PERCEPTION
What is Perception?
If we can have
the false perception
about objective things
like size, form, length...
there is a high possibility
that we noticed wrong
subjetive things like
intentions or toughts...
What is Perception?
❑A process by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
❑People’s behavior is based on their perception of
what reality is, not on reality itself.
❑The world as it is perceived is the world that is
behaviorally important.
Perception
❑ The process of receiving, attending to,
processing, storing, and using stimuli to
understand and make sense of our world
❑ Stimuli can be experiences through any and all
of the senses such as sight, sound, smell, taste,
and touch
Schemas
Schemas
• Sets of cognitive constructs developed through social interactions that
organize thoughts, feelings, and attention
Types of schemas
• Person schemas
• Self-schemas
• Social schemas
• Role schemas
• Script schemas
Example
The hamun brian is so azaming,
as lnog as the frist and lsat lteter
is the smae yuo wlil mkae snese
of tihs snetecne!
Factors that Influence Perception
Attribution Theory: Judging Others
❑Our perception and judgment of others is significantly
influenced by our assumptions of the other person’s
internal state.
▪ When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine
whether it is internally or externally caused.
• Internal causes are under that person’s control
• External causes are not – person forced to act in that way
Errors and Biases in Attributions
❑Fundamental Attribution Error
▪ The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors
and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making
judgments about the behavior of others
We blame people first, not the situation
❑Self-Serving Bias
▪ The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to
internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external
factors
It is “our” success but “their” failure
Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others
❑Selective Perception
▪ People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background,
experience, and attitudes
❑Halo Effect
▪ Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single
characteristic (she smiles a lot)
❑Contrast Effects
▪ Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other
people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics
Another Shortcut: Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to
which that person belongs – a prevalent and often useful, if not
always accurate, generalization (he is in the rock group)
❑ Profiling
▪ A form of stereotyping in which members of a group are singled out for
intense scrutiny based on a single, often racial, trait.
Applications in
Organizations
❑ Employment Interview
▪ Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy
of interviewers’ judgments of applicants
▪ Formed in a single glance – 1/10 of a second!
❑ Performance Expectations
▪ Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The
lower or higher performance of employees
reflects preconceived leader expectations about
employee capabilities
❑ Performance Evaluations
▪ Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental)
perceptions of appraisers of another
employee’s job performance
▪ Critical impact on employees
