energy
Management systems (HEMs)
• To utilize the full potential of the smart meter, the implementation of a home

energy management system (HEM) is essential.

• The HEM improves the communication between the consumer and the utility,

helps in implementation of the demand response, energy saving and reduction in

electricity bill of the customers.

Mini S Thomas
Smart Home & HEM
Internet Router
HAN Appliance API
Based Control
WiFi WiFi
PLC
Automatic Light
ZigBee PLC
Control
Occupancy Based
Mobile Devices ZigBee
Control

Internet

SUN
- Metering
HAN - Control
(SUN) - IR Remote
Controller
Energy Service HEMS - SEP 2.0
provider overMAC
Smart Plug

Mini S Thomas
Smart Home Components
1. Measuring devices: Electricity, gas and water meters are the measuring devices which
informs the HEM about the energy consumption pattern of the household.
2. Sensors: To make a household energy efficient, and for better control of devices and
appliances, a variety of sensors can be employed.
A passive infrared motion sensor- to turn off/on a light when someone enters a room, burglar
alarm when an unwanted movement happens, Occupancy sensors- detect the presence of a
person in a room, Temperature sensor combined with a humidity senor- control the air
conditioning. Carbon monoxide sensors and fire alarm sensors-- for detecting fire.
Around 30 sensors including sensors for flood and moisture, proximity, contact sensors, glass
break sensors. Drive way probes to inform the HEM about vehicle arriving/ open gates.
3. Smart appliances/Smart Plug: with required intelligence, communication and control facility-
to assist the HEM to implement the requisite decisions to make them energy efficient.
(washing machines, dryers, dish washers, refrigerators, freezers, ovens, which can be
controlled remotely with your mobile device while you are at home or away from home).
You can switch on AC/Coffee Machine before reaching home. See the person working-Taking
care of your child/dear ones ?? Tesla Car- Complete Automation. Mini S Thomas
Smart Home Components –Continued
4. Home Area Network (HAN). Home area network connects all the components of the HEM
system, including the sensors, measuring devices, smart appliances and any displays into a
network for the implementation by transferring the monitoring and control data as per
requirement.
Different technologies used in building the home area network backbone -depending on the communication
technology and protocol used.

a. Power line wiring in the network with smart plugs. The smart plugs will have specific IP
address and can be monitored and controlled by the HEMs,
b. Zigbee wireless standards that connect the widest range of home devices
c. Z wave open standard for wireless
d. WiFi, WiMax, RFID, Wireless Sensor Networks etc
However, integrating various technologies for a homogeneous HAN is still a challenge
- as interoperability is an issue
- Security and privacy of the customer information
Mini S Thomas
Smart Home Components –Continued
5. EMS software: The energy management system software for HEM will monitor the
inputs, analyze the data and with inputs from the utility and consumer (owner), will come
out with a suitable operating plan which will be energy efficient and environment friendly

6. Distributed Energy Resource integration: Solar panels at residences, biogas, biomass

and solar-thermal for heating, Storage batteries & PHEVs. The integration -by the HEMs.

The HEM systems- Connect to entertainment system and healthcare of the inhabitants

The medical alert system with HEM -for person with medical conditions like diabetes,
arthritis, heart disease, or for a physically challenged person- for medication, and
automatically contact the family members for medical help.

HEM is also being extended to home office systems.

Mini S Thomas
SCADA, DMS Application Functions

Mini S Thomas
Transmission & Distribution Systems Comparison
Transmission Distribution
• High Voltage Low Voltage
• Low R/X Ratio High R/X ratio
• No Tapings Tapings
• Voltage drop is less High voltage drop
• Interconnected Radial
• Y matrix is OK Ill conditioned Y matrix- radial
• Load flow solutions Special load flow solutions KVL/KCL
• Single phase model-Balanced 3-Phase model- unbalanced
• Focus on Stability, frequency Focus on FDIR, Volt/Var Control
•

Mini S Thomas
DMS Application Functions

Mini S Thomas
Real Time Application functions
1. Topology Processing (TP)
2. Integrated Volt/Var Control (IVVC)
3. Fault detection, Isolation and service Restoration (FDIR)
4. Distribution State Estimation (SE)
5. Load Estimation (LE)

Mini S Thomas
 Topology Processing (TP)
Feeder 1
As the Distribution
system reconfigures
due to many reasons Initial
(Fault, Auto configuration
Feeder 2
Reconfiguration for
loss reduction etc ),
the Z & Y matrix of
the system changes

Techniques to
modify the matrices

Final
configuration

Mini S Thomas
POWER FLOW EQUATIONS
Vs P+jQ Vr Supply
Reactive
power at the
load end for
improved Vr
as Voltage
drop is ~ ΔV

For a short transmission line where R is neglected, the simplified Power Flow equations will be

𝑙𝑉𝑠𝑙 𝑙𝑉𝑟𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 δ

P=
𝑋

lVrl [Vs−Vr] 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛿

Q= 𝑋
~ ΔV

Mini S Thomas
Reactive Power and Voltage Drop in a feeder
Vs Vr

Substation

Why there is voltage reduction along a feeder? Power factor??

Can we avoid reactive power completely?

Reactive Power should be supplied to the load as it is the characteristic of the load.
From where to supply? Source or at the load centre? Why?
Cannot have reactors at every load, so optimal placement of Capacitor banks
Mini S Thomas
 2. Integrated Volt-Var Control (IVVC)
Distribution Radial Feeder- Voltage drops as we move away from the Substation
• IVVC - Applied on feeders with capacitors (Reactive power)
and voltage regulators (for enhancing the voltage) or tap changers

• Control of capacitor banks and voltage regulators

• Schedule for switching and tap control

• To meet reactive power requirements and reduce losses

Mini S Thomas
3. FDIR- Fault Detection, Isolation & Service Restoration

• Locates faulty section in a radial distribution feeder by

operating “Load Break Switches” on a feeder
• Localization is faster compared to manual determination of
faulty section
• Isolate the Faulty Section
• Restores service to non-faulty feeder sections by reconfiguration
Illustration:
Fault

A radial feeder
Mini S Thomas
Advanced Analytical DMS applications

• Distribution Load Flow (Power Flow)

• Optimal feeder reconfiguration (to reduce overall losses)
• Optimal Capacitor Placement (mobile capacitors too)
• Short circuit studies followed by feeder relay protection coordination.
• Power quality Analysis
etc

Mini S Thomas
Distribution Load Flow
• Distribution systems are ill conditioned power systems which are mostly radial with only a few loops in some
cases. Hence the admittance matrix and Jacobian matrix formed will be increasingly sparse.
• The distribution lines have high R/X ratios due to many reasons.
• The distribution system to be modeled as a three phase system as the grid is unbalanced due to the presence of
single phase, non grounded and grounded supply- with unbalanced loads and distributed generating sources.
The network model will be large due to large number of nodes in the distribution system.
• Normal load flow solutions used in transmission networks- utilizes a fuller Jacobian matrix and have low X/R
ratio and single phase model of the system could be used as at the transmission level, the system is balanced.
The Newton Raphson, Gauss Siedel or fast decoupled load flow techniques are used to solve the Transmission
system load flow, however these techniques fail to converge in the case of a distribution system
• The distribution systems use different load flow solutions, as they are ill-conditioned systems with high R/X ratio
and some commonly used techniques are backward/Forward sweeping algorithm using Kirchhoff Current Law
(KCL) and Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL), load flow based on sensitivity matrix for mismatch calculation and Bus
impedance method.
• The distribution load flow computes the node voltages, branch current flows and the complex power flow in the
system.

Mini S Thomas
Complete
DA/DMS
block
Diagram
Supporting
applications

SCADA-
DA/DMS
Online
applications

Analytical
applications

Mini S Thomas
Demand Side Management (DSM)

• Traditional generation and transmission systems are not able to handle

additional load requirements. Demand side management is a solution to
equip the power system to meet the ever increasing demand of electricity
around the globe
• DSM includes everything that is done on the demand side of an energy
system, ranging from exchanging old incandescent light bulbs to compact
fluorescent lights (CFLs) to LED Lamps etc. up to installing a
sophisticated dynamic load management system.
• While DSM was “utility driven” in the past, it had moved towards a
“customer driven” activity now (Demand Response, DR)
• DSM involves inclusion of customers, or the demand side of the
distribution system, to help the utility to stream line the operations with so
many advantages. Mini S Thomas
Demand Response
Reference:
Peter Palensky, and Dietmar
Dietrich
“Demand Side Management:
Demand Response,
Intelligent Energy Systems,
and Smart Loads”
IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, Vol 7,
No 3, August 2011

Mini S Thomas
 Market DR: real-time pricing, price
DSM/DR time frame signals and incentives,
Physical DR: grid management
and emergency signals (More out
of equipment etc.)
Impacts on
Process
Temporarily Quality
reduced SR
Energy Efficiency
include all permanent
Physical
changes on equipment DR SR- Spinning Reserves
DR- Distributed resources
(e.g., exchanging an Market DR
TOU- Time of use
inefficient ventilation
Optimized
system with a better Schedule TOU
one). Changing Bulbs,
Energy
Motors, ACs Optimized Efficiency Timings
immediate and
permanent energy and Permanent Days Seconds
emissions savings

Mini S Thomas
Demand Response- Classification
a) Incentive-Based DR.

• Direct load control (DLC): utility or grid operator gets free access to customer

processes (eg. Switching off ACs/heaters etc by the utility).

• Interruptible/curtailable rates: customers get special contract with limited sheds.

• Emergency demand response programs: voluntary response to emergency signals

by utility.

• Capacity market programs: customers guarantee to pitch in when the grid is in need.

• Demand bidding programs: customers can bid for curtailing at attractive prices

Mini S Thomas
Time of Use DR

Time-Based Rates DR.

• Time-of-use rates: a static price schedule is applied. Less during off–peak hours

• Critical peak pricing: If you use during the peak time- high price- predetermined.

• Real-time pricing (RTP): wholesale market prices are forwarded to end customers

Mini S Thomas
Microgrids
• Microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy
resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as a single
controllable entity with respect to the grid.
• Microgrids -Low Voltage (LV) distribution systems with distributed energy
resources (DER) (micro-turbines, fuel cells, Photovoltaic generation etc)
with storage devices (fly wheels, energy capacitors and batteries) and
flexible loads.
• Microgrids- can be operated in a non-autonomous way, if interconnected to
the grid, or in an autonomous way, if disconnected from the main grid.
• The generation will be a few KWs generally below MW level and can
supply the part or complete loads in the locality, as the case may be.

Mini S Thomas
Microgrid Enablers
• The cost of distributed generation- continuing to drop & competitive with
grid-supplied power.
o Photovoltaic panels and inverters costs are reducing.
o Clean natural gas-fired diesel generation- affordable
• Environmental restrictions make older backup generation less attractive.
• Major storms- need for local back-up power to withstand outages-
especially for any load that is critical to public safety, health- hospitals
• The costs and complexities of microgrid design & grid interconnection
Reduced- Pilot projects
• Penetration of high renewables- the need for more control of distributed
resources
• Microgrids- leverage or defer capital investment for energy and grid assets-
local generation by consumers/Institutions
• Enables innovation in new technology and services- broad social impact
Mini S Thomas
Microgrid Conceptual Digm

• https://www.tcpowertec.com/micro-grid-solutions/
Mini S Thomas
Classification of microgrids
By the set –up
• A microgrid can be set up and operated at a variety of scales- domestic customer
home (the smallest microgrid), to a low voltage feeder microgrid- utility microgrid
which owns an LV grid.
• Private industrial and commercial organizations: Privately owned and operated
by facility managers with limited utility interactions
• Government organizations: Military base microgrids, Smart City Projects
• Electric utility companies: microgrids to serve customers with special, localized
requirements

Type of power: AC Microgrids /DC Microgrids/ AC-DC Microgrids

Grid Connection: Isolated/Grid-Connected

Mini S Thomas
 Unit IV: Distribution Automation
OBJECTIVES
1. Distribution Automation
2. Subsystems (OMS, CIS/GIS/OMS/AMS/AMI)
3. Application functions-Voltage/VAR Control, Power Quality,
Network Reconfiguration, Demand side management,
demand Response
4. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
5. Home Automation Systems, Smart meters, Smart Appliances
6. Microgrids
7. Home Automation Systems
REF: POWER SYSETM SCADA AND SMART GRIDS- Mini S Thomas & John D McDonald, CRC Press Chapter VI &VII
Mini S Thomas
EE 702 SCADA & Smart Grid Technologies
Assignment II
I. Discuss the functioning of a Single Phase Smart
Meter with details
II. Elaborate the details of a Smart Plug with
suitable diagrams and how it can be used to
enable home automation:

Last Date of Submission: 5th November 2024

Mini S Thomas
THANK YOU !

Dr. Mini Shaji Thomas

[email protected]

Mini S Thomas
Distributed Energy Resource (DER)
• Smart Grid demands sources near the load in a distribution system
• Such smaller sources which are located and interconnected at the local customer/distribution
level are named as distributed energy resources (DER) Including storage.
• Typically, the individual DER unit ratings are less than 10 MVA
• Include fossil fuel and renewable generation & energy storage technologies.
• DERs supply energy at the local level
• Reduce the central generation capacity addition, relieving the transmission & distribution
system of the loading. Transmission & distribution capacity deferral- saving money
• Relieving congestion

Mini S Thomas
DER Advantages
1. Central Generation capacity deferral thus less investment for the utility
2. Avoiding T&D losses, thus energy saved.
3. Improved power quality due to the local power supply
4. Better voltage and VAR control
5. Reduces emissions and greener environment
• The operation of the distribution system will become complex, the
protection system design will be more challenging and the control
strategies will be complicated.
• DER- DG & Storage Mini S Thomas
Distributed Generation (DG)

• The CIGRE WG 37-23 [2003] defines DG unit as a generation unit that

is not centrally planned, not centrally dispatched, usually connected to
the distribution network and smaller than 50-100 MW.
• The IEEE Standard 1547 [2003] defines the DG as generation of
electricity by facilities, which size is usually 10 MW or less, so as to
allow interconnection at nearly any point in the power system.
• Hence DG includes the variety of small generation units ranging from
solar arrays, small hydro, wind turbines, geothermal power, micro
turbines, fuel cells, diesel engines, tidal power, wave power etc.
• The DGs are now an integral part of most of the distribution systems
across the world and have been owned and operated by the utility and
the customers alike. Mini S Thomas
 Energy Storage
• Electrical Energy has the special characteristic that the generated power
has to match the load demand and that makes it a very dynamic system.
• Also, the load centers are generally located at far off distances from the
bulk generating units. This necessitates large transmission systems and
the outage of lines creates severe power shortages.
• Met by operating costly oil and gas generation plants
• Energy storage can be defined as the conversion of electrical energy from
a power network into a form in which it can be stored until converted back
to electrical energy.

• Huge potential if the electrical energy generated by the base load plants
during off peak hours (especially nights) can be stored in some form and
used to meet the peak loads at a later stage.
Mini S Thomas
Why energy Storage?
• The widespread use of renewable energy sources- solar and wind power -
inherently intermittent in nature
• To maintain the voltage and frequency of the supply within the permissible
limits, energy storage can play a major role at substations.
• This energy storage can act as a source of energy in a distribution system
and can help mitigate- supply of peak load, power quality improvement,
stability improvement, power smoothing, voltage regulation etc.
• In home energy management systems, energy storage plays a major role
to smooth out power quality, grid failure and PHEV integration.
energy storage can be utilized effectively to help the utility and consumers to
deal with inherent problems in the uninterrupted supply of quality power.
Mini S Thomas
Energy Storage Classifications

c. Thermal
a. Mechanical
1. Sensible heat storage
1. Pumped storage system
2. Compressed air
d. Chemical
3. Flywheel storage
1. Hydrogen (fuel cell, Electrolyser etc)
b. Electrical:
e. Electro-Chemical
1. Double layer Capacitor
1. Secondary batteries (lead-Acid, Ni Cd,
2. Super conducting Magnetic coil
NiMh/Li, NaS)
2. Flow batteries (Redox flow/hybrid flow)

Mini S Thomas