Chapter 5

USER DEFINED
METHODS
By,
Ashw ini K S
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Introduction
◦ What is Method?
◦ A Java method is a set of statements that are grouped together to perform an
operation.
◦ Methods are also known as Functions
◦ In Structured programming (ex: C Language) we use Functions (Built in and User
defined)
◦ In Object Oriented Programming we use Methods (Built in and User defined)
◦ When we choose Methods?
◦ Whenever we want to perform any operation multiple times then choose methods.

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Example
int m=5,n=6, i;
int f1=1, f2=1;
for (i=1; i<=m; i++)
{
f1=f1 * i;
}
System.out.println(“Factorial of” +m+“ is” + f1);
for (i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
f2=f2 * I;
}
System.out.println(“Factorial of” +n+“ is” + f2);

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Example
int m=5, n=6, fact1=0,fact2=0;
fact ( int x)
{
f=1;
for(i=1; i<=x ; i++)
f=f * i;
System.out.println(“factorial of” +x+“ is” + f);
}
fact(m);
fact(n);

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Advantages of a method
◦ It reuses the segment of operations, as and when necessary, by simply using the
method name.
◦ It divides the complex computational task into a collection of smaller method so that
problem solving becomes easier, object-specific and modular.
◦ A program that uses a method occupies less memory space and executes faster.

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Defining a method
◦ The general form:
<access specifier> <Return type> <method name> (parameter list)
{
statement;
_____________
_____________
return(value)
}

Example:
public int add(int x, int y) Method header
{
int sum;
Sum=x+y;
return (sum); Body of method
}

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Lorven public school, chandapura 7
Components of a method
◦ Modifier-: Defines access type of the method i.e. from where it can be accessed in
your application. In Java, there 4 type of the access specifiers.
◦ public: accessible in all class in your application.

◦ protected: accessible within the class in which it is defined and in its subclass(es)
◦ private: accessible only within the class in which it is defined.

◦ default (declared/defined without using any modifier) : accessible within same class and
package within which its class is defined.

◦ The return type : the data type of the value returned by the method, or void if the
method does not return a value.

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Components of a method
◦ Method name : Every method has a name by it is identified. It should be preferably
related to the process it is being carried out.

◦ The parameter list in parenthesis : a comma-delimited list of input parameters,

preceded by their data types, enclosed by parentheses, (). If
there are no parameters, you must use empty parentheses.

◦ The method body, enclosed between braces : the method's code, including the
declaration of local variables.

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Components of a method
◦ The method signature : Method signature is the identification of a method. it signifies a
method to be invoked for a specific task. A method signature is
written using its name along with its parameters to be passed to
the method.

ex: add (a , b);

◦ Return statement : The statement that send back the value (result) from a method
to its caller program is known as return statement.

Syntax: return <value>

ex : return(sum)

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Features of return statement.
◦ It is always used at the end of the method.
◦ No statement will be executed after return statement.
◦ It can return return a single value to its caller.
◦ If a function has more than one termination points, then it can have more than one
return statements.
if (a>b)
return a;
else
return b;
◦ Even if there multiple return statements are implied in the method any one of return
statement will be executed.

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Features of return statement.
◦ Once the control exits from the method , it can not return back unless the method is
called again.
{
for(I =1; i<=10; i++)
{
if (i>5)
return(i);
System.out.println(i);
}
}

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Invoking a method
◦ A process of using a method in a program is referred to as ‘Calling a method’ or
‘Invoking a method’
◦ To invoke a method, first a object of the class has be created.
◦ Using the object name the method can be invoked.
example:
ob. add(x, y)

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E
X
A
M
P
L
E
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Static method
◦ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/static-methods-vs-instance-methods-java/
◦ Static methods are the methods in Java that can be called without creating an object
of class. They are referenced by the class name itself or reference to the Object of that
class.
◦ Static method(s) are associated to the class in which they reside i.e. they can be called
even without creating an instance of the class i.e ClassName. methodName(args).
◦ They are designed with aim to be shared among all Objects created from the same
class.
◦ Static methods can not be overridden. But can be overloaded since they are resolved
using static binding by compiler at compile time.

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 Actual and formal parameters
Formal parameters
Class Addition System.out.println(“Enter two numbers to be added”);
{ a=in.nextInt();
int Add( int m, int n)
b=in.nextInt();
{
Addition obj=new Addition();
int sum=0;
sum=m+n;
Actual parameters
p=obj.Add(a,b);
return(sum);
System.out.println(“Sum=“+p);
}
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException }
{
int a, b, p;
Scanner in =new Scanner();

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Different ways of defining a function
1. Receiving value and returning outcome to the caller.(parameterized method)

public static void main(String args[])

class Factorial
{
{
Public int fact(int x) Factorial ob=new Factorial();
{ Int n=5, m=8,p,q;
Int i,f=1; P=ob.fact(n);
for(i=0 ; i<=x ; i++) Q=ob.fact(m);
f*=I; System.out.println(“Factorial of “+n+”is”+p);
return(f);
System.out.println(“Factorial of “+m+”is”+q);
}
}}
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Different ways of defining a function
2. Receiving values but not returning outcome to the caller.

class Factorial public static void main(String args[])

{ {
Public void fact(int x) Factorial ob=new Factorial();
{
int n=5, m=8;
int i,f=1;
for(i=0 ; i<=x ; i++) ob.fact(n);
f*=I; ob.fact(m);
System.out.println(“Factorial of “+x+”is”+f); }
}
}

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Different ways of defining a function
3. Neither receiving values nor returning outcome to the caller.(non-parameterized)

class Factorial public static void main(String args[])

{
{
Public void fact()
{ Factorial ob=new Factorial();
Int n=5, f=1,i; ob.fact();
for(i=0 ; i<=n ; i++) }
f*=i;
}
System.out.println(“Factorial of “+n+”is”+f);

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Ways of passing values to a function
◦ Java allows you to pass the value to function in two ways;
◦ Pass by value
◦ Pass by reference public static void main(String args[])

class Factorial {
{ Factorial ob=new Factorial();
Public int fact(int x) int n=5;
{ ob.fact(n);
int i,f=i;
}
for(i=0 ; i<=x ; i++)
f*=i; }
System.out.println(“Factorial of “+x+”is”+f); Output
Factorial of 5 is 120
}

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Lorven public school, chandapura 22
 call

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Pass by reference
◦ Call by Reference means calling a method with a parameter as a reference. Through
this, the argument reference is passed to the parameter.
◦ It creates a copy of references and passes them as valuable to the methods. As
reference points to same address of object, creating a copy of reference is of no harm.
But if new object is assigned to reference it will not be reflected.

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Side effects of call by Reference

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Pure Functions
◦ Functions are mostly used to perform some computational operations.
◦ A function is called pure function if it always returns the same result for same argument
values and it has no side effects like modifying an argument (or global variable) or
outputting something.
◦ The pure function is a returnable function.
◦ It does not cause in the state of any object.
◦ Examples of pure functions are strlen(), pow(), sqrt() etc.
◦ Thus A function which returns a value to its caller module is called a ‘Pure function’.
◦ It is also called accessor method, as it doesn’t change the states of an object.

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Pure function demonstration
Class sample System.out.println(“The actual arguments before

{ performing task : “ +p);

int Show(int a) System.out.println(“The actual arguments after

{ performing task : “ +k);
a=2*a+5;
}
return(a);
}
}
Public static void main(String args[])
{

Sample ob=new Sample();

int p=5,k;
k=ob.Show(p);

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Impure functions
◦ Impure functions area called mutater methods or simply mutators.
◦ They cause change to the state of an object.
◦ That means, values of the object’s instance variables get modified or changed depen
ding on the current state of the object on which the function operates.
◦ Examples of impure functions are random(), time(), etc.
◦ https://www.learnsteps.com/pure-impure-functions/

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 Impure functions demonstration
Class sample Public static void main(String args[])
{ {
void Add(int x[]) int a[]={3,6,8,9};
{ int j,q;

int i,p; q=a.length;

p=x.length; Sample ob=new Sample();
for(i=0; i<p ; i++) Ob.Add(a);
x[i]=x[i]+2; System.out.println(“The arguments after function call:”);
System.out.println(“The change during For (i=0; j<q;j++)
function call:”);
System.out.print(a[j]+” “);
for(i=0; i<p ; i++)
System.out.println();
{
}
System.out.println(x[i]+” “);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

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Function overloading
◦ Designing the functions with same name and different parametric types are called
overloaded functions.
◦ The process is said to be function overloading.
◦ It implements polymorphism.
◦ On invoking the function it finds the best match of the function parameters to ensure
which of the overloaded function us called.
◦ This phenomenon is known as early binding or static binding.
◦ The methods with same name are treated as same if the number of arguments and
type of arguments are same.
◦ Hence the functions must have different type or number of arguments.

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Example
➢Valid overloaded function protypes
int area(int a, int b);
Double area (double a, double b);
Double area (int a, double b);
➢Invalid function prototypes
int area( int a, int b);
int area (int x, int y);

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Program to find the area of

the following geometrical

figures to illustrate function

overloading where

• Area of circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

• Area of square = a2

• Area of rectangle = L * B

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 Recursive
functions
➢ Some time a function is required to be
called in the body of the same function in
order to encourage the recitative operations
of a number of times.
➢ A function designed in such a way that it
calls itself in its body is called a Recursive
function.

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