ACKNOWLEDGEMEN

T
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my Physics
teacher, Mr.Sujanapal as well as our
Principal Mr.S.S.U.Tabrez who gave
me this opportunity to do this
project on the topic ‘Black Hole
Thermodynamics’. It helped me in
doing a lot of research and through
it I came to know about so many
new things. I am really thankful to
them.

Secondly I would like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me
a lot in finishing this project within
the limited time.

I would also like to thank the CBSE

board for giving me this
opportunity to explore beyond the
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regular NCERT textbook.

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 INDEX
1. Introduction..........................

......page 3
2. Objective..............................

.........page 5
3. Theory...................................

........page 6
4. Apparatus.............................

.....page 11
5. Circuit

Diagram.......................page 13
6. Procedure..............................

....page 14

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 7. Uses......................................

........page 15
8. Conclusion............................

.....page 16
9. Bibliography..........................

...page 18

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for
converting a low alternating voltage
to a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa. A Transformer based on the
Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with
a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced
in the neighboring coil. A
transformer is an electrical device
which is used for changing the A.C.
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voltages.

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As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only
a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundreds of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical

energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step up
transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both
for high and low current circuits.

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 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation
between the ratio of:
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary
coil and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.

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 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to
the primary coil p1p2, an alternating
current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a
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 good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is
also linked with the secondary, and
then the induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and:
dф / dt = rate
of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at
this instant, we have Ep = -
Np
dф/dt (1)
And
Es = -Ns dф/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at

every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,
we get:
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of
back
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e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so
the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the

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instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the
resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by:
Ip = E – Ep /
Rp E – Ep =
Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is
small,
Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore:
E – Ep = 0 or Ep
= E Thus back e.m.f =
input e.m.f

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Hence equation 3 can be written as:
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input
e.m.f =
Ns / Np = K

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 Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.

IN A STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER:
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 Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns
> Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is
or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker
when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence,
whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio. Similarly it
can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality
steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.

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IN A STEP-DOWN
TRANSFORMER:

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns <

Np
If Ip = value of primary
current at the
same instant
And Is = value of secondary
current at this
instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep
Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es
Is
If there are no losses of power in the
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transformer, then:
Input power = output power Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or

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 Es / Ep = Ip / Is
= K

Apparatus required
 Iron Rod:

 Copper Wire:

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 Voltmeter:

 Ammeter:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 PROCEDURE
▪ Take thick iron rod and cover it
with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu
wire on thick paper (say
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 60). This constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
▪ Cover the primary coil with a sheet
of
paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes
the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
▪ Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and
measure
the input voltage and current using
A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
▪ Similarly, measure the output
voltage
and current through s1and s2.
▪ Now connect s1and s2to A.C main
and
again measure voltage and
current through primary and
secondary coil of step up
transformer.
▪ Repeat all steps for other self-made
transformers by changing number
of turns in primary and secondary
coil.
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USES OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations:

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 ❖ In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner,
etc.
❖ A step down transformer is used
for
welding purposes.
❖ A step down transformer is used
for
obtaining large current.
❖ A step up transformer is used for
the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
❖ Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
❖ Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
❖ Small transformers are used in
Radio
sets, telephones, loud speakers and
electric bells etc.

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SOURCES OF
ERROR

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▪ Values of current can be changed due
to
heating effect.
▪ Eddy current can change the
readings.

CONCLUSION
▪ The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to the input voltage
▪ The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect
to the input voltage
▪ There is a loss of power between
input
and output coil of a transformer.

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PRECAUTIONS

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❖ Keep safe yourself from high
voltage.
❖ While taking the readings of
current
and voltage the A.C should
remain constant.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

▪ HELP FROM INTERNET

▪ INFORMATION FROM LIBRARY
▪ HELP FROM TEACHERS
▪ NCERT textbook class 12
▪ NCERT physics lab Manuel

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