P.S.N.A.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Kothandaraman Nagar, Muthanampatti (PO), Dindigul – 624 622.
Phone: 0451-2554032, 2554349 Web Link: www.psnacet.org
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Subject Code / Name : OCS353 / DATA SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS
Year / Semester : IV/ VII ‘A’

SYLLABUS
UNIT V HANDLING LARGE DATA
Problems - techniques for handling large volumes of data - programming tips for dealing with large
data sets- Case studies: Predicting malicious URLs, Building a recommender system - Tools and
techniques needed - Research question - Data preparation - Model building – Presentation and
automation.

TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING LARGE VOLUMES OF DATA

Handling large volumes of data requires a combination of techniques to efficiently process, store,
and analyze the data.
Some common techniques include:
1. Distributed computing:
Using frameworks like Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark to distribute data processing tasks
across multiple nodes in a cluster, allowing for parallel processing of large datasets.
2. Data compression:
Compressing data before storage or transmission to reduce the amount of space required and
improve processing speed.
3. Data partitioning:
Dividing large datasets into smaller, more manageable partitions based on certain criteria (e.g.,
range, hash value) to improve processing efficiency.
4. Data deduplication:
Identifying and eliminating duplicate data to reduce storage requirements and improve data
processing efficiency.
5. Database sharding:
Partitioning a database into smaller, more manageable parts called shards, which can be
distributed across multiple servers for improved scalability and performance.
6. Stream processing:
Processing data in real-time as it is generated, allowing for immediate analysis and decision-
making
7. In-memory computing:
Storing data in memory instead of on disk to improve processing speed, particularly for
frequently accessed data
8. Parallel processing:
Using multiple processors or cores to simultaneously execute data processing tasks, improving
processing speed for large datasets.
9. Data indexing:

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Creating indexes on data fields to enable faster data retrieval, especially for queries involving
large datasets.
10. Data aggregation:
Combining multiple data points into a single, summarized value to reduce the overall volume of
data while retaining important information. These techniques can be used individually or in
combination to handle large volumes of data effectively and efficiently.

PROGRAMMING TIPS FOR DEALING WITH LARGE DATA SETS

When dealing with large datasets in programming, it's important to use efficient
techniques to manage memory, optimize processing speed, and avoid common pitfalls. Here are
some programming tips for dealing with large datasets:
1. Use efficient data structures:
Choose data structures that are optimized for the operations you need to perform. For example,
use hash maps for fast lookups, arrays for sequential access, and trees for hierarchical data.
2. Lazy loading:
Use lazy loading techniques to load data into memory only when it is needed, rather than loading
the entire dataset at once. This can help reduce memory usage and improve performance
3. Batch processing:
Process data in batches rather than all at once, especially for operations like data transformation
or analysis. This can help avoid memory issues and improve processing speed.
4. Use streaming APIs:
Use streaming APIs and libraries to process data in a streaming fashion, which can be more
memory- efficient than loading the entire dataset into memory
5. Optimize data access:
Use indexes and caching to optimize data access, especially for large datasets. This can help
reduce the time it takes to access and retrieve data.
6. Parallel processing:
Use parallel processing techniques, such as multithreading or multiprocessing,to process the
data concurrently and take advantage of multi-core process.
7. Use efficient algorithms:
Choose algorithms that are optimized for large datasets, such as sorting algorithms that use
divide and conquer techniques or algorithms that can be parallelized.
8. Optimize I/O operations:
Minimize I/O operations and use buffered I/O where possible to reduce the overhead of reading
and writing data to disk.
9. Monitor memory usage:
Keep an eye on memory usage and optimize your code to minimize memory leaks and excessive
memory consumption.
10. Use external storage solutions:
For extremely large datasets that cannot fit into memory, consider using external storage
solutions such as databases or distributed file systems.

CASE STUDIES: PREDICTING MALICIOUS URLS

Predicting malicious URLs is a critical task in cybersecurity to protect users from phishing
attacks, malware distribution, and other malicious activities. Machine learning models can be

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used to classify URLs as either benign or malicious based on features such as URL length, domain
age, presence of certain keywords, and historical data. Here are two case studies that
demonstrate how machine learning can be used to predict malicious URLs:
1. Google Safe Browsing:
 Google Safe Browsing is a service that helps protect users from malicious websites
by identifying and flagging unsafe URLs.
 The service uses machine learning models to analyze URLs and classify them as
safe or unsafe.
 Features used in the model include URL length, domain reputation, presence of
suspicious keywords, and similarity to known malicious URLs.
 The model is continuously trained on new data to improve its accuracy and
effectiveness. 2.
2. Microsoft SmartScreen:
 Microsoft SmartScreen is a feature in Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer
browsers that helps protect users from phishing attacks and malware.
 SmartScreen uses machine learning models to analyze URLs and determine their
safety.
 The model looks at features such as domain reputation, presence of phishing
keywords, and similarity to known malicious URLs.
 SmartScreen also leverages data from the Microsoft Defender SmartScreen service
to improve its accuracy and coverage. In both cases, machine learning is used to
predict the likelihood that a given URL is malicious based on various features and
historical data. These models help protect users from online threats and improve
the overall security of the web browsing experience.

CASE STUDIES: BUILDING A RECOMMENDER SYSTEM:

Building a recommender system involves predicting the "rating" or "preference" that a
user would give to an item. These systems are widely used in e-commerce, social media, and
content streaming platforms to personalize recommendations for users. Here are two case
studies that demonstrate how recommender systems can be built
1. Netflix Recommendation System:
• Netflix uses a recommendation system to suggest movies and TV shows to its users.
• The system uses collaborative filtering, which involves analyzing user behavior (e.g.,
viewing history, ratings) to identify patterns and make recommendations.
• Netflix also incorporates content-based filtering, which considers the characteristics of
the items (e.g., genre, cast, director) to make recommendations
• The system uses machine learning algorithms such as matrix factorization and deep
learning to improve the accuracy of its recommendations.
• Netflix continuously collects data on user interactions and feedback to refine its
recommendation algorithms.
2. Amazon Product Recommendation System:
• Amazon uses a recommendation system to suggest products to its customers based on
their browsing and purchase history.
• The system uses collaborative filtering to identify products that are popular among
similar users.
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• Amazon also uses item-to-item collaborative filtering, which recommends products that
are similar to those that a user has previously viewed or purchased.
• The system incorporates user feedback and ratings to improve the relevance of its
recommendations.
• Amazon's recommendation system is powered by machine learning algorithms that
analyze large amounts of data to make personalized recommendations.
In both cases, the recommendation systems use machine learning and data analysis
techniques to analyze user behavior and make personalized recommendations. These systems
help improve user engagement, increase sales, and enhance the overall user experience.

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES NEEDED FOR DEALING WITH LARGE DATA

Dealing with large datasets requires a combination of tools and techniques to manage,
process, and analyze the data efficiently. Here are some key tools and techniques:
1. Big Data Frameworks:
Frameworks such as Apache Hadoop, Apache Spark, and Apache Flink provide tools for
distributed storage .
2. Data Storage:
Use of distributed file systems like Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), cloud storage
services like Amazon S3, or NoSQL databases like Apache Cassandra or MongoDB for storing
large volumes of data.
3. Data Processing:
Techniques such as MapReduce, Spark RDDs, and Spark DataFrames for parallel processing of
data across distributed computing clusters.
4. Data Streaming:
Tools like Apache Kafka or Apache Flink for processing real-time streaming data.
5. Data Compression:
Techniques like gzip, Snappy, or Parquet for compressing data to reduce storage requirements
and improve processing speed.
6. Data Partitioning:
Divide large datasets into smaller, more manageable partitions based on certain criteria to
improve processing efficiency.
7. Distributed Computing:
Use of cloud computing platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform
(GCP), or Microsoft Azure for scalable and cost-effective processing of large datasets
8. Data Indexing:
Create indexes on data fields to enable faster data retrieval, especially for queries involving large
datasets.
9. Machine Learning:
Use of machine learning algorithms and libraries (e.g., scikit-learn, TensorFlow) for analyzing
and deriving insights from large datasets.
10. Data Visualization:
Tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau for visualizing large datasets to gain insights and make
data- driven decisions.
By leveraging these tools and techniques, organizations can effectively manage and
analyze large volumes of data to extract valuable insights and drive informed decision-making.

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DATA PREPARATION FOR DEALING WITH LARGE DATA
Data preparation is a crucial step in dealing with large datasets, as it ensures that the data
is clean, consistent, and ready for analysis. Here are some key steps involved in data preparation
for large datasets:
1. Data Cleaning:
Remove or correct any errors or inconsistencies in the data, such as missing values, duplicate
records, or outliers.
2. Data Integration:
Combine data from multiple sources into a single dataset, ensuring that the data is consistent
and can be analyzed together.
3. Data Transformation:
Convert the data into a format that is suitable for analysis, such as converting categorical
variables into numerical ones or normalizing numerical variables. Reduce the size
4. Data Reduction:
if the dataset by removing unnecessary features or aggregating data to a higher level of
granularity.
5. Data Sampling:
If the dataset is too large to analyze in its entirety, use sampling techniques to extract a
representative subset of the data for analysis.
6. Feature Engineering:
Create new features from existing ones to improve the performance of machine learning models
or better capture the underlying patterns in the data.
7. Data Splitting:
Split the dataset into training, validation, and test sets to evaluate the performance of machine
learning models and avoid overfitting
8. Data Visualization:
Visualize the data to explore its characteristics and identify any patterns or trends that may be
present.
9. Data Security:
Ensure that the data is secure and protected from unauthorized access or loss, especially when
dealing with sensitive information.

MODEL BUILDING FOR DEALING WITH LARGE DATA

When building models for large datasets, it's important to consider scalability, efficiency,
and performance. Here are some key techniques and considerations for model building with
large data:
1. Use Distributed Computing:
Utilize frameworks like Apache Spark or TensorFlow with distributed computing capabilities to
process large datasets in parallel across multiple nodes.
2. Feature Selection:
Choose relevant features and reduce the dimensionality of the dataset to improve model
performance and reduce computation time.
3. Model Selection:
Use models that are scalable and efficient for large datasets, such as gradient boosting machines,
random forests, or deep learning models.

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4. Batch Processing:
If real-time processing is not necessary, consider batch processing techniques to handle large
volumes of data in scheduled intervals.
5. Sampling:
Use sampling techniques to create smaller subsets of the data for model building and validation,
especially if the entire dataset cannot fit into memory
6. Incremental Learning:
Implement models that can be updated incrementally as new data becomes available, instead of
retraining the entire model from scratch.
7. Feature Engineering:
Create new features or transform existing features to better represent the underlying patterns in
the data and improve model performance.
8. Model Evaluation:
Use appropriate metrics to evaluate model performance, considering the trade-offs between
accuracy, scalability, and computational resources.
9. Parallelization:
Use parallel processing techniques within the model training process to speed up computations,
such as parallelizing gradient computations in deep learning models.
10. Data Partitioning:
Partition the data into smaller subsets for training and validation to improve efficiency and
reduce memory requirements. By employing these techniques, data scientists and machine
learning engineers can build models that are scalable, efficient, and capable of handling large
datasets effectively.

PRESENTATION AND AUTOMATION FOR DEALING WITH LARGE DATA

Presentation and automation are key aspects of dealing with large datasets to effectively
communicate insights and streamline data processing tasks. Here are some strategies for
presentation and automation:
1. Visualization:
Use data visualization tools like Matplotlib, Seaborn, or Tableau to create visualizations that help
stakeholders understand complex patterns and trends in the data.
2. Dashboarding:
Build interactive dashboards using tools like Power BI or Tableau that allow users to explore the
data and gain insights in real-time.
3. Automated Reporting:
Use tools like Jupyter Notebooks or R Markdown to create automated reports that can be
generated regularly with updated data.
4. Data Pipelines:
Implement data pipelines using tools like Apache Airflow or Luigi to automate data ingestion,
processing, and analysis tasks
5. Model Deployment:
Use containerization technologies like Docker to deploy machine learning models as scalable and
reusable components
6. Monitoring and Alerting:

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Set up monitoring and alerting systems to track the performance of data pipelines and models,
and to be notified of any issues or anomalies.
7. Version Control:
Use version control systems like Git to track changes to your data processing scripts and models,
enabling collaboration and reproducibility
8. Cloud Services:
Leverage cloud services like AWS, Google Cloud Platform, or Azure for scalable storage,
processing, and deployment of large datasets and models. By incorporatingthese strategies,
organizations can streamline their data processes, improve decision-making, and derive more
value from their large datasets.

R.GAYATHRI / AP-CSE UNIT-V NOTES Data Science Fundamentals