MODULE-1

INTRODUCTION: A numeral system is a writing system for expressing numbers; that is, a
mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a
consistent manner. The same sequence of symbols may represent different numbers in different
numeral systems.
Types of Numbers
The numbers can be classified into sets known as the number system. The different types of numbers in
maths are:
 Natural Numbers: Natural numbers are known as counting numbers that contain the positive
integers from 1 to infinity. The set of natural numbers is denoted as “N” and it includes N = {1,
2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}
 Whole Numbers: Whole numbers are known as non-negative integers and it does not include
any fractional or decimal part. It is denoted as “W” and the set of whole numbers includes W =
{0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….}
 Integers: Integers are the set of all whole numbers but it includes a negative set of natural
numbers also. “Z” represents integers and the set of integers are Z = { -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
 Real Numbers: All the positive and negative integers, fractional and decimal numbers without
imaginary numbers are called real numbers. It is represented by the symbol “R”.
 Even Numbers: The numbers which are exactly divisible by 2, are called even numbers. These
can be positive or negative integers such as -42, -36, -12, 2, 4, 8 and so on.
 Odd Numbers: The numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2, are called odd numbers.
These can be both positive and negative integers such as -3, -15, 7, 9, 17, 25 and so on.
 Prime Numbers: Prime numbers are the numbers that have two factors only. (i.e.,) 1 and the
number itself. In other words, the number which is divided by 1 and the number itself is called
prime numbers. For example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, etc.
 Composite Numbers: A composite number is a number that has more than two factors. For
example, 4 is a composite number, as the number 4 is divisible by 1, 2, and 4. Other examples
of composite numbers are 6, 8, 9, 10, and so on.

DIVISIBILITY RULES:
Here are some divisibility rules:
  Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
 Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3.
 Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if its last two digits are divisible by 4.
 Divisibility by 5: A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 0 or 5.
 Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
 Divisibility by 7: To determine if a number is divisible by 7, multiply the last digit by 2 and
then subtracted with the rest of the number leaving the last digit. If the difference is 0 or a
multiple of 7, then it is divisible by 7.
 Divisibility by 8: To determine if a number is divisible by 8, halve the number twice and see if
the result is even.
 Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9.
 Divisibility by 10: A number is divisible by 10 if its last digit is 0.
 Divisibility by 11: A number is divisible by 11 if the alternating sum of its digits is a multiple of
11.
 Divisibility by 12: A number is divisible by 12 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3 and its
last two digits are divisible by 4.
EXAMPLES:
1. The numbers 4546, 53952, 648394 are divisible by 2 as they end with 6, 2 and 4, respectively.
2. Consider the number 43533. The sum of the digits is 4+3+5+3+3, i.e., 18. As 18 is divisible by
3, the number 43533 is divisible by 3.
3. 34932, 84916, 500 are all divisible by 4 as the numbers formed by taking the last two digits in
each case is divisible by 4.
4. The numbers 20400 and 8765 are divisible by 5 as they have 0 and 5 in their respective units’
place.
5. Consider the number 47394. Since its units digit is 4, it is divisible by 2. Also, its sum of digits
is 4+7+3+9+4=27. As 27 is divisible by 3, 47394 is divisible by 3. Hence, 47394 is divisible by
6.
6. 48640, 47840 and 83400 are all divisible by 8 as the numbers formed by the last three digits in
each case are divisible by 8.
7. Consider the number 43533. The sum of the digits is 4+3+5+3+3, i.e., 18. As 18 is divisible by
9, the number 43533 is divisible by 9.
8. The numbers 102030 and 98760 are divisible by 10 as they have 0 in their units’ place.
9. Consider the number 54322455
Now, (the sum of digits in odd places) - (the sum of digits in even places)
=(5+3+2+5)−(4+2+4+5)=0,
which is divisible by 11.
Hence, 54322455 is divisible by 11.
HCF & LCM
The full form of HCF is the Highest Common Factor while the full form of LCM is the Least
Common Multiple.
HCF is the largest number that divides two or more numbers without leaving a remainder.
LCM is the smallest multiple that is divisible by two or more integers.
For an example
1. Find the HCF of 6 and 18.
Solution:
Divisors of 6 = 1, 2, 3, 6
Divisors of 18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
HCF = greatest common divisor
HCF = 6
For an example,
1. Find the LCM of 6 and 18.
Solution:
Multiple of 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, …
Multiple of 18 = 18, 36, 54, …
LCM = first common multiple (least common multiple)
LCM = 18.
HCF and LCM Formula
let’s assume that the numbers given are a and b. The relationship between HCF and LCM states that
the product of a and b is equal to the product of HCF and LCM.
(LCM of two numbers) × (HCF of two numbers) = Product of two numbers
Mathematically this can be written as:
LCM (a, b) × HCF (a, b) = a × b
LCM OF FRACTIONS:
1. Three number are in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5 and their L.C.M. is 2400. Their H.C.F. is:
SOL:

2. The product of two numbers is 2028 and their H.C.F. is 13. Then find the LCM?
Sol:

3. The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 4 and their H.C.F. is 4. Their L.C.M. is:
Sol: let the numbers 3x and 4x.
Then, their HCF = X
HCF = X= 4.
Now, 3x4 =12, 4x4 =16.
The numbers are 12,16
The LCM of 12 and 16 are 48
Therefore., the LCM =48.
4. The H.C.F. of 9/10,12/25,18/35 and 21/40 is

AVERAGES:
 Average= It is the sum of the observations is divided by number of observations.


Average Speed : Suppose a man covers a distance a certain distance at A kmph and the return journey

distance at B Kmph then , the speed of whole journey is

1. A grocer has a sale of Rs. 6435, Rs. 6927, Rs. 6855, Rs. 7230 and Rs. 6562 for 5 consecutive
months. How much sale must he have in the sixth month so that he gets an average sale of Rs.
6500?
Sol: The sales of 5 consecutive moths are 6435, 6927, 6855, 7230 and 6562

2. The average monthly income of P and Q is Rs. 5050. The average monthly income of Q and R
is Rs. 6250 and the average monthly income of P and R is Rs. 5200. The monthly income of P
is:
Sol: Let P, Q and R represent their respective monthly incomes. Then, we have:
P + Q = (5050 x 2) = 10100 .... (i)
Q + R = (6250 x 2) = 12500 .... (ii)
P + R = (5200 x 2) = 10400 .... (iii)
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get: 2(P + Q + R) = 33000
P + Q + R = 33000/2
P + Q + R =16500
(P+Q+R) – (Q+R) = 16500 – 12500
P = 4000
Now, we get P = 4000.
The monthly income of P = Rs. 4000.
3. The average weight of 16 boys in a class is 50.25 kg and that of the remaining 8 boys is 45.15
kg. Find the average weights of all the boys in the class.
Sol: The average weight of 16 boys in a class is 50.25 kg
And the remaining average weight of 8 boys in a class is 45.15 kg
BODMAS Rule:
This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find out
the value of given expression.
Here B - Bracket,
O - of,
D - Division,
M - Multiplication,
A - Addition and
S - Subtraction
Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the order (),
{} and ||.
After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order:
(i) of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv) Addition (v) Subtraction.
1. The price of 2 sarees and 4 shirts is Rs. 1600. With the same money one can buy 1 saree and 6
shirts. If one wants to buy 12 shirts, how much shall he have to pay ?
Sol: Let the price of a saree and a shirt be Rs. x and Rs. y respectively.
Then, 2x + 4y = 1600 .... (i)
and x + 6y = 1600 .... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get x = 400, y = 200.
Cost of 12 shirts = Rs. (12 x 200) = Rs. 2400.
2. If a - b = 3 and a2 + b2 = 29, find the value of ab.
Sol: (a-b)2 = (a2 + b2) - 2ab
2ab = (a2 + b2) - (a - b)2

= 29- 32
 = 29 – 9
2ab = 20
ab = 20/2
ab = 10.
3. A man has Rs.480 in the denominations of one-rupee notes, five-rupee notes and ten-rupee
notes. The number of notes of each denomination is equal. What is the total number of notes
that he has?
Sol: Let number of notes of each denomination be x.
Then x + 5x + 10x = 480
16x = 480
x = 30.
Hence, total number of notes = 3x = 90.

4. A sum of Rs. 1360 has been divided among A, B and C such that A gets of what B gets and B

gets of what C gets. B's share is:

Sol:
 5. =?

Sol:
PERCENTAGES:
1. Concept of Percentage:
By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths.
Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.
To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = x/100.
Thus, 20% = 20/100 =1/5.

2. Percentage Increase/Decrease:
 If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to
increase the expenditure is:

 If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to
decrease the expenditure is:

3. Results on Population:
Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum,
then:


4. Results on Depreciation:
 Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum.
Then:


1. A batsman scored 110 runs which included 3 boundaries and 8 sixes. What percent of his total
score did he make by running between the wickets?
Sol: Number of runs made by running = 110 - (3 x 4 + 8 x 6)
= 110 - (60)
= 50.

2. A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples and still has 420 apples. Originally, he had:
Sol:

3. What percentage of numbers from 1 to 70 have 1 or 9 in the unit's digit?

Sol: Clearly, the numbers which have 1 or 9 in the unit's digit, have squares that end in the
digit 1. Such numbers from 1 to 70 are 1, 9, 11, 19, 21, 29, 31, 39, 41, 49, 51, 59, 61, 69.
Number of such number =14
4. If 20% of a = b, then b% of 20 is the same as:
Sol:

5. A student multiplied a number by 3/5 instead of 5/3 What is the percentage error in the
calculation?
Sol:

6. Three candidates contested an election and received 1136, 7636 and 11628 votes respectively.
What percentage of the total votes did the winning candidate get?
Sol:
 AGES:
 If the current age is x, then n times the age is .
 If the current age is x, then age n years later/hence = x + n.
 If the current age is x, then age n years ago = x - n.
 The ages in a ratio a : b will be and bx.

 If the current age is , then of the age is

1. The sum of ages of 5 children born at the intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. What is the age of
the oldest child?
Sol: Let the ages of children be x, (x + 3), (x + 6), (x + 9) and (x + 12) years.
Then, x + (x + 3) + (x + 6) + (x + 9) + (x + 12) = 50
5x = 20
x = 4.
Age of the oldest child = (x + 12)
= 4+12
=16.
2. A is two years older than B who is twice as old as C. If the total of the ages of A, B and C be 27,
then how old is B?
Sol:
3. Present ages of Sameer and Anand are in the ratio of 5: 4 respectively. Three years hence, the ratio
of their ages will become 11: 9 respectively. What is Anand's present age in years?
Sol:
 MODULE-2

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION:

1. Factorial Notation:

Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as:

n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1.

Examples:

i. We define 0! = 1.

ii. 4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24.

iii. 5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120.

2. Permutations:

The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are called
permutations.

Examples:

i. All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a time are
(ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).

ii. All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
(abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)

3. Number of Permutations:

Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:

Examples:
6
i. P2 = (6 x 5) = 30.
7
ii. P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210.

iii. Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!.

4. An Important Result:

If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are alike of third kind
and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.

5. Combinations:

Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of objects is
called a combination.

Examples:

1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are AB, BC
and CA.

Note: AB and BA represent the same selection.

2. All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca.

3. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time is abc.

4. Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are:

AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.

5. Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same combination.

6. Number of Combinations:

The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:

Note:

n
i. Cn = 1 and nC0 = 1.

n
ii. Cr = nC(n - r)

Examples:

1. How many words can be formed by using the letters from the word “DRIVER” such that all the
vowels are always together?
SOL:In these types of questions, we assume all the vowels to be a single character, i.e., “IE” is a single
character.

So, now we have 5 characters in the word, namely, D, R, V, R, and IE. But, R occurs 2 times.

Number of possible arrangements = 5! / 2! = 60

Now, the two vowels can be arranged in 2! = 2 ways.

Total number of possible words such that the vowels are always together = 60 × 2 = 120

2. In how many ways, can we select a team of 4 students from a given choice of 15?
Solution:

Number of possible ways of selection = 15C4 = 15 ! / ((4 !) × (11 !))

Number of possible ways of selection = (15 × 14 × 13 × 12) / (4 × 3 × 2 × 1) = 1365

3. In how many ways can a group of 5 members be formed by selecting 3 boys out of 6
boys and 2 girls out of 5 girls?
Solution:

Number of ways 3 boys can be selected out of 6 = 6 C 3 = 6 ! / [(3 !) × (3 !)] = (6 × 5 × 4) / (3 × 2 × 1) = 20

Number of ways 2 girls can be selected out of 5 = 5 C 2 = 5 ! / [(2 !) × (3 !)] = (5 × 4) / (2 × 1) = 10

Therefore, total number of ways of forming the group = 20 x 10 = 200

4. How many number greater than ten thousand can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 without
repetition ?

Solution: In order to form a number greater than 10000 we should have only 5 digits. Since, we have 5
digits we cannot take 0 in starting position.
____
For first digit, we have 4 choices.
For second digit, again we have 4 choices because we can include 0 from here onwards.
For third digit, we have 3 choices.
and for fourth digit only left 2 choices.
Total numbers = 4x4x3x2= 96
Hence, only 96 numbers possible.

5. Twenty people attend a party and shake hands with one another. In how many ways hand shake is
possible?

Solution: All people shake hands with one another except himself.
1st person has 19 hand shakes and 2nd also has 19 hand shakes ………and so on
20 people x 19 hand shakes
and we know A handshake with B or B handshake with A, it is counted as 1 handshake.
So, total number of handshake = 20×19/2 = 190

6. Ram and his wife Sita both have five friends each. Ram has 2 boys and 3 girls. Sita has 3 boys and 2
girls. In how many maximum number of different ways can they invite 2 boys and 2 girls such that two
of them are Ram’s friend and two are Sita’s friend?

Solution: Selection can be done like that

i) 2 boys from Ram’s friends and 2 girls from his wife Sita’s friends OR
ii) 1 boy and 1 girl from Ram’s friends and 1 boy and 1 girl from Sita’s friends OR
iii) 2 boys from his wife Sita’s friends and 2 girls from Ram’s friends
Total number of ways = 2C2.2C2 + 3C1 x 2C1 x 3C1 x 2C1 + 3C2.3C2
= 1 + 36 + 9
= 46 ways
 Probability:
1. Experiment:
An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.
2. Random Experiment:
An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact output cannot be predicted
in advance, is called a random experiment.
Examples:
a. Rolling an unbiased dice.
b. Tossing a fair coin.
c. Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards.
d. Picking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different colours.
e. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.
f. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When we
throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
g. A pack of cards has 52 cards.
It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.
Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
There are 4 honours of each unit.
There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards.
3. Sample Space:
When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called the sample
space.
Examples:
1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}
2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

4. Event:
Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

1. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the
probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?
Sol: Here, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...., 19, 20}.
Let E = event of getting a multiple of 3 or 5 = {3, 6 , 9, 12, 15, 18, 5, 10, 20}.

2. A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
Sol:
PROFIT AND LOSS
1. Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs. 4700 and spends Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he sells the scooter
for Rs. 5800, his gain percent is:
Sol: Cost Price (C.P.) = Rs. (4700 + 800) = Rs. 5500.
Selling Price (S.P.) = Rs. 5800.
Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) = Rs.(5800 - 5500) = Rs. 300.

2. In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increases by 25% but the selling
price remains constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is the profit?
Sol: Let C.P.= Rs. 100. Then, Profit = Rs. 320, S.P. = Rs. 420.
New C.P. = 125% of Rs. 100 = Rs. 125
New S.P. = Rs. 420.
Profit = Rs. (420 - 125) = Rs. 295.

3. The percentage profit earned by selling an article for Rs. 1920 is equal to the percentage loss
incurred by selling the same article for Rs. 1280. At what price should the article be sold to
make 25% profit?

Sol:
 SIMPLE INTEREST
1. Principal:
The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or the sum.
2. Interest:
Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest.
3. Simple Interest (S.I.):
If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple
interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then

1. Mr. Thomas invested an amount of Rs. 13,900 divided in two different schemes A and B at the
simple interest rate of 14% p.a. and 11% p.a. respectively. If the total amount of simple
interest earned in 2 years be Rs. 3508, what was the amount invested in Scheme B?
Sol:
2. A sum of money at simple interest amounts to Rs. 815 in 3 years and to Rs. 854 in 4 years. The
sum is:
Sol: S.I. for 1 year = Rs. (854 - 815) = Rs. 39.
S.I. for 3 years = Rs.(39 x 3) = Rs. 117.
Principal = Rs. (815 - 117) = Rs. 698.
3. Reena took a loan of Rs. 1200 with simple interest for as many years as the rate of interest. If
she paid Rs. 432 as interest at the end of the loan period, what was the rate of interest?
Sol:

4. An automobile financier claims to be lending money at simple interest, but he includes the
interest every six months for calculating the principal. If he is charging an interest of 10%, the
effective rate of interest becomes:

Sol:
COMPOUND INTEREST
1. A bank offers 5% compound interest calculated on half-yearly basis. A customer deposits Rs.
1600 each on 1st January and 1st July of a year. At the end of the year, the amount he would
have gained by way of interest is:

Sol:
2. There is 60% increase in an amount in 6 years at simple interest. What will be the compound
interest of Rs. 12,000 after 3 years at the same rate?
Sol:
3. What is the difference between the compound interests on Rs. 5000 for 1 years at 4% per
annum compounded yearly and half-yearly?

Sol:
 Module – III

Data Interpretation
Data Interpretation means understanding, organizing, and interpreting given data, as to get
meaningful conclusions. Usually, all government competitive examinations devote an independent
complete section based on data interpretation questions.

Visualization Techniques in Data Analysis

Data visualization is a graphical representation of information and data. By applying visual
elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools give a convenient way to see and
understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data.
Types of Data Interpretation
The various types of Data Interpretation are given below:
1. Tabular Interpretation
2. Column Charts
3. Bar Charts
4. Line charts
5. Pie Charts
6. Study the following table and answer the questions based on it.
Tabular Interpretation
I. Expenditures of a Company (in Lakh Rupees) per Annum Over the given Years.

Item of Expenditure
Interest
Fuel and on
Year Salary Transport Bonus Loans Taxes
1998 300 100 3 24.4 92
1999 356 112 2.52 35.5 108
2000 380 105 3.84 41.8 76
2001 336 136 3.68 36.4 86
2002 428 147 3.96 49.4 98

1. What is the average amount of interest per year which the company had to pay during this
period?
Sol : Average interest paid by the Company during the given period is
24 . 4+35 . 5+41 . 8+36 . 4+49 . 4
=
5
187 . 5
= =37 .5
5
i.e., Average amount of interest paid by the company during the given time period 1998 to
2002 is Rs. 37.5 lakhs.
2. The total amount of bonus paid by the company during the given period is approximately
what percent of the total amount of salary paid during this period?
Sol :
Total amount of bonus paid by the company during the given period
=3+2. 52+3 .84 +3 .68 +3. 96=17 Lakhs
Total amount of salary paid during this period

= 300+356+ 380+336+ 428=1800 Lakhs

∴ Total amount of bonus paid by the company during the given period is approximately
what percent of the total amount of salary paid during this period is
17
= ×100 %=0 . 9444 %≃1 %
1800
3. Total expenditure on all these items in 1998 was approximately what percent of the
total expenditure in 2001?
Sol :

Total expenditure on all these items in 1998=300+100+3+ 24 . 4+ 92=519 . 4

Total expenditure on all these items in 2001= 336+136+3. 68+36 . 4 +86=598 .08
Total expenditure on all these items in 1998 was approximately what percent of the total
519 . 4
= ×100=86 . 8446≃87 %
expenditure in 2001 is 598 . 08
4. The total expenditure of the company over these items during the year 2000 is?
Sol : Total expenditure of the Company during 2000 = 380+105+3.84+41.8+76= 606.64

5. The ratio between the total expenditure on Taxes for all the years and the total expenditure
on Fuel and Transport for all the years respectively is approximately?
Sol :
 Total expenditure on Taxes for all the years= 92+108+76+86+98=460
Total expenditure on Fuel and Transport for all the years= 100+112+105+136+147= 600
The ratio between the total expenditure on Taxes for all the years and the total expenditure on
Fuel and Transport for all the years respectively is approximately is
460
×100=76 .6667≃77 %
= 600
II. Study the following table and answer the questions.
Number of Candidates Appeared and Qualified in a Competitive Examination from
Different States Over the Years.

Year
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Stat Qual Qual Qual Qual Qual
e App. . App. . App. . App. . App. .
520 850 740 680 950
M 0 730 0 980 0 850 0 775 0 1125
750 920 845 920 880
N 0 840 0 1070 0 920 0 980 0 1030
640 880 780 875 975
P 0 790 0 1030 0 890 0 1030 0 1270
810 950 870 970 895
Q 0 960 0 1240 0 990 0 1200 0 990
780 760 980 760 799
R 0 880 0 980 0 1350 0 965 0 885

1. In Which state percentage of Qualified students are very high in the year 2000?
Percentage of Qualified students in State M in the year 2000 is
775
= ×100=11.3971≃11. 4
6800
Percentage of Qualified students in State N in the year 2000 is
980
= ×100=10 .6522≃10 .7
9200
Percentage of Qualified students in State P in the year 2000 is
1030
= ×100=11.7714≃11. 8
8750

Percentage of Qualified students in State Q in the year 2000 is

 1200
= ×100=12 .3711≃12. 4
9700
Percentage of Qualified students in State R in the year 2000 is
965
= ×100=12. 6974≃12. 7
7600
In State R , Percentage of qualified students are high.
2. Total number of candidates qualified from all the states together in 1997 is approximately
what percentage of the total number of candidates qualified from all the states together in
1998?
Sol :
Total number of candidates qualified from all the states together in 1997

=730+840+ 790+960+880=4200
Total number of candidates qualified from all the states together in 1997

=980+1070+ 1030+1240+980=5300
Total number of candidates qualified from all the states together in 1997 is approximately
what percentage of the total number of candidates qualified from all the states together in
4200
×100=79 .2453≃79 %
1998 is =5300
3. What is the average candidates who appeared from State Q during the given years?
Sol : Average no.of candidates who appeared from State Q during the given years
8100+ 9500+8700+9700+ 8950
=8990
= 5
4. In which of the given years the number of candidates appeared from State P has maximum
percentage of qualified candidates?
790
×100=12 . 3438%
Sol : Percentage of qualified candidates from State P in 1997=6400
1030
×100=11. 7046%
Percentage of qualified candidates from State P in 1998=8800
890
×100=11. 4103%
Percentage of qualified candidates from State P in 1999=7800
1030
×100=11. 7714%
Percentage of qualified candidates from State P in 2000=8750
 1270
×100=13. 0256%
Percentage of qualified candidates from State P in 2001=9750
In the year 2001 the number of candidates appeared from State P has maximum
percentage of qualified candidates.
DATA INTERPRITATION- Venn Diagrams

 Represents the wheat cultivation, square represents gram cultivation and triangle represents rice
cultivation and circle represents the maize cultivation. On this basis answer the following
questions.

1) Which area is cultivated by rice and maize and

Nothing else ?

1) 9 2) 8 3) 2 4) 7

2) The area cultivated by rice only?

1) 8 2) 6 3) 5 4) 1

3) Which area is cultivated by maize only?

1)10 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

4) Which area is cultivated by wheat and maize only?

1) 8 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6

5) Which area is cultivated by all the four?

1) 8 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6
 In the diagram given below parallelogram stands for cricketers, circles stands for athletes, triangle
stands for lucky ones and rectangles for boys. Answer the following ( from 6-10)

6) The number represents boys who are athletes, cricketers and lucky ones is

1. 11 2. 9 3. 8 4. 7

7) No of boys who are athletes but not cricketers is?

1. 3 2. 9 3. 10 4. 8

8) No of boys who are not cricketers and not athletes but lucky ones is ?

1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 6

9) No of boys who are athletes but not cricketers and lucky ones is ?

1. 3 2. 9 3. 10 4. 8

10) No of persons who are cricketers but not men are

1. 3 2. 9 3. 1 4. 5
 Study the diagram given below carefully and answer the following questions ( 11 to 15)

11) College students who are artists as well as singers is

1. I 2. II 3. III 4. None

12) College students who are artists but not singers is

1. II 2. IV 3. III 4.VI

13) Artists who are neither students nor singers is

1. VII 2. V 3. II 4. VI

14) College students who are singers but not artists is

1. V 2. II 3. IV 4. VI

15) The singer and artist but not college students is

1. VI 2. V 3. III 4. II

 The sets A,B,C and D represents the people who play tennis, Cricket, basket ball, and foot ball
respectively. Answer the following questions(16 to 20)
 16) How many people play all the four games?

1. 68 2. 60 3. 0 4. None

17) How many people play at least two games?

1. 18 2. 96 3. 74 4. 60

18) How many play basket ball and foot ball ?

1. 6 2. 2 3. 10 4. 36

19) How many people play cricket but not tennis?

1. 82 2. 96 3. 84 4. 10

20) How many people play exactly one game ?

1. 102 2. 68 3. 8 4. 12

 Study the following diagram carefully and answer the questions ( 21 to 25)

21) How many elements are in A ¿ B ¿ C ?

1. 47 2. 78 3. 94 4. 108

22) How many elements are there in C ?

1. 71 2. 61 3. 40 4. 30
23) How many elements are there in A ¿ B ?

1. 84 2. 78 3. 47 4. 37

24) The number of elements in A∩( B∪C ) is ?

1. 30 2. 36 3. 46 4. 54

25) Which set has 25 elements ?

1. A∩B 2. B∩C 3. A∩C 4 A∩B∩C .

DATA INTERPRETATION- TABLES

The following table gives the sales of batteries manufactured by a company over the years.

Number of Different Types of Batteries Sold by a Company Over the Years (Numbers in
Thousands)

Year Types of Batteries

4AH 7AH 32AH 35AH 55AH Total
1992 75 144 114 102 108 543
1993 90 126 102 84 126 528
1994 96 114 75 105 135 525
1995 105 90 150 90 75 510
1996 90 75 135 75 90 465
1997 105 60 165 45 120 495
1998 115 85 160 100 145 605
1. What was the approximate percentage increase in the sales of 55AH batteries in 1998 compared to
that in 1992?
Sol :

2. The total sales of all the seven years is the maximum for which battery?
Sol :

The total sales (in thousands) of all the seven years for various batteries are:

For 4AH = 75 + 90 + 96 + 105 + 90 + 105 + 115 = 676

For 7AH = 144 + 126 + 114 + 90 + 75 + 60 + 85 = 694

For 32AH = 114 + 102 + 75 + 150 + 135 + 165 + 160 = 901

For 35AH = 102 + 84 + 105 + 90 + 75 + 45 + 100 = 601

For 55AH = 108 + 126 + 135 + 75 + 90 + 120 + 145 = 799.

Clearly, sales are maximum in case of 32AH batteries.

3. What is the difference in the number of 35AH batteries sold in 1993 and 1997?
Sol : Required difference = [(84 - 45) x 1000] = 39000.

4. The percentage of 4AH batteries sold to the total number of batteries sold was maximum in the
year?
Sol :

5. In case of which battery there was a continuous decrease in sales from 1992 to 1997?
Sol : From the table it is clear that the sales of 7AH batteries have been decreasing continuously from
1992 to 1997.
 Pie Chart

 The following pie-chart shows the percentage distribution of the expenditure incurred in publishing a
book. Study the pie-chart and the answer the questions based on it.
Various Expenditures (in percentage) Incurred in Publishing a Book

1. If for a certain quantity of books, the publisher has to pay Rs. 30,600 as printing cost, then what will be
amount of royalty to be paid for these books?

2. What is the central angle of the sector corresponding to the expenditure incurred on Royalty?
 3. The price of the book is marked 20% above the C.P. If the marked price of the book is Rs. 180, then
what is the cost of the paper used in a single copy of the book?

4. If 5500 copies are published and the transportation cost on them amounts to Rs. 82500, then what
should be the selling price of the book so that the publisher can earn a profit of 25%?

5. Royalty on the book is less than the printing cost by:

 The following pie charts exhibit the distribution of the overseas tourist traffic from India. The two charts
shows the tourist distribution by country and the age profiles of the tourists respectively.
Distribution of Overseas Tourist Traffic from India.
1. What percentage of Indian tourist went to either USA or UK ?
(40+10) = 50% (from first chart)
2. The ratio of the number of Indian tourists that went to USA to the number of Indian tourists who were
below 30 years of age is ?
40:15 = 8:3
3. If amongst other countries, Switzerland accounted for 25% of the Indian tourist traffic, and it is known
from official Swiss records that a total of 25 lakh Indian tourists had gone to Switzerland during the
year, then find the number of 30-39 year old Indian tourists who went abroad in that year ?
Tourist traffic from other countries to Swiz is 20%.

Amongst this 20%, 25% of traffic from India.

So, 25% of 20% = 5% corresponds to the Indian traffic in Switzerland.

5 % corresponds to Switzerland's 25 lakh. Hence 15% will be 75 lakh.

 SERIES
Series is a sequence of elements which are in a particular order or there is a
relationship between the all terms.
Series may be classified in to
1. Number series
2. Letter Series
Numbers Series:
Number series consists of numbers arranged in a specific pattern, not randomly. Here, we will
learn how to recognize the type of pattern being followed in number sequences. A number sequence
consists of numbers arranged in a specific order, with some numbers mistakenly included and others
missing, requiring careful observation to identify the correct number for the sequence.

Difference series: In this type of series pattern can be found by using difference of terms. If any
pattern is found after the first difference like square, cube or multiplication then this is called one
tier series otherwise we need to proceed further and then it is called two tier series.
Series are of increasing or decreasing or mixed.
1. Find the next term in the series 1,3,5,7,9,11,……
Sol :

i.e.,
Ans: 13
2. 1,2,4,7,11,16,…………
Solution : Here the difference is as follows

Ans: 22
3. 5,6,9,14,21,30,41…………
Solution : ( odd number difference)
 4. 10, 12, 16, 22, 30, 40, ……….
Solution : ( Even number difference)

Fibonacci Series: In this kind of series the next term is found by adding the previous number.
1. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ………..
Solution : 1+1=2
1+2=3
2+3=5
3+5=8
5+8=13
8+13=21
13+21=34
Next term in the series is 34
2. 1, 1, 1, 3, 5,9,17,31, ……….
Solution : 1+1+1=3
1+1+3=5
1+3+5=9
3+5+9=17
5+9+17=31
9+17+31=57

Prime Number series: In this kind of series the next term is found by adding, multiplying or dividing
by prime numbers.

1. 5, 7, 10, 15, 22, …………

Solution :

Here, the difference between the consecutive terms is prime number.

The next number in the series is 33
2. 2, 4, 12, 60, 420, ………….

Solution :

Here, by multiplying with is prime number we will get the next number in the series.
The next number in the series is 4620
Perfect Square Series: These Types of Series are based on the square of a number which is in
the same order and one square number is missing in that given series.
1. 480, 525, 572, 621, 672, ………….
Solution :

Perfect Cube Series: This Types of Series are based on a cube of a number which is in the
same order and one cube number is missing in that given series.
1. 2197, 3375, 4913, 6859, ………..

Mixed Series: This series is most important and asked in exams more frequently than any other
pattern. Mixed Number series is an arrangement of numbers in a certain order. As you know that
the given series is a mixed series, notice that this type of series is more than one different order,
which is arranged alternatively in a single series or created according to any non-conventional rule
1. 2, 8, 26, 62, 122, ……………
Solution :

2. 111, 220, 438, ? , 1746

Solution :
 111 x 2 – 2= 220
220 x 2 – 2= 438
438 x 2 – 2= 874
874 x 2 – 2= 1746

Ex 1 : 23 28 38 53 73?
Sol : 23+5 = 28
28 +10= 38
38+15= 53
53+20 = 73
73+25 = 98
Required number is 98
Ex 2 : What value will come in place of question mark (?) in the number-series given below? 723,
712, 690, 657, 613, ?
Solution :
723 – 11 =712,
712 – 22=690,
690 – 33 = 657,
657 – 44 = 613,
613 – 55 = 558
Q1. 23, 28, 38, 53, 73, ……?
(1) 98
(2) 99

(3) 95

(4) 97

(5) 96

Q2. 7, 127, 187, 217, 232, ?

(1) 237.5
(2) 239.5
(3) 236
(4) 240.5
(5) 241

Q3. 23, 26, 31, 38, ……….. 62

(1) 49
(2) 48
(3) 47
(4) 46
(5) 52

Q4. 1, 6, 13, 24, 41, …………

(1) 61
(2) 58
(3) 55
(4) 63
(5) None of these

Q5. 2, 3, 14, ………, 2068, 51705

(1) 121
(2) 129
(3) 127
(4) 123
(5) 130

Q16. 6, 30, 120, 600, ……….. 12000

(1) 2004
(2) 2000
(3) 2200
(4) 2400
(5) 2450
Q7. 3, 7, 19, 55, 163, …………
(1) 467
(2) 487
(3) 475
(4) 485
Q8. 1598, 798, 398, 198, ………… 48
(1) 56
(2) 74
(3) 68
(4) 98
(5) 105

Q9. 7 8 12 21 37 ?
(1) 64
(2) 63
(3) 62
(4) 61
(5) 125

Q10. 3, 19, 115, 691, ………… 24883

(1) 6923
(2) 4147
(3) 2719
(4) 1463
(5) 3605
Letter Series:

In these series, you will be looking at both the letter pattern and the number pattern.
Fill the blank in the middle of the series or end of the series.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

1. D, H, L, P -------------
Solution :

Ans : T
2. A, G, M, S, Y -------
Solution :

Ans : E
3. F, H, L, T ----------
Solution :

4. A, I, U, E, ………..
Solution :

E O A I

A I U E O
1. C,G,K,O ------------
a) R b) S c)T D)Q

2. V,S,P,M ---------
a) J b) I c) K D) H
3. C,D,F,I ---------
a) O b) N c) M D) L

4. C,F,J,O --------
a) U b) V c) W D) X

5. W,R,N,K,I -------
a) W b) H c) F D) L

6. D,H,L,P --------
a) Q b) S c) R D) T

7. J,E,Z,U,P -------
a) K b) M c) O D) P

8. C,J,P,U,Y --------
a) Z b) D c) B D) P

9. B,F,K,Q -------
a) S b) X c) T D) W

10. B,J,Q,W,B,F --------

a) G b) H c) E D) I

11. R,U,X,A,D ------

a) G b) H c) E D) I

12. U,B,I,P,W -------

a) Z b) X c) C D) D

13.CXDW, EVFU, GTHS, IRSQ ----------

a) KPLO b) PKOL c) KQHF D) ADCD

14. COD, BOE, AOF -------

a) ZOB b) ZOG c) ZOH D) ZPK

15. C,E,I,K,O,Q ------

a) T b) R c) S D) U

16. I,M,Q,U,Y,C ------

a) A b) G c) Z D) E

17. T,Q,N,K,H -------

a) A b) F c) E D) D

ANALOGY :
 Analogy means similarity. In this type of questions, two objects related in some way are
given and third object is also given with four or five alternatives. You have to find out which one of
the alternatives bears the same relation with the third objects as first and second objects are related.

1. ABC : ZYX :: CBA : ?

CBA is the reverse of ABC similarly XYZ is the reverse of ZYX.
2. REASON : SFBTPO :: THINK : ?

3. Carbon : Diamond :: Corundum : ?

As Diamond is made of Carbon similarly Ruby is made of Corundum.
4. NATION : ANTINO :: HUNGRY : ?

5. Eye : Myopia :: Teeth : ?

As Myopia is disease of eye similarly pyorrhoea is a disease of teeth.
6. Conference : Chairman :: Newspaper : ?
As Chairman is the highest authority in a conference similarly Editor is in Newspaper.
7. Safe : Secure :: Protect : ?
As safe and secure have same meaning in the same way protect and guard have same
meaning.
8. Microphone : Loud :: Microscope : ?
As Microphone makes sound louder similarly Microscope makes the object magnified.
9. College : Student :: Hospital : ?
 As Students read in College similarly Patients are treated in Hospital.
10. Tree : Forest :: Grass : ?
As Tree is found in Forest similarly Grass is found in Lawn.
11. BEGK : ADFJ :: PSVY : ?

12. AZBY : CXDW :: EVFU : ?

13. BCFG : HILM :: NORQ : ?

14. KeaC : CaeK :: XgmF : ?

First and fouth letters are interchanged while second and third letters are interchanged.
15. Computer : fqprxvht :: Language : ?
 CODING AND DECODING
In simple terms, coding is actually a process in which a word or a series of numbers
of encrypted in a specific code or pattern designed on a certain set of rules. On the other
hand, decoding is the opposite which aims to decrypt a particular code based on finding a
common pattern or structure.
1. A word MBU was coded as UBM then the codeword for SVU is?
Sol :By reversing the letters in the word MBU we get UBM, similarly to get the code
word we have to reverse the letters in the word SVU then you will get UVS
2. Suppose that a particular ‘TIGER’ is written as ‘QDFHS’. Find out how ‘FISH’ will be
written in the same code.
Sol: To solve this coding-decoding question, you have to reverse the word and move
each letter -1. The reverse order of FISH is HSIF, now subtract 1 from each alphabet of
HSIF. The code for FISH is GRHE.
3. Using a particular code ‘HILTON’ is encrypted as ‘IHTLNO’. Choose the right option for
‘BILLION’ coded in the same form.
Sol : Firstly letters are grouped together in a pair of two such as BI, LL, IO, N. The
position of the respective letters is changed in all the pairs which make them IB, LL, OI,
N. Hence, the code for BILLION becomes IBLLOIN.
Examples:
1. in a certain code language, if the word “PARTNER” is coded as OZQSMDQ, then what is
the code for the word “SEGMENT” in that language?
a) TFHNFOU b) RDFLDMS c) RDELDMS d) RDFENDS

2. in a certain code language, BEAT is written as YVZG, then what will be the code of MILD
a) ONRW b) NOWR c) ONWR d) NROW

3. in a certain code language, if the word “RECTANGLE” is coded as “TGEVCPING”, then how
is the word “RHOMBUS” coded in that language?
a) TJOQDWV b) TJQNDWU c) TJQODWU d)TJQOEWU

4 In a certain system of coding, the word “STATEMENT” is written as “TNEMETATS”. In the

same system of coding, what should be the code for word “POLITICAL”?
a) LACITILOP b) LCATILIOP c) OPILITACL d) None of these

5. In a certain code, the word ROAD is coded as WTFI. Following the same rule of coding
what should be the word for the code GJFY?
 a) REAP b) TAKE c) BEAT d) LATE

6. If in a certain code, LUTE is written as MUTE and FATE is written as GATE, then how will
BLUE be written in that code?
a) FLUE b) SLUE c) CLUE d) GLUE

7. In a certain code, ROAD is written as URDG. How is SWAN written in that code?
a) VXDQ b) VZDQ c)VZCP d) UXDQ

8. in a certain code, BASIC is written as DDULE. How is LEADER written in that code?
a) NGCFGT b) NHCGGU c) OGDFHT d) OHDGHU

9. In a certain code, CAT is written as SATC and DEAR is written as SEARD. How would SING
be written in that code?
a) BGINS b) SGNIS c) SINGS d) GNISS

10. In a certain code language, THANKS is written as SKNTHA. How is STUPID written in that
code language?
a) DIPUTS b) DISPUT c) DIPSTU d) DIPSTP

11. In a certain code language, if the number 1 is assigned to all the letters in odd numbered
places in the alphabet and the remaining letters are assigned the number 2 , then what is
the code for the word “INDIAN”?
a) 121212 b) 111222 c) 112212 d) 122112

12. In a certain code language, if “CRICKET” is coded as 3923564, ROCKET is coded as

913564 and KETTLE is coded as 564406, then how is LITTLE coded in that language?
a)244060 b) 024406 c) 020446 d) 200446

13. In a certain code language, if CABINET = 54 and BEAUTY = 74, then PRODUCTION = ?
a) 90 b) 135 c) 110 d) 120
Directions: "GOAHEAD" is coded as JRDKHDG and STOP is coded as VWRS, how will you
code/decode the letters given in capitals in question 14-19
14. FIRE
a) URIV b)IUJG c)LUHI d)ILUH

15. SHOOT
a)VKRRW b) UMSSX c)JJWUK d)HJSWL

16.RETURN
a)UHWXUQ b)HJKWER c)HUELUE d)UHWKAL

17.VWDUW
a) STAIN b)STEPS c)SPORT d) START

18. HEAD
a)UHGD b)KHDG c)UJDG d)HULA

19. GRZQ
a)OWNS b) DOWN c)DONE d)COME

20.If JOSEPH is coded as FKOALD, then GEORGE will be coded as :

a) CADMNO b) CAKNIT c) CAKNCA d) JAKINS
21.If POND is coded as RSTL, how is HEAR written in that code?
a) GHIJ b) GHIZ c) JIGZ d) JCLZ

22.If TABLE is coded as GZYOV, how is JUICE is coded?

a) OZLFJ b) QFRXV c) HOFAD d) QZHMT
23.If CERTAIN is coded as XVIGZRM, how is MUNDANE is coded?
a) MFMXZMV b) NFMWZMV c) FMWZMX d) VMZWMFN

24.If DELHI is coded as CCIDD, how is BOMBAY is coded?

a) AJMTVT b) AMJXVS c) MJXVSU d) WXYZAX
25.If SYSTEM is coded as SYSMET, and NEARER is AENRER how is FRACTION is coded?
a) CARFTINO b) FRACNOIT c) CARFNOIT d) ARFCNOIT
26.If INSTITUTION is coded as NOITUTITSNI, how is PERFECTION is coded?
a) NOICTEFREP b) NOITCEFERP c) NOITCEFRPE d) NOITCEFREP
27.If BELIEF is coded as AFKKDI, how is SELDOM is coded?
a) TFKENP b) RFKFNP c) RFKENN d) RDKCNL

28.If DISTANCE is coded as IDTUBECN, and DOCUMENT is written as ODDVNTNE. How is

THURSDAY coded?
a) DTVSTEYA b) HTTQRYAD c) HTVSTYAD d) HTVSSYADS
29If CHAMPION is coded as HCMAIPNO, how is NEGATIVE is coded?
a) ENAGITEV b) NEAGVEIT c) MGAETVIE d) EGAITEVN

30.If DELHI is coded as 73541 and CALCUTTA as 82589662, how can CALICUT be coded?
a) 5279431 b) 5978213 c) 8251896 d) 8543691

31.If RIPPLE is coded as 613382 and LIFE as 8192, how can PILLER be coded?
a) 318826 b) 318286 c) 618826 d) 338816

32.If ROSE is coded as 6821 and CHAIR as 73456, how can PREACH be coded?
a) 246173 b) 214673 c) 214763 d) 261473

33.If TWENTY is coded as 863985 and ELEVEN as 323039, how can TWELVE be coded?
a) 863203 b) 863584 c) 863903 d) 863063

34.If PRABA is coded as 27595 and THILAK as 368451, how can BHARATHI be coded?
a) 37536689 b) 57686535 c) 96575368 d) 96855368

35.If GIVE is coded as 5137 and BAT as 924, how can GATE be coded?
 a) 5427 b) 5724 c) 5247 d) 2547

36.If PALE is coded as 2134 and EARTH as 41590, how can PEARL be coded?
a) 29530 b) 24153 c) 25413 d) 25430

37.If ENTRY is coded as 12345 and STEADY as 931785, how can TENANT be coded?
a) 956169 b) 196247 c) 352123 d) 312723

38.If ENTRY is coded as 12345 and STEADY as 931785, how can NEATNESS be coded?
a) 25196577 b) 21732199 c) 21362199 d) 21823698

39. If ENTRY is coded as 12345 and STEADY as 931785, how can SEDATE be coded?
a) 918731 b) 954185 c) 814195 d) 614781

40. If ENTRY is coded as 12345 and STEADY as 931785, how can AREST be coded?
a) 744589 b) 74193 c) 166479 d) 745194

41. If ENTRY is coded as 12345 and STEADY as 931785, how can ENDEAR be coded?
a) 524519 b) 174189 c) 128174 d) 124179

42.If ELEGAND is coded as 1214526 and FRANCE as 785291, how can GREECE be coded?
a) 381171 b) 381191 c) 832252 d) 835545

43. If in a certain language CHARCOAL is coded as 45164913 and MORALE is coded as

296137, how can REAL be coded?
a) 8519 b) 6713 c) 6513 d) 6719

44.If in a certain language CHARCOAL is coded as 45164913 and MORALE is coded as

296137, how can ARCHER be coded?
a) 193859 b) 163546 c) 164576 d) 193476
 BLOOD RELATIONS
In these tests, the success of a candidate depends upon the knowledge of the blood relations, some
of which are summarized below to help solve these tests.

Mother's or father's son Brother

Mother's or father's daughter Sister

Mother's or father's brother Uncle

Mother's or father's sister Aunt

Mother's or father's father Grandfather

Mother's or father's mother Grandmother

Son's wife Daughter-in -Law

Daughter's husband Son-in-Law

Husband's or wife's sister Sister-in-Law

Husband's or wife's brother Brother-in-Law

Brother's son Nephew

Brother' daughter Niece

Uncle or aunt's son or daughter Cousin

Sister's husband Brother-in-Law

Brother's wife Sister-in-Law

Grandson's or Grand daughter's daughter Great grand daughter

Exercise
Q.1 Pointing to a man on the stage, Rita said, "He is the brother of the daughter of the wife
of my husband." How is the man on the stage related to Rita ?
a) Son b) Husband c) Cousin d) Nephew

Q.2 Showing the man receiving the prize, Saroj said, "He is the brother of my uncle's
daughter." Who is the man to Saroj ?
a) Son b) Brother-in-law c) Nephew d) Cousin
Q.3 Pointing to a man a woman said, "His mother is the only daughter of my mother." How is
the woman related to the man?
a) Mother b) Daughter c) Sister d) Grandmother

Q.4 Pointing to a photograph, a person tells his friend, "She is the grand daughter of the
elder brother of my father." How is the girl in the photograph related to this man ?
a) Niece b) Sister c) Aunt d) Sister-in-law

Q.5 Pointing to a photograph, Vipul said, "She is the daughter of my grandfather's only son."
How is Vipul related to the girl in the photograph?
a) Father b) Brother c) Cousin d) Data inadequate

Q.6 A woman introduces a man as the son of the brother of her mother. How is the man
related to the woman ?
a) Nephew b) Son c) Cousin d) Uncle

Q.7 Looking at a portrait of a man, Harsh said, "His mother is the wife of my father's son.
Brothers and sisters I have none." At whose portrait was Harsh looking?
a) His son b) His cousin c) His uncle d) His nephew

Q.8 A man said to a lady, "Your mother's husband's sister is my aunt." How is the lady
related to the man?
a) Daughter b) Mother c) Sister d) Aunt .

Q.9 If Neena says, "Anita's father Raman is the only son of my father-in-law Mahipal", then
how is Bindu, who is the sister of Anita, related to Mahipal ?
a) Niece b)Grand Daughter c) Wife d) Daughter-in-law

Q.10 Pointing to a girl in the photograph, Amar said, "Her mother's brother is the only son of
my mother's father." How is the girl's mother related to Amar?
a) Mother b) Sister c) Aunt d) Grandmother
Q.11 A girl introduced a boy as the son of the daughter of the father of her uncle. The boy is
girl's?
a) Brother b) Son c) Uncle d) Nephew

Q.12 If X is the brother of the son of Y’s son, how is X related to Y ?

a) Son b) Brother c) Cousin d) Grandson

Q.13 Pointing to a gentleman, Deepak said, "His only brother is the father of my daughter's
father." How is the gentleman related to Deepak?
a) Grandfather b) Father c) Brother-in-law d) Uncle

Q 14 Introducing a man to her husband, a woman said, "His brother's father is only son of
my grandfather." How is the woman related to this man ?
a) Mother b) Aunt c) Sister d) Daughter

Q.15 Pointing out to a lady, a girl said, "She is the daughter-in-law of the grandmother of my
father's only son." How is the lady related to the girl ?
a) Sister-in-law b) Mother c) Aunt d) Mother-in-law

Q.16 Rita told Mani, "The girl I met yesterday at the beach was the youngest daughter of the
brother-in-law of my friend's mother." How is the girl related to Rita’s friend ?
a) Cousin b) Daughter c) Niece d) Aunt

17. If Kamal says, "Ravi's mother is the only daughter of my mother", how is Kamal
related to Ravi?
a) Uncle b) Father c) Brother d)Nephew

18. Rahul told Anand, yesterday I defeated the only brother of the daughter of my
grandmother. Whom did Rahul defeat?
a) Son b) Father c) Uncle d) Father-in-law
19. When Anuj saw Manish, he recalled, "He is the son of the father of my daughter."
Who is Manish?
 a) Brother-in-law b) Brother c) Cousin d) Son

20. Pointing to a photograph, a lady tells Pramod, "I am the only daughter of this lady
and her son is your maternal uncle." How is the speaker related to Pramod's father ?
a) Sister-in-law b) Wife c) Either (a) or (b) d)neither a or b

21. Introducing a man, a woman said, "He is the only son of my mother's mother." How is
the woman related to the man ?
a) Mother b) Aunt c) Sister d) Niece

22. Pointing to a man in a photograph, Asha said, "His mother's only daughter is my
mother." How is Asha related to that man ?
a) Sister b) Wife c ) Niece d) Grand daughter

23. Pointing to a photograph, a woman says, "This man's son's sister is my mother-in-
law." How is the woman's husband related to the man in the photograph ?
a) Grandson b) Son c) Son-in-law d) Nephew

24. I Introducing a man, a woman said, "His wife is the only daughter of my father." How is
that man related to the woman ?
a) Brother b) Father-in-law c) Maternal uncle d) Husband

Q25 Deepak said to Nitin, "That boy playing with the football is the younger of the two
brothers of the daughter of my father's wife." How is the boy playing football related to
Deepak ?
a) Son b) Brother c) Cousin d) Nephew

26. Pointing to the lady on the platform, Manju said, "She is the sister of the father of my
mother's son." Who is the lady to Manju ?
a) Mother b) Sister c) Aunt d) Niece

27. Arun said, "This girl is the wife of the grandson of my mother." Who is Arun to the girl ?
a) Father b) Grandfather c) Husband d) Father-in-law
28 Pointing to a man in a photograph, a woman said, "His brother's father is the only son of
my grandfather." How is the woman related to the man in the photograph ?
a) Mother b) Aunt c) Sister d) Daughter

29.If M x N means M is the daughter of N; M + N means M is the father of N; M % N means

M is the mother of N and M - N means M is the brother of N then P % Q + R - T x K indicates
which relation of P to K?

A. Daughter-in-law B. Sister-in-law
C.Aunt D. None of these

30.B5D means B is the father of D.

1. B9D means B is the sister of D.
2. B4D means B is the brother of D.
3. B3D means B is the wife of D.
Which of the following means F is the mother of K?
A. F3M5K B. F5M3K
C.F9M4N3K D.F3M5N3K
 Directional Sence
1. Nag travels from a point to east 5 kms and turned right and travels 4 kms and turned right travelled 5 kms
and turned right travelled 2 ½ kms . How far is he from the starting point.
1) 5 kms 2) 5/2 kms 3) 4 kms 4) 3/2 kms

2. One day Sachin left home and walks 10 kms towards South and turns right walks 5 kms and turns right and
walks 10 kms then turns left and walks 10 kms. How many kms will have to walk his home straight.

1) 10 kms 2) 15 kms 3) 20 kms 4) 25 kms

3. Sankar walks 6 kms to the east and then turns to the south and walks 5 kms then turned to the east and
walks 6 kms then turned north and walks 10 kms. Then how far and in which direction is he from the initial
point.

1) 13 kms north 2) 13 kms SW 3) 13 kms NE 4) None of these

4. Murali walks 20 mts north then turn right and walks 30 mts then turns right and walks 35 mts Now turning
left he walks 15 mts and again turns left and moves 15 mts. Then how far and in which direction is he from
the initial point.

1) 15 mts East 2) 45 mts East 3) 45 mts West 4) 15 mts West

5. A watch reads 6:15 if the minute hand points east then in which direction will be the hour hand pointed.

1) North 2) Sowth 3) East 4) West

6. A is to the south of B and C is east of B then which direction is A with respect to C.

1) North west 2) South east 3) North east 4) South west

7. Police station is to the east of the school ,and my house is to the south of the school ,the market is to the
west of my house. If all of the above are equal distance from each other. Then in which direction is the
market with respect to the school

1) North East 2) North West 3) South west 4) South east

8. A starts from his home and goes 2 kms straight then he turns towards his right and goes 1 km. He turns
again towards his right and goes 1 km. If he is north west from his house then in which direction did he go
in the beginning.

1) East 2) West 3) North 4) South

9. A is 40 mts South West of B, and C is 40 mts South East of B. Then C is in which direction of A.

1) East 2) West 3) North 4) South

10. Jitesh first goes to east, then turns right, then turns west and in the last he turns right . In which direction
is he going now.

1) East 2) West 3) North 4) South

11. Mr. Srinivas first goes towards north then turns left, then turns south, and then turns right. In which
direction is he moving now.

1) East 2) West 3) North 4) South

12. A girl is taken out every morning by his father whose house faces east .They walk 200 mts east, then 500
mts in South direction. In which direction they should move to reach their house.

1) North west 2) South east 3) North east 4) South west

13. Arjun Palwai started walking early in the morning , facing towards the sun , after some time he turned to
right , then to his left and again to his right. The direction he will be moving in the end will be.

1) East 2) West 3) North 4) South

14. Velayudam walks 16 mts towards south then turns left and walks 5 mts. Then turns north and walks 7 mts
again he turns East and walks 12 mts. Finally he turns left and walks 9 mts. Then how far is he from the
starting point.

1) 14 mts 2) 17 mts 3) 18 mts 4) 19 mts

15. Nag is facing the sun in the evening, he starts his journey to his right and travels 10 kms and turns to his left
and moves 5 kms, again turns to his left and travels 10 kms. How far is he from the initial point.

1) 25 kms 2) 20 kms 3) 5 kms 4) 10 kms

16. Today morning I was standing at the bus stop and I saw an old man walking on the other side of the road.
He was standing of the sun rays with his left hand , his right hand was towards me. Which direction of the
old man I was standing.

1) East 2) West 3) North 4) South

17. Rajendra Prasad travels 40 kms towards north then turns right and travels 50 kms. Then he turns right again
and travels 30 kms. Again he turn right and travels 50 kms. How far is he from the starting point.

1) 5 kms 2) 10 kms 3) 20 kms 4) 25 kms

18. Sireesha travels 10 kms to the north turn left and travels 4 kms and again turns right and covers 5 kms ,
finally turns right and travels 4 kms. How far is he from the starting point.

1) 15 kms 2) 4 kms 3) 10 kms 4) None

19. Bhanu travels 7 kms towards north. He turns right and walks 3 kms again turn right and travels 3 kms then
how far and in which direction is he from the initial point.

1) 5 kms SE 2) 5 kms NE 3) 5 kms SW 4) 5 kms NW

20. Mr. Theja drives a car straight towards east for 15 kms turning towards right it was driven 5 kms turning
towards west, it was driven for 3 kms. How far is he and in which direction is he from the starting point.

1) 13 kms NE 2) 13 kms SE 3) 13 kms SW 4) None

21. Babu travels 10 kms north from his house. Then turns left and travels 20 kms , then he turned to his right
and traveled 10 kms, again he turned to his right and travelled 5 kms then he turned to his left and
travelled 15 kms finally turns right and travels 5 kms and reached post office then , how far and which
direction is the post office with respect to Babu’s house.

1) 20 kms South 2) 35 kms North 3) 20 kms East 4) None

22. Prasad starts from his home and travelled 15 kms towards east, then he turned to his left and travelled 10
kms, again he turned to his left and travelled 6 kms finally he turned to his left twice and travelled 5 kms
and 3 kms respectively and reached his destination. How far is he from the initial point and in wich
direction he is now from the initial position .

1) 12 kms NW 2) 13 kms NE 3) 14 kms NW 4) 14 kms SE

23. A man walks 10 mts straight in east and turned to his right and travelled 10 mts then every time turning
to his left he walks 5 and 10 mts respectively. How far and in which direction is he from the starting point.

1) 10 kms East 2) 5 kms West 3) 20 kms West 4) 15 Kms East

24. A watch reads 7: 45. If the minutes hand points southward then which direction would be hours hand?

1) North East 2) North West 3) South East 4) South West

25. Raju travel 15 kms to the west of my house then turns left and travelled 20kms and then turned left and
travelled 25 kms and then turns left and travelled 20 kms and reach his house. In which direction and how
far is he from the starting point.

1) 10 kms East 2) 40 kms East 3) 10 kms West 4) None

 SEATING ARRANGEMENT

1. 6 Boys are sitting in a circle and facing towards the centre of the circle, Rajeev is sitting to the right of
mohan but he is not just at the left of Vijay, Suresh is between Babu and Vijay, Ajay is sitting to the left of
Vijay.

Who is sitting to the left of Mohan ?

Solution :

Hence, Babu is sitting to the left of Mohan.

2. Eleven students A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K are sitting in first line facing to the teacher.

D who is just to the left of F, is to the right of C at second place.

A is second to the right of E who is at one end.

J is the nearest neighbour of A and B and is to the left of G at third place.

H is next to D to the left and is at the third place to the right of I.

Who is just in the middle ?

Solution :

Hence, I is just in the middle.

3. Siva, Sathish, Amar and Praveen are playing cards. Amar isto the right of Sathish, who is to the right of Siva.
Who is to the right of Amar ?
Solution :
Hence Praveen is to the right of Amar.

4. A, B and C are three boys while R, S and T are three girls. They are sitting such that the boys are facing the
girls.
A and R are diagonally opposite to each other.
C is not sitting at any of the ends.
T is left to R but opposite to C.
(A). Who is sitting opposite to B ?
(B). Who is sitting diagonally opposite to B ?
Solution :

(A). Hence, R is sitting opposite to B.

(B). Hence, S is sitting diagonally opposite to B.
5. A, P, R, X, S and Z are sitting in a row. S and Z are in the centre. A and P are at the ends. R is sitting to the left
of A. Who is to the right of P ?
Sol : The seating arrangement is as follows:

Therefore, right of P is X.