World Religions Reviewer
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GwenINTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
ORLDVIEW -everyindividualseesand
W • They have attracted large followings
interprets the world quite differently. from the past and present.
ELEMENTS OF THE BELIEF SYSTEM: PIRITUALITY - comes in with theterm
S
● Monistic – there is no real “spiritual” being defined as “relating or
distinction between god and the affecting the human spirit or soul as
universe. opposed to material or physical things”.
● Monotheistic – the doctrine or - is something an individual can
belief in one supreme god. have without being implicated in
● Polytheistic – the belief and the ambivalent complexity of
worship of many gods. human societies and institutions.
● Atheistic–disbeliefinordenialof
existence of a personal god. pirituality - derived from theLatinword
S
spiritus, its verb root is spirare which
ELIGION - an organized system o
R f means “to breathe”.
beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to
worship god or group of gods. eoplearesurroundedbya“divinereality
P
as pervasive, intimate, necessary, and
ATIN WORD RELIGIO - “something
L invisible as the air we breathe” which is
done with scrupulous attention to detail”. similar to Chinese’chi.
ATIN VERB RELIGARE - “to tie
L HEORIES OF RELIGION
T
together, to bind fast”. • Animistic Theories
• Nature Worship Theory
HEOLOGY - involves the systematic
T • Theory of Original Monotheism
study of the existence and nature of the • Magic Theory
divine. A particular branch of study • Wish Fulfillment Theory
concerning the nature and purpose of god.
THEORY OF DIVINE REVELATION
RITERIA TO DISTINGUISH RELIGION
C - about the origin of religion is
FROM OTHER BELIEF SYSTEMS: severely criticized.
- The creator of religionisnotGod
• They often deal with people’s but society. Today, the theory of
relationship totheunseenworldofspirits, divinerevelationabouttheoriginof
gods, goddesses, demons, and deities; religionisconsideredaremnantof
superstition and orthodoxy.
• They have developed a systemofmyth
about the unseenworldandformalrituals ommonfeaturesofthesereligionsare
C
designed for communing with or the following:
propitiating the spirits; • there is usually a founding man who
receives the word of God;
• Theyhavedevelopedacultoforganized • there is a key text or set of texts that
rituals, temples, priests, and scriptures; defines man’s relationship with God;
• there are recommended ways of living
• They have statements, tenets, and and worshiping;
dogmas about life after death, such as • people come together regularly to have
heaven, hell, reincarnation, and the like; God’s word interpreted for them by an
authority; and
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
• there is a path to self-transformation. - hintoisalooselyorganizedlocal
S
belief in Japan, somewhat an
• Historical Foundation ardent religious form of Japanese
• Geographical Context patriotism.
• Cultural Milieu - They believe that their emperors
literally descended from the sun
ISTORICAL FOUNDATION
H goddessAmaterasu.
• The Patriarch Abraham (Judaism,
Christianity, Islam) GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT
• Indian Mosaic (Hinduism, Buddhism, ● The Western Frontier (Judaism,
Jainism, Sikhism) Christianity, Islam)
• The Way of the Dao (Confucianism, ● The Indian Subcontinent
Daoism, Shintoism) (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism,
Sikhism)
THE PATRIARCH ABRAHAM ● The Eastern End (Confucianism,
- The common origin of 3 Daoism, Shintoism)
monotheistic religions: Judaism, - The topography of West Asia is
Christianity, Islam. characterized by vast areas of
- For Jews, Abraham is the mountainous terrains which play
forebear of Israelites; for significant roles in many religious
Muslims, Abraham’s son Ishmael beliefs as theselandformsprovide
is the ancestoroftheArabs;while ideal settings where gods live or
Christians view Abraham as the where gods and mortals meet.
Father of Faith.
THE INDIAN MOSAIC ULTURAL MILIEU
C
- Datesbackto6500B.C.E.,Indiais • On Monotheism and Universality
one of the oldest living civilizations. • On the Concept of Dharma
- Four great religions originated in • On Nature and Ancestor
India – Hinduism, Buddhism,
Jainism, Sikhism – andamyriad OSITIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION
P
of minor cults and local sects. 1. Religion promotes social harmony.
- In ancient Philippines society for
THE WAY OF THE DAO example, spiritual leaders were
- Chinese civilization is one of the called babaylan, catalones, or
world’s oldest that date back asog, whose functions were to
almost 4,000 years ago. intercede between deities and
- Taking its cue from the great people; to precede the rituals; to
master Kung Fu-Tzu (Confucius), play as healers; and to act as
China adopted his ideals and cultural leaders of the community.
ethics. - InTurkey,SufiDervishespractice
- Laozi (Lao Tzu) is believed to be whirlingorspinning,whereinthe
contemporary Confucius. aim is to reach the source of all
- Daoism, as a belief in the Dao , perfection by abandoning one’s
centers on the conceptoftheway ego or personal desires through
or path signifying appropriateness music and spinning.
of one’s behavior to lead other - Xiao or filial piety is asignificant
people. aspect of Confucianism.
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
- iao refers to the attitude of
X ommunity relations but also
c
obedience, devotion, and care of paving the way for the moral
one’s parents and elder family uplifting of a person, thus
members.Itservesasthebasisof strengthening his or her sense of
moral conduct which leads to belonging to the community.
social order.
- Jainism hasakeyconceptofnon 6. Religion provides social change.
violence called - Ahimsa. - US Civil Liberties, anti-slavery
movement, Philippine People
2. Religion provides moral values. Power Revolution in 1986,
Gandhi’s satyagraha.
. Religion reduces fear of the
3
unknown. EGATIVE EFFECTS OF RELIGION
N
- In Hinduism: dharma (moral and 1. Religion affirms social hierarchy.
social obligation), karma (moral -Rome’s patriarchal society.
consequences), moksha (reunion - Confucianism’s ruler-subject dynamics
of Brahman and atman) - Caste system or social stratification.
- In Christianity: Ten - India’s caste system (to attain moksha
Commandments union of universal and individual soul)
- In Islam: jihad (struggle against reflects how religion reflects political and
unbelievers)andhajj(pilgrimageto social structures.
Mecca).
. Religion triggers conflicts.
2
4. Religion gives positive goals in life. • In Palestine, Jews versus Muslims.
- Moseswasorderedtoliberatethe • In Sudan, Muslim versus Christians
HebrewsfromslaveryinEgyptand versus animists.
lead them back to the Promised • In Sri Lanka, Buddhists versus Hindus
Land. • In Indonesia, Muslims versus Timorese
- Mohammed was chosen to Christians.
challenge the supremacy of the
ruling class in the desert by 3. Religion causes discrimination.
preaching equality and founding
the Islamic religion. . Religion exploits the masses.
4
- Prince Siddharta Gautama gave • According to German philosopher Karl
uphiswealthandpowertofindthe Marx, “religion is the opium of the
solution for sickness, poverty, old masses”.
age, and death– thus making him • Abolition of religion is also needed to
Buddha. liberate the masses fromtheiroppressive
state.
. Religion gives people a sense of
5
belonging. . Religion impedes scientific success
5
- Seva, also known as Sewa, from and development.
the word Karseva, is the Sikh • Flat-earth theory
principle of “selfless service”. • Geocentric model (Ptolemaic Theory)
- They are encouraged by their • Reproductive health
Guru to perform selfless service • Stem-cell research
with the belief that by doing so, • Outbreaks
they are not only promoting good
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
6. Religion obstructs the use of reason. ● R eligion professed by the Jews
● Trepanning – ancient practice of known as the “people of the
boring holes in the humanskullof book”.
a person who was behaving in ● The Jews consider themselves as
what was consideredanabnormal thepeoplechosenbyGodtoserve
way with the belief that the evil as an exemplar of devotion and
spirit will leave the person. purity to humankind.
● Suicide bombing – is believedto ● Ancestors of Jews are called
be a manifestation of the triumph semites called Hebrews who can
of religion over reason. Some be traced in the desert lands of
casesattributethisphenomenonto Arabia.
the belief injihad. ● The origin of the Jewish people
and the beginning of Judaism are
istorical Events Caused by Religion
H recorded in the first five books of
1. Self-immolation of a Buddhist Monk in the Hebrew Bible, thePentateuch.
Vietnam. ● Three notable patriarchs of
2. Widow burning among the Hindus in Judaism: ABRAHAM, ISAAC,
India. AND JACOB.
3. The Godhra Train Incident in 2002. ● Abraham was a nomad.
4. Inquisition. Traditionally known as “Abram”,
hewasbornintheCityofUrofthe
LESSON 4:JUDAISM ChaldeesorChaldeaaround1800
Timeline of the World Religions B.C.E.
● Hinduism (ca. 1500 b.c.) ● The Fertile Crescent, often
● Judaism (ca. 1440 b.c.) referred to as “the cradle of
● Shinto (ca. 660 b.c.) civilization,” is the
● Zoroastrianism (ca. 630 b.c.) crescent-shapedregioninWestern
● Taoism (ca. 600 b.c) Asia and North Africa that spans
● Buddhism (ca. 563 b.c.) the modern-day countries of Iraq,
● Confucianism (ca. 551 b.c.) Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
● Christianity (ca. A.D. 30) Palestine and, for some scholars,
● Islam (ca. A.D. 622) Egypt.
● Sikhism (ca. a.d. 1469) ● While Abram and his wife Sarai
wereinitiallychildless,Abrambore
“Abrahamic” Religions? a son to Sarai’s Egyptian
● From the frontiers of West Asia handmaid, Hagar. The child was
developed theAbrahamicreligions named Ishmael.However,hewas
of Judaism, Christianity, and not the heir to God’s promise.
Islam, known as the first ● God changed Sarai’s name to
monotheisticreligions. Sarah which means
“noblewoman”.
Historical Background of Judaism: ● Abram and Sarah had a son
● Judaism is an ancient named Isaac, the heir to God’s
monotheisticreligionthattracesits covenant and the ancestor of the
origin as an organized belief Jewish people.
system during the Bronze Age ● Abram’s namewasthenchanged
(3300 BC)in West Asia. to Abraham which means “the
father of many nations”.
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
● T he most difficult trial given to nd inspiration of the many forms
a
Abraham came when God of Judaism.
commanded that he sacrifice his ● TheHebrewBibleisseparatedinto
ownsonIsaacatanAltarinMount 3 principle sections: Torah,
Moriah. Nevi’im, and Ketuvim.
● Isaac married Rebecca who bore ● Torah (“Teachings”) - composed
him twin sons, Jacob and Esau. of the first five books or the
● A close encounter with an angel Pentateuch traditionally believed
merited him a change of name to have been authored by Moses
from Jacob to “Israel” which in Sinai.
means “the one who wrestled ● Pentateuch includes: Genesis,
with God”. (The Jewish people Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers,
are referred to as the “children of and Deuteronomy.
Israel). ● Pentateuch also narrates the
● Among four wives, Jacobfathered history, religious statues, and
twelve sons and one daughter. moral regulations for individuals
They became the ancestors of and society, ceremonial rites and
the twelve tribes in Canaan. creation stories by Yahweh, and
(Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, the origin and growth of mankind.
Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad,
Asher, Naphtali, Benjamin). ● T
o non-Jews, Torah pertains to
● A woman from Levi’s tribe, theOld Testamentof the bible.
Jochebed, secretly placed her
youngestchildawovenbasketand ● N
evi’im (“Prophets”) - is
sent him down the Nile river. The subdivided into Earlier Prophets,
pharaoh’s daughter, Bithia, found Later Prophets, and twelve
the child and reared him as her minor prophets. Prophets were
own. The child later on became specifically chosen by God to
known asMoses, prince of Egypt. preach his message to the people.
● At the age of40,Moseskilledan
Egyptian soldier in defense of a ● K
etuvim (“Writings”) - from the
slave and fled to the Sinai desert third section of the Hebrew bible
where he spent the next 40 years that contains works on poetry,
as a shepherd. temple ritual, private prayer,
● God’s name- Yahweh. philosophical explorations, and
● Moses parted the Red Sea to other canonical works.
liberate the Israelites and allow
them to reach Sinai. HE BOOKS OF TANAKH
T
● This eventcalledExodusbecame TORAH (LAW) - Genesis, Exodus,
part of Jewish history that Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.
manifested Yahweh’s
intervention to deliver his EVI’IM (PROPHETS) - (Former)
N
chosen people. Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings. (Latter)
Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, The Twelve.
SACRED SCRIPTURES IN JUDAISM
● Tanakh(WrittenTorah)orMikra- ETUVIM (WRITINGS) - Psalms,
K
Hebrew Bible,theauthority,guide, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, Ruth,
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
amentations,
L Ecclesiastes, Esther, 2. The Ten Commandments
Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, Chronicles.
. 613 mitzvot in the Torah (248
3
● T ALMUD (Oral Torah) - it means positive, 365 negative
study, and all studies and commandments).
interpretations done by Jewish
rabbis or teachers of the Torah . J
1 EWISH PRINCIPLES OF FAITH
are contained in the Talmud. - c reatedbytheJewishphilosopher
● An authoritative collection of Moshe Ben Maimon (also known
rabbinic interpretations and as Rambam), the thirteen
scriptures. principlesoffaitharetheminimum
● Around the second century C.E., requirements of Jewish belief.
this oral law was compiled and 2. THE TEN COMMANDMENTS
written down as “Mishnah” or a - areasetofabsolutelawsgivenby
restatement of the law by a GodtoMosesatMountSinai.Most
respected opinion. scholars consider this period as
● The next few centuries witnessed theofficialbeginningofJudaismas
the writing of additional strands of an organized religion.
commentaries in Jerusalem and
Babyloniaabout the Mishnah. ORSHIP AND OBSERVANCES OF
W
● Known as Gemara, it includes JUDAISM:
legends, folklores, and sayings. • The Jewish community utilizes a lunar
● Mishnah and Gemara comprise calendar with twelve months, each
the Talmud that was completed in beginning at the new moon of 29 or 30
5th century C.E. days.
● The whole Talmud contains 63 • Every festival and Sabbath commences
tractates that are often printed 6, and terminates at dusk or sunset rather
200 pages long. than midnight in adherence tothebiblical
pattern.
ELIEFS
B AND DOCTRINES OF • Jewish holidays are special days
JUDAISM: observed to commemorate key events in
• A Jew is someone whose mother is a Jewish history and other events that
Jew. depict the special connections with the
• For the Jews, there is one everlasting world such as creation, revelation and
God. redemption.
• Human beings were created by God,
providedthemthecapacitytodecidewhat 1. S
ABBATH (SHABBAT) - most
is right and wrong, and gave them the important day in the Jewish
freedom and responsibility for their own calendar which commemorates
actions. God’scompletionofthecreationof
• Humans havetheabilitytorestraintheir the universe and his rest afterthe
evil intentions. six-day toil.
• Human beings are created equal. • It begins a few minutes before
•HumanscancommunewithGodthrough sunset on Fridayandrunsuntilan
prayers and motivations. hour after sunset on Saturday or
almost 25 hours to be precise.
RTICLES OF FAITH:
A • On Friday sundown, Sabbath
1. Jewish Principles of Faith candles are lit and kiddush
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
( “sanctification”) is recited over athing,
b and using
wine or grape juice. engaging relations are
• On Sabbath, Jews must abstain restricted on this day.
from work and must study the - Theeveofthedayiscalled
Torah. Some work prohibitions Kol Nidrei (“all vows”)
include lightingfires,usingmoney, which are the opening
and writing. words of a prayer. The
• The Sabbath ends through the wordsandmusicoftheKol
symbolic ritual of Havdalah Nidrei is said to be the
(“division”)donebydousingwine mostpowerfulsingleitem
on candles and smelling sweet in the Jewish liturgy.
spices. - Symbolizing purity, it is
customary for Jews to
2. THE DAYS OF AWE wear white during
- Tishriistheseventhmonth holiday. An entire day
in theecclesiasticalyearof must be spent in the
the Jewish calendar. synagogue while reciting
- The first ten days of Tishri prayers.
are called Yamim Noraim - Another blowing of the
(“The Days of Awe”) ram’s horn ends the final
wherein the first two days prayer service.
comprise Rosh Hashanah
(“New Year”) and the tenth 3. P
ilgrimage Festivals (Shalosh
dayasYomKippur(“Dayof Regalim)
Atonement”). • Pesach (Passover) – an
- Rosh Hashanah, which is eight-day festival that originally
also a day of judgment, marked the beginning of barley
marks the start of the harvest. Its principal purpose is to
ten-dayperiodofpenitence commemorate the Exodus of the
leading to the Yom Kippur Jews from Egypt.
and is distinguished from • Shavuot (Weeks or Pentecost)
other days by blowing a – a two-day celebration of wheat
ram’shorntrumpet(shofar) harvestandrevelationoftheTorah
in the synagogue and to Moses at Mount Sinai.
eating apples dipped in • Sukkot (Tabernacles) – a
honeywhichissymbolicfor nine-dayfestivalofautumnharvest
a sweet new year. and commemoration of the 40
- Using shofar, a total of years of Israelites’ stay in the
hundrednotesaresounded desert wilderness only relying on
each day. All Jews must the bounty of God.
undergo self-reflection and
make amends for all the 4. OTHER IMPORTANT DAYS
sins they have committed.
- Yom Kippur is the most • Hannukah (“Festival of Lights” or
sacredandsolemndayin “Feast of Dedication” – is a celebration
the Jewish calendar. to commemorate the victory of Jewish
- Eating, wearing leather, fighters against the Seleucid Empire in
drinking, washing, shoes, 165 B.C.E.
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
• Purim (Feast of Esther) – celebrates f King Darius of Persia. The Second
o
the deliverance of the Jews during the Temple was completed in 349 B.C.E
PersianEmpire,specificallyfromthevizier which lasted for 420 years until the
Haman who wanted to annihilate all Romans razed Jerusalem in 70 C.E.
Persian Jews as recorded in the Book of • For OrthodoxJews,aThirdTemple
Esther. will be established before the coming of
the Messiah. (Messiah or mashiach
5. H ALAKHA (“the path that one translates to “the anointed one”)
walks”) - these are Jewish • ProphesiedintheBookofEzekiel,it
religious laws derived from the will be known as Ezekiel’s Temple.
Tanakh and Talmud including 613
mitzvot. UBDIVISIONS IN JUDAISM
S
- This instructs Jews what to do as 1. Reform Judaism – considered as the
theywakeupinthemorning,what most liberal expression of Judaism.
foods toeat,whatclothestowear, 2. Conservative Judaism – seeks to
and how to observe the Sabbath conserve the traditional elements of
and holidays. Judaismwhileatthesametimeallowsfor
modernization that is less radical than
. S
6 YNAGOGUES reform Judaism.
- Jewish temples of worship, 3. Orthodox Judaism – most traditional
instruction, and community Judaism that adheres to the authority of
fellowship that contain separate the entire Torah.
rooms designed for specific
activities such as praying and ISSUES IN JUDAISM
studying.
. Women In Judaism
1
7. THE TEMPLE 2. Anti-Semitism
• Around 1003 B.C.E, David 3. Jewish Diaspora and the Zionist
conquered Jerusalem and made it his Movement
capital. Bringing with himthe“Arkofthe 4. Holocaust
Covenant”, David intended to build a
templetobecomethefirstandfixedplace LESSON 5: CHRISTIANITY
of worship for the Jews. ● Began 2,000 years ago.
•TheHebrewbibleacknowledged ● Sect of Judaism.
Solomon, David’s son, as the builder of ● Very few followers originally.
the First Temple in Jerusalem around ● TheangelGabrielannouncesMary
1000 B.C.E. will give birth to the son of God.
•Withinthetemple,themostimportant
roomwasthe“HolyofHolies”wherethe ONTIUS PILATE
P
“Ark of the Covenant” was kept. The ark Years in power: A.D. 26 to 36.
contained the tablets of the “Ten Fifth prefect of the Roman province of
Commandments” and the Pentateuch. Judea.
•For400years,itbecamethecenterof
Jewish worship until Nebuchadnezzar II AIAPHAS
C
completely destroyed the structurein587 Years in power: A.D. 18 to 36.
B.C.E. Jewish highpriestinthesanhedrintrialof
• In 353 B.C.E., the Jews began to Jesus.
rebuild their Temple under the ratification
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
IBLE:
B ● M ost Christians fall under one of
OLD TESTAMENT three main Churches: Roman
Pentateuch Catholic,ProtestantandEastern
History Orthodox.
Apocryphal ● Christians believe that Jesus is
Wisdom/Poetic both fully human and fully divine:
Prophets the technical formula is “one
person, two natures.”
EW TESTAMENT
N
Gospels HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Acts - From a small town called
Epistles Nazareth, off the beaten track in
Revelations the northern reaches of Palestine,
appeared a Jewish rabbi named
● F ollowers ofChristianityarecalled Yeshua (anglicized as “Jesus”),
Christians. who gathered a ragtag band of
● Cross is one of the most ancient Jewish fishermen, and together
human symbols, most notably theyturnedamovementthatbyall
used in Christianity. accounts should never have
● Fish symbol is as old as succeeded into what is today the
Christianityitself,foritwasusedby world’s largest and most
persecuted Christians as a secret geographically expansive religion:
sign when meeting other Christianity.
Christians.
● The Bible, which is composed of ELIGIOUS LEADERS
R
Old Testament and New • The Catholic Church follows a certain
Testament, is the primary source hierarchybasedontheCanonLawofthe
of information about Christianity. Catholic Church.
● Christianity is considered the • At thetopofthehierarchyisThePope,
most popular religion in the world considered as Peter’s successor.
withthemostnumberofadherents • The Church has a hierarchy ofpriests,
among all religions. bishops, and cardinals.
● basedonthebeliefsandteachings • The term "hierarchy" is Biblical and it
laid out in the Bible, “regarding strictly means the "holy ordering of the
the birth, life, death and Church which is the Body of Christ and
resurrection of Jesus Christ”. with Him as the Head.
● Christianityhasahistoricalfounder
whose existence is verified by IERARCHY
H OF THE CATHOLIC
outside sources. The most CHURCH:
reliable of these sources is the OPE
P
account from Josephus, a CARDINALS
first-century Jewish historian born ARCHBISHOPS
in Jerusalem, who eventually BISHOPS
became a Roman citizen. PRIESTS
● The most information about Jesus DEACONS
is recorded in four books of the AITY - THE PEOPLE
L
Bible: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and
John.
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
● T he Pope has hisheadquartersin ivine Godhead consists of three parts:
d
the Vatican, an independent state the Father (God himself), the Son
in Rome. (Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit.
HOW DID CHRISTIANITY DEVELOP? ACRED
S SCRIPTURES IN
•InitiallyseenasasectwithinJudaism, CHRISTIANITY:
Christianity spread to gentiles ● OldTestament–theHebrewBible
(non-Jewish) after Jesus’s death, composed of 39 books.
emerging as a separate faith.
• In the late first century,alarmedbythe ● T
he New Testament – is
riseofthenewmovement,EmperorNero composedof27booksdividedinto
launched a brutal crackdown, arresting, two sections: The Gospels which
torturing and executing Christians in tell the story of Jesus (Matthew,
Rome. Mark, Luke, and John); and The
• By AD 313, when Constantine became Letters (or Epistles).
the first Roman emperor to convert to
Christianity, the Gospel had already hristian Beliefs and Doctrines
C
reached imperial provinces in Europe, 1. Ten Commandments
Asia Minor and North Africa. 2. Seven Sacraments
• The now-Christian Roman Empire 3. Eight Beatitudes
collapsedinthefifthcentury,andWestern 4. Apostle’s Creed
and Eastern Christians began to drift 5. The Story of Creation
apart.
• In 1054, “a complex mix of religious THE TEN COMMANDMENTS
disagreements and political conflicts”
gave rise to the so-called GreatSchism, I am the Lord thyGod:Thoushalt
“
said National Geographic. have no other gods before me.”
• Christianity split into two “major
branches”:RomanCatholicintheWest, Thoushaltnotmaketothyselfany
“
andOrthodoxintheEast,eachwiththeir graven images. Nor worship them.”
ownliturgy,ritualsandleader(thePopein
the West, the Patriarch in the East). Thoushaltnottakethenameofthe
“
• The second major schism in Christian Lord thy God in vain.”
history occurred in the 16th century in
northern Europe, when Protestantism Remember thatthoukeepholythe
“
emerged “as a reaction to medieval sabbath day.”
Roman Catholic doctrines and practices”.
• After a series of European wars in the “Honor thy father and thy mother.”
1500sand1600s-aperiodknownasthe
Reformation-Protestantismspreadacross “Thou shalt not kill.”
Europe and has evolved to include
denominations as diverse as Anglicans, “Thou shalt not commit adultery.”
Baptists, Methodists, Quakers and Amish.
“Thou shalt not kill.”
HE HOLY TRINITY
T
Christians are monotheistic, i.e., they “Thou shalt not bear false witness.”
believe there's only one God, and he
created the heavens and the earth. This “Thou shalt not covet.”
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS espite its name, the creed is
D
1. BAPTISM almost certainly not written by the
2. CONFIRMATION apostles; instead, we call it the
3. EUCHARIST Apostles’ Creed since it is a
4. CONFESSION summary of their teachings.
5. ANOINTING OF THE SICK
6. HOLY ORDERS ORSHIP AND OBSERVANCES
W
7. MATRIMONY 1. Advent (adventus or “coming”) -
referstotheseasonofwaitingforthebirth
EIGHT BEATITUDES (SERMON ON THE Messiah, hence its celebration lasts for
MOUNT) four weeks, beginning before Christmas
and ends on Christmas Eve.
. Lent ( lencten or “spring”) - the
2
lessed are the poor in spirit,
B
season observed by Christians
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
preparationforEaster,acelebrationofthe
resurrection of Christ, which begins 40
lessed are they who mourn,
B days after Easter.
for they shall be comforted.
3. Pentecost ( pentekostosor “fifty”)
lessed are the meek,
B - celebrated as a holiday
for they shall inherit the earth. commemorating the coming ofthe
Holy Spirit on theearlyChristians.
•It is also celebrated as the
lessed are they who hunger and thirst
B birthday of the Church. or “fifty”).
for righteousness,
for they shall be satisfied. How did Christianity change the world?
• Many historians regard thespreadand
lessed are the merciful,
B adoption of Christianity throughout the
for they shall obtain mercy. world as one of the most successful
spiritual missions in human history.
• With nearly 2.4 billion adherents, it is
lessed are the pure of heart,
B the world’s mostwidelypracticedreligion,
for they shall see God. has influenced countless leadersandhas
acted as a major factor in “legitimating
lessed are the peacemakers,
B social systems and values”, both for
for they shall be called children of God. good and bad.
- Throughout history, the Bible has
been used to justify racism,
lessed are they who are persecuted
B
misogyny and other forms of
for the sake of righteousness,
prejudice, and at its worst, the
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.”
Church has actively acted “in
collusion with tribalistic
nationalisms (e.g., the ‘German
● T
he Apostles’ Creed is theoldest Christians” and Nazism).
formalconfessionalstatementto - However, “when the Christian
become widely used and affirmed community has held to its
by the church through history.
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGIONS: REVIEWER
teachings.” It has opposed such
social systems and values.
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