Physics

Page 3 backlinks

Past paper websites:

https://igexams.com/ (Igexams for Topic Based Questions)

https://papacambridge.com/ (Papa Cambridge for Practicing Past Papers)

Nigga do past papers I know you wont do

Unit 1 - General Physics:

Resultant in center for circular motion is at the circle. Will go out if too fast or too
heavy or circle radius is too small.
F=ma

W = mg
Momentum = MassxVelocity
F = change in momentum/ time (Change in momentum is impulse) m[v-u] or Ft

Impulse unit : Ns
Momentum before collision = Momentum After collision
Spring (Hooke's law): F = kx (k = constant, x= extension)
Pressure = Force / Area or in liquids: desnity*gravity*height (Unit = Pa)

Underwater (Total)Pressure = (density*gravity*height) + atm (100,000 Pa)

Moment = Force x Perpendicular Distance

GPE at top of hill = KE at bottom of the hill. If he uses maximum it's BS. Same
thing

Efficiency = Usage/Input * 100%

Power = Energy/Time

Renewable Energy : Solar, Wind, Hydroelectric, Waves, Geothermal

Non-Renewable Energy : Coal, Oil, Gas, Nuclear

Unit 2 - Thermal Physics

Temperature is the average kinetic molecules in a substance

Internal Energy is the sum of Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of molecules in
a substance

-273 Celsius is the lowest possible temperature (0 kelvin)

Kelvin = Celsius + 273

Increase Evaporation rate:

Heating
Increase Surface Area
Increase Air Currents

Initial Pressure * Initial Volume = Final Pressure x Final Volume because

pressure is inversely proportional. (Boyle's law)

Heat Transfer :
Conduction : Transfer of heat through vibration of atoms with nearby atoms

Convection : Works in gases and liquids. Hot liquid low density so it rises
up and cold liquid of high density goes down. Assuming the beaker is
being heated, the cycle repeats
 Radiation : Infrared rays emitted from surface of any object. Dull black emits
and absorbs most and dull white emits and absorbs least

Specific Heat Capacity : Amount of energy needed to raise 1 kg of x

substance by 1 degree Celsius. E = m x c x (change in temperature)

Unit 3 - Waves

Frequency (Hz) = 1 / Time in seconds

Speed of Wave (v) = frequency wavelength

Refractive Index = (speed in air / speed in medium) OR ( sin(angle in air) /

sin(angle in medium) )
Refractive Index = 1 / sin(Critical Angle)

What is wave ? It's just transfer of energy

Transverse : Molecules vibrate perpendicular to wave motion

Longitudinal (Only sound) : Waves were molecules travel parallel to wave

motion

Longitudinal waves have compression and rare fractions

Periods are time taken for 1 wave oscillation

Wave Fronts are perpendicular to wave direction and distance between 2 is the
wavelength

Wave Behaviors:
Reflection : Change in direction when waves strike a surface

Refraction : Change in speed of a wave when the medium changes

Diffraction: Spreading of a wave as it goes through a gap.

WATER WAVES:
Frequency constant in water wave refraction
Deep water has smaller wavelength than the shallow water

Diffraction :
If gap bigger than wavelength, very little diffraction

If gap is almost same than wavelength more diffraction so wave curves

more

Sound speed :
Air : 330 - 350 m/s
Water : 1500 m/s

Solid (Don't matter)

More Amplitude is More loud

Higher Frequency means higher pitch

Audible Sound = 20Hz - 20kHz

LIGHT RAYS:
 If the ray is 90 degrees to the object, nothing happens
Critical angle = angle of incidence where refraction is 90 degrees
IF less than critical to normal = Refraction happens

Monochromatic Light = Light of single color and frequency

Images :
Virtual : Same Size and Distance, Upright, Virtual (mirror)

Real : Made by Convex lens and truly exist

Correcting Sight:
Unit 4 - Electricity and Magnetism

Charge : A force which acts when other charges are in close range. Unit
(Coulomb)
Electric Field : Region where charges experience a force . Outwards for positive
ions and Inwards for a negatively charged object.

Insulators can be charged by rubbing because the cloth looses electrons to the
glass rod.
Current Electricity:

Voltage (V) , pd (across 1 device), emf (Across whole circuit) = Energy per unit
of charge (Energy/Charge (#. of Columbus)
Current (A) = Rate of flow of charges per second (Charge/time)

Resistance (ohms) = Property which resists flow of charges

Electrons flow from negative to positive and current follow the opposite

V=IxR

Power = Voltage x Current (many variations like P = V^2 / R)

Energy = Voltage x Current x Time (This is another variation)

Wire Formulas:

Resistance ∝ Lenght

1
Resistance ∝
​

Area
Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction (of the arrow)

Series Resistors : Add up the resistance of all of them

Parallel Resistors:

1 1
= +
​ ​

CombinedResistance Resistance1
1 ​

Resistance2

In Parallel circuits, Current is not shared unlike in series circuits

A fuse explodes when too much current passes through it without damaging
other parts of the circuit
Earth Wire are connected to metal parts to prevent electrical shock.

Magnetic Field : A Region where magnetic materials experience a force

Magnetize Steel by passing a DC Current or stroking it with another magnet

and demagnetize steel by passing an AC Current or heating it

Steel magnet gets permanently magnetized but iron magnet doesn't it needs to
have current
Aamir master cannot even explain this rule bro 🤣🤣
Bro cannot even teach this 💀

Unit 5 - Nuclear Physics

Radioactive Decay: When an unstable nucleus emits radiation to

become stable

Types of nuclear reactions:

Nuclear Fission : Large Nucleus breaks down to Many Smaller nuclei

Nuclear Fusion : Two or more smaller isotopes combine to make a larger

nucleus
Types of radiation:
Alpha
2 protons and 2 neutrons

mass number / nucleon number is 4

Written as :
⁴₂He (4 should be written beside the helium but I cant type it
properly)

⁴₂α

Beta Particles
1 electron only

Charge : -1
Notation: β or 0/-1e (I cannot type it properly but it's like top one)

Gamma Rays:
Literally nothing but some reason it has a symbol 🔥
Mass is 0 charge is 0 everything is ZERO

Symbol : γ
Unit 6 - Space Physics 😭
Orbit for earth, comets and dwarf planets is elliptical orbits but we
use same formula for everything
NEXT SLIDE IS CONTINUING THIS DIAGRAM
Ignore the scribing this guy did
If they ask about redshift I'm basically cooked I still don't understand