II.

CONCRETE
 What is concrete?
 Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or
other aggregates held together in a rocklike mass with a
paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more
admixtures are added to change certain characteristics of the
concrete such as workability, durability, and time of
hardening.
 As with most rocklike substances, concrete has a high
compressive strength and a very low tensile strength.
Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel
wherein the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcing is also capable of
resisting compression forces and is used in columns as well
as in other situations.
Classes of Concrete Mixture
Class Propor tion Cement(bag) Sand( cu.f t.) Gravel( cu.f t ) Water
AA 1:2:3 1 2 3 5gal(19liter s)
A 1:2:4 1 2 4 6gal(23liter s)
B 1:2.5:5 1 2.5 5 7.5gal(29lit)
C 1:3:6 1 3 6 9gal(35liter s)
D 1:3.5:7 1 3.5 7 10.5gal(40lit)

Properties of Materials (Based on a specific sample)

Material Specific Gravity Density (k g/ cu.m.)
Cement 3.14 1 ,411 1,440
Sand 2.65 1 ,684
Gravel 2.50 1 ,523
Water 1 .0 1 ,000
 Cement – bags – 40kg/bag
 Sand – cu.ft.
 Gravel – cu.ft.
 Water – liters

Manpower Capability:
a. Concreting using lean concrete
– 2 men can pour 1.20 cu.m./day
b. Concreting of reinforced slab
– 2 men can pour 0.80 cu.m./day
c. Concreting of beam/column
– 2 men can pour 0.50 cu.m./day
 Mixture= 1 : 2 : 3
 Slab thickness = 100mm
 Cement = PHP 250.00/bag
 Sand = PHP 1,600.00/cu. m.
 Gravel = PHP 1,600.00/cu. m
 Water = PHP 175.00/cu. m
 Mixer Operator = PHP 500.00/day
 Carpenter = PHP 500.00/day
 Mason = PHP 500.00/day
 Laborer = PHP 404.00/day
 1 Bagger Concrete Mixer = 1,000.00/day
 Fuel = 50.00/Liter
Volume of concrete
= Vol. of footing + Vol. of WF + Vol. of
Slab + Vol. of Column + Vol. of Septic Tank
cover and floor + Vol. of Grease Trap
cover & floor + Vol. of Catch Basin + Vol. of
Beam + Vol. of Roof Beam + Vol. of Stairs +
Vol. Of Kitchen counter + Vol. of Baluster
toppings+ Vol. of Lintel beam
Volume of F1 (16 units) = L x W x T x (no. of units)
= (1.50m x 1.50m x 0.30m) (16 units)
= 10.80 cu. m.
Volume of F2 (4 units) = L x W x T x (no. of units)
= (1.80m x 1.80m x 0.35m) (4 units)
= 4.536 cu. m.
Volume of Footings = 15.336 cu. m.

Length of WF – 1 = 62m
Volume of WF – 1 = W x T x Length of WF-1
= 0.40m x 0.20m x 62m
= 4.96 cu. m.
Length of WF – 2 = 26m
Volume of WF – 2= Area of Trapezoid x Length of WF -2
0.45m:0.25m
= x 0.10m (26m)
2
= 0.91 cu. m.
Volume of WF = 5.87 cu. m.
Ht of column = 7.50m
Volume of Column (14 units) : From Ground floor to Roof Beam
= b x b x Ht of Col x no. of col.
= 0.20m x 0.20m x 7.50m (14 units)
= 4.2 cu. m.
Volume of Column at the Ground floor(6 units)
= b x b x ht. of column
= 0.20m x 0.20m x 4.5m x 6 units = 1.08 cu.m.
Length of Beam = 113.0m
Volume of Beam= b x h x Length of Beam
= 0.20m x 0.35m x 113.0m
= 7.91 cu. m.
Length of Roof Beam = 74.0m
Volume of Roof Beam=b x h x Length of Roof Beam
= 0.20m x 0.35m x 74.0m
= 5.18 cu. m.
Length of Lintel Beam = 112.50m
Volume of Lintel Beam=b x h x Length of Lintel Beam
= 0.10m x 0.25m x 112.50m
= 2.813 cu. m.
Volume of Floor Slab=Ground Floor Area x Thickness of Slab
= 121.0m 2 x 0.10m
= 12.10 cu. m.

Volume of 2 nd Floor Suspended Slab= Floor Area x Thickness of

slab = 83 sq.m. x 0.10m
= 8.3 cu.m.

Landing Slab = 2m x 1m x 0.10m = 0.20 cu.m.

Vol. of Stair Footing= W x T x L
= (0.60m x 0.20m x 1.0m) + (0.15m x 0.50m x 1.0m)
= 0.195 cu. m.

Volume of Stairs
= Area of Trapezoid x Length x (no. of steps)
0.35m:0.15m
= x 0.18m (1.0m) x (15) +
2
(1.0m x 2.0m x 0.10m)
= 0.875 cu. m.
Vol. of Septic Tank cover & floor
= (L x W x T) (2)
= (3.15m x 1.20m x 0.10m) (2)
= 0.756 cu. m.
Volume of Catch basin floor
= L x W x T (no. of units)
= 0.80m x 0.80m x 0.05m x (6 units)
= 0.192 cu. m.
Volume of Grease Trap
= L x W x T (1 unit)
= 0.60m x 0.60m x 0.05m x (1 unit) (2)
= 0.036 cu. m.
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE = 65.043 cu. m.

*Using 1 : 2 : 3 Mixture:
c : w = 1 : 19 Liters

Volume of Cement
Cement Ratio (Density of Cement)
=
Specific Gravity of Cement (Density of Water)
1 ft 3 0.0283m 3 /ft 3 (1411 kg/m 3 )
=
3.14 (1000 kg/m 3 )
Volume of Cement = 0.0127 cu. m.
 Sand Ratio (Density of Sand)
Volume of Sand =
Specific Gravity of Sand (Density of Water)
2 ft 3 0.0283m 3 /ft 3 (1684 kg/m 3 )
=
2.65 (1000 kg/m 3 )
Volume of Sand = 0.0359 cu. m.

Gravel Ratio (Density of Gravel)

Volume of Gravel =
Specific Gravity of Gravel (Density of Water)
3 ft 3 0.0283m 3 /ft 3 (1523 kg/m 3 )
=
2.50 (1000 kg/m 3 )
Volume of Gravel= 0.0517 cu. m.
 Water Ratio (Density of Water)
Volume of Water=
Specific Gravity of Water (Density of Water)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Volume of Water =
1.0
3
19 Liters x 1.0 m 1000 Liters
=
1.0
Volume of Water= 0.019 cu. m.

Volume of concrete / batch

= 0.0127 cu. m. +0.0359 cu. m. + 0.0517 cu. m.
+ 0.019 cu. m.
= 0.1193 cu. m.
Determine the number of Batches:
Total Volume of Concrete
No. of Batches =
Volume of Concrete per Batch
65.043 𝑐𝑢.𝑚.
=
0.1193 cu.m./batch
No. of Batches =𝟓𝟒𝟓.205 Batches

MATERIALS:
No. of bags of cement
= (No .of Batches) x (Cement Ratio / batch)
= (545.205 batches) x 1bag / batch
= 545.205 bags ≈ say 546 bags
Req’d Volume of Sand
= (No .of Batches) x (Sand Ratio / batch)
= (545.205 batches)x(2ft 3 ) x (0.0283m 3 /ft 3 ) x 1.10
= 33.94 cu. m. ≈ say 34.0 cu. m.
Req’d Volume of Gravel
= (No .of Batches) x (Gravel Ratio / batch)
= (545.205 batches)x(3ft 3 ) x (0.0283m 3 /ft 3 ) x 1.10
= 50.92 cu. m. ≈ say 51.0 cu. m.
Req’d Volume of Water
= (No .of Batches) x (Water Ratio/batch)
= (545.205 batches) x (19L/batch) x (1m 3 /1000L)
= 10.36 cu. m. ≈ say 10.50 cu. m.
A. MATERIAL COST:

Cement= 546 bags x PHP 250.00/bag

= PHP 136,500.00
Sand = 34.0 cu. m. x PHP 1,600.00/cu. m.
= PHP 54,400.00
Gravel= 51.0 cu. m. x PHP 1,600.00/cu. m.
= PHP 81,600.00
Water= 10.50 cu. m. x PHP 175.00/cu. m.
= PHP 1,837.50
Total Material Cost = PHP 274, 337.50
MANPOWER CAPABILITY:
2 men can accomplish 0.50 cu. m. per day
 1 Mixing crew consist of 14 men:
Mason=2; Mixer Operator=1; Carpenter=1; Laborer=10
Using 1 crew:
Accomplishment / day
= (Capability of 2 men per day)x(No. of men in 1 crew)
= (0.50 cu. m. /day /2 men) x (14 men)
= 3.50 cu. m. /day
total volume of Concrete
Number of days =
accomplishment per day
65.043 cu.m.
=
3.50 cu.m./day
= 18.58 days ≈ say 19.0 days
B. MANPOWER COST:

1 - Mixer Operator at PHP 500.00/day for 19.0 days

= PHP 9,500.00
1 - Carpenter at PHP 500.00/day for 19.0 days
= PHP 9,500.00
2 - Mason at PHP 500.00/day for 19.0 days
= PHP 19,000.00
10 - Laborer at PHP 404.00/day for 19.0 days
= PHP 76, 760.00
Total Manpower Cost = PHP 114,760.00
C. EQUIPMENT RENTAL:
1 – Unit = One - Bagger Mixer at PHP 1000.00/day for
19.0 days = PHP 19,000.00
D. FUEL & LUBRICANTS:
 Fuel consumption of mixer per day = 8 Liters
Total = 8 Liters x 19.0days = 152.0 Liters
Cost = 152.0 Liters x at PHP 50.00/Liters
Cost = PHP 7,600.00
 Lubricants = 15% of the Fuel Cost
Cost of Lubricants = PHP 7,600.00 (0.15)
Cost of Lubricants = PHP 1,140.00
Total Cost of Fuel & Lubricants = PHP8,740.00
Total Direct Cost = Material Cost + Manpower Cost +
Equipment Rental + Fuel & Lubricants
Total Direct Cost = PHP 416, 837.50
Total Direct Cost
Direct Unit Cost =
Total Volume of Concrete
PHP 416,837.50
=
65.043 cu.m.
Direct Unit Cost = PHP 6,408.65 per cu. m.

Adjusted Unit Cost (40% Mark – up)

= Direct Unit Cost + 40% (Direct Unit Cost)
= PHP 6,408.65 per cu. m. x 1.40
= PHP 8,972.11 per cu. m.
Total Adjusted Cost
= Adjusted Unit Cost x Total Volume of
Concrete
= (PHP 8,972.11/cu. m.) x (65.043 cu. m.)

Total Adjusted Cost = PHP 583,572.95

Item Description Quantity Unit Adj. Unit Amount
Cost
II CONCRETE 65.043 cu. PHP 8,972.11 PHP 583,
WORKS m. 572.95

CEMENT 546 bags PHP 250.00 PHP

136,500.00
SAND 34 cu. PHP 1,600.00 PHP
m. 54,400.00
GRAVEL 51 cu. PHP 1,600.00 PHP
m. 81,600.00
WATER 10.50 cu. PHP 175.00 PHP
m. 1,837.50