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Sonali

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11 views

Sonali

Uploaded by

shindeakash38994
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A

Project Report
ON

“4-Bit Binary Adder“

SUBMITTED TO

MAHARASHTRA STATE BORD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIONS.


MUMBAI
BY

Ms .sonali Sominath shekade

UNDER GUIDENCE OF

PROF:-Mule Madam
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

A.C.S’S
DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
ASHTI
2024.25
A.C.S.’S
DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
ASHTI – 414203

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the project Report entitled

“4-Bit Binary Adder”

Submitted by

1.Sonali Sominath shekade (24512010134)


2.Anjali baban Vanve (24512010138)
3.Vaishnavi Subhash Sangle (24512010136)

In The Academic Year 2024-2025 In The Partial Fulfilment Of Second Year


Diploma Engineering It Is Certified That All Suggestions Indicated For Internal Assessment
Have Been Incorporated In report . The Project Has Been Approved As It Satisfies The
Academic Requirement In Respect Work Prescribed For The Said Degree .

Prof. Mule Madam Prof. Dhonde Sir principle


(Guide) (H.O.D.)
4-Bit Binary Adder- FINAL PROJECT
By 738675 in CircuitsElectronics
19,740
5
3

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Introduction: 4-Bit Binary Adder- FINAL


PROJECT

If looking to add numbers from 0 to 15, and you know how to rapidly
convert from binary to decimal, well this project is for you. For my
Engineering Final Project, I'll be creating a 4-bit Adder, a basic
calculator that can add up to 4 bits of 2 binary numbers, using 74xx
series IC chips/logic gates. If you're very new to this concept, I
would advise you to review on your binary conversions and learn a
bit about logic gates. This project doesn't require any coding
experience, so an Arduino won't be required.

This means the you can calculate up to 1111 + 1111, which will
give you 11110, aka 15+15 = 30. Unlike the 2-bit adder, that uses
one half adder and one full adder, the 4-bit uses one half-adder and
three full adders or four full adders. Each full adder has a carry
value and a sum value, and the carry values contribute to the next
full adder until the last full adder, where a carry value is left over as
a 5th output.

The logic gates that I'll be using in this project is XOR, AND and OR
gates. If you would like to build the full project, then here are the
exact project Supplies needed.

Step 1: Supplies

Arduino Uno

2x Standard Breadboard

Jumper Wires

2x DIP Switches

2x XOR Gates

2x AND Gates

1x OR Gate

5x LEDs
Step 2: IDEATE

Now I will reflect on my semester in engineering. The project


that inspired me the most is the UNIT 3 Project, where we were
able to make a project using digital circuits, using Arduino-C
code to control my components. For my project I made a
Arduino Memory Game with an LCD monitor. The circuitry was
pretty simple, however the writing was very hard and lengthy.
Completing this project inspired me to learn more about
programming and become a better programmer, by learning
different languages like Arduino-C and learn different
algorithms to control other components.

Something that captured my imagination the most, is definitely


again UNIT 3, where we were able to make variety of different
projects using digital circuits. This is because there were
endless possibilities, and so many different at our disposal to
create something innovative and meaningful.
The area of digital making I'm most interested is Binary Logic
and Analog Circuit.

Step 3: How It Works I

The basic adding circuit is just a half-adder. It consists of


a XOR gate and an AND gate to give you the basic
output with a carry bit.The XOR gate is short for
exclusive or. In a regular OR gate, 0 and 0 equal 0, 1
and 0 equal 1, 1 and 1 equal 1. In an exclusive or gate,
0 and 0 equal 0, 1 and 0 equal 1, 1 and 1 equal 0. This
is important because when adding 1 and 1 in binary you
get 10, so the ones place has a zero, something that
can't be done with a basic OR gate.
So now, when you add 1 and 0, you get 1, but hold
on...When you add 1 and 1, you get 0?? That can't be
right! In order to fix that, we need to be able to have 1
and 1 equal 10. Welcome to the AND gate. As the name
implies, an AND gate equals 1 when A=1 AND B=1.
This it tied in parallel with the XOR gate and is the
carryout bit, so that when you add 1+1, you CAN get 10!
Step 4: How It Works II

Ok, so we can add 1 and 1, but what if we want to add 11


and 11, well the problem is that there is no carryin bit on the
second adder. We need a full adder. In order to make a full
adder, we have to use 2 XOR gates, 2 AND gates and an
OR gate. The circuit for the full adder is shown above.

The full adder works by putting inputs A and B through a


XOR gate, then taking the output from that and XORing it
with the Carry-in. This gives you the bit output. To make the
Carry-out, you have to put A and B through an AND gate,
and put the output of the A XOR B gate and the Carry-in
through an AND gate as well. When you put those 2
outputs into an OR gate, you get a Carry-Out bit. So now
we can put a bunch of these together and get a calculator.

Step 5: Circuit Schematic


Now, since we know the logic behind half-adders and full adders,
we are ready to make the 4-bit Adder. Above you can see the circuit
diagram for the the 4-bit Adder. You'll need to combine 3 full adders
and one half adder to build the 4-bit adder.To connect all of the
adders together, you have to connect the carry-outs to the carry-ins
in a cascading fashion. So the carry-out of the first adder connects
to the carry-in of the second adder and so on.

Above shows the concept. The blocks represent the adders and the
arrows are the carry-ins and carry-outs.

Step 6: Powering Your Components and


Placing Them on the Breadboard

When making it IRL the first thing we have to do is place all of our
need components onto the breadboard. Make sure everything is
lined up ready to be wired up. In this picture, I connected the dip
switches on the very left and the logic gates in proper order so
wiring wouldn't be a problem afterwards. The order that I've placed
the logic gates are XOR, XOR, AND, AND and OR. I also placed all
5 of my LEDs on the bottom right of the breadboards, and
connected them directly to ground. Now, connect the DIP switches
to power, and provide power & ground for each logic gate. Also
make sure that the dip on the logic gate is facing towards the left.

Step 7: Include the Half-Adder

Next, start by making a half-adder which gives the first sum and
carry for the 1st full adder of the 3. The wiring for this circuit is pretty
easy. In this circuit, the 1st dip switch, 4th switch is connected to
both XOR and AND gate, which goes for the 2nd dip switch 4th
switch as well. The XOR output would be the first sum (s0)
connecting to the AND output becomes the carry for the full adder.
Step 8: Step 6: Add 3 Full Adders

After you've completed making your half-adder, start by


making one of the three full adders. For the 1st full adder, it
utilizes the carry from the half adder to be the carry input.
The switches (1 to the left of the switches used for the half
adder) are connected to both the XOR and AND just like
the half adder. The special case with the full adder is that
the carry of the previous adder is also included. In this
case, the carry and the XOR output from the first XOR
would go into another XOR gate. That would then become
the sum for that adder, which in this case is s1.
Step 9: Step 7: Add 5 LEDs and Test

Once the circuit is fully wired, I first tested the 4 bit adder with LEDs
by connecting them onto a separate breadboard. Test if the 4 bit
adder calculates correctly, by trying different calculations. Use a
website like this Binary Calculator to check if your calculator is able
to correctly calculate the values. If the 4 bit adder displays the
correct values, then rest assure that you've made a 4-bit adder
successfully. You should be proud of yourself, as you've made
something pretty gosh damn impressive.

Step 10: Final Product

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