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NSE 21. Alternating Current

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32 views

NSE 21. Alternating Current

Uploaded by

arvindjayyam11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AlternAting current

Important formulas and concepts-

➢ The electric mains supply in our homes and offices is a voltage that varies like a
sine function with time, such a voltage is known as alternating voltage and
current driven by it in a circuit is known as alternating current(ac current).

➢ AC is preferred over DC because


1)ac voltages can be efficiently converted from one voltage to another by means
of transformers.
2)electrical energy can also be transmitted economically over long distances.

❖ AC voltage applied to a resistor-

➢ Instantaneous Voltage, V = Vo sinωt (Vo is peak value of voltage or


Amplitude of oscillating
Potential difference)

➢ Instantaneous Current, I = (Vo / R) sinωt


I = Io sinωt (Io is peak value of current)

Io = Vo/R

➢ “Voltage and currents are in phase with each other”.

➢ Over one complete cycle, the sum of instantaneous current values is zero and
average current is also zero.

➢ Root mean square (rms) current or effective current (Irms or I)


I = Irms = Io /√2
Similarly rms voltage,
V = Vrms = Vo /√2

➢ Average power,
<P> = VI = V2/R
❖ AC voltage applied to an inductor-

➢ Inst. Voltage, V = Vo sinωt

➢ Inst. Current, I = Io sin (ωt – π/2)


Io = Vo/ωL

➢ Inductive reactance,
XL = ωL
Io = Vo/XL
• It is analogous to resistance.
• Dimensions and unit same as resistance.
• It limits the current in a purely inductive circuit as resistance in purely resistive circuit.
• It is directly proportional to frequency.

➢ “ current lags the voltage by π/2”.

➢ Average power over a complete cycle is zero.


❖ AC voltage applied to an capacitor-

➢ Inst. Voltage, V = Vo sinωt = q/C

➢ Inst. Current, I = Io sin(ωt + π/2)


Io = Vo / (1/ωC)

➢ Capacitive reactance,
XC = 1/ωC
Io = Vo / XC
• It plays role of resistance.
• Dimensions and unit same as resistance
• It limits the current in a purely capacitive circuit.
• It is inversely proportional to frequency.

➢ “current is π/2 ahead of voltage”.

➢ The average power over a complete cycle is zero.


❖ AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit-

➢ Voltage, V = Vo sinωt

➢ VR is parallel to I.
VC and VL are always along the same line and in opposite directions.

➢ Io = Vo / √R2 + (XL– XC)2


Io = Vo / Z
Impedance , Z = √R2 + (XL – XC)2

➢ ϕ is the phase angle b/w V R or I and V.


tan ϕ = VC – VL / VR
tan ϕ = XC – XL / R

• if XC>XL , ϕ is positive and circuit is predominantly capacitive.


The current leads the voltage.

• If XL>XC , ϕ is negative and circuit is predominantly inductive.


The voltage leads the current.

❖ Resonance-

➢ At a particular frequency ωo , XC = XL , and the impedance is minimum (Z = R),


This frequency is known as ‘ resonant frequency’.
➢ XC = XL , 1/ωoC = ωoL

ωo = 1/ √LC

➢ At resonant frequency , current amplitude is maximum,


Io = Vo / R

➢ Application in ‘the tuning mechanism of radio or a TV set’.


In tuning, the resonant frequency of circuit becomes nearly equal to the frequency of
radio signal received.

➢ The resonant frequency is exhibited by a circuit only if both L and C are present
in a circuit . we can’t have resonance in a RL or RC circuit.

o sharpness of resonance-

▪ if we choose a value of ω for which current amplitude is 1/√2 times its


maximum value, power dissipated becomes.

There are two such values of ω, ω1 and ω2 , one smaller and one greater than ωo.
ω1 = ωo + Δω
ω2 = ωo – Δω

▪ the difference ω1 – ω2 = 2Δω is known as ‘ Bandwidth of circuit’.

▪ The quantity (ωo / 2Δω) is regarded as measure of sharpness of resonance.

▪ Δω = R/2L
Sharpness of resonance, ωo / 2Δω = ωoL/R
The ratio ωoL/R is also called ‘quality factor(Q)’
2Δω = ωo / Q
Larger the value of Q, smaller is the value of bandwidth and resonance is
sharper.

▪ Q = ωoL/R = 1/ωoCR

▪ Less sharp the resonance, less is the selectivity of the circuit.


If Q is large, i.e. R is low and L is high, the circuit is more selective.
❖ Power in AC circuit : The Power Factor-

➢ Power factor = cosϕ

1) Resistive circuit: ϕ = 0 , cosϕ = 1


Maximum power dissipation

2) Purely inductive or capacitive circuit: ϕ = π/2 , cosϕ = 0


Power dissipated is zero.
Current is known as ‘wattless current’

3) LCR circuit,: ϕ = tan-1(XC-XL/R)


ϕ may be non zero in RL , RC or LCR circuit
even in such cases , power is dissipated only in resistor.

4) LCR circuit at resonance: XC = XL, ϕ = 0 , cosϕ = 1


Power dissipated is maximum.

❖ Transformers-

➢ It is a device used to transform an ac voltage from one to another of greater and


smaller value.

➢ Based on principle of ‘ Mutual Induction’.


➢ Primary and sec. voltages related to no. of turns as,
VS/VP = NS/NP

➢ Currents are related as,


IS/IP = NP/NS

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