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Lecture 1: Energy and Environment

The document discusses energy resources and their relationship to economic growth and the environment. It notes that fossil fuels currently account for over 70% of India's energy needs but are finite, and that increased fossil fuel usage contributes to carbon emissions and environmental degradation. The document advocates switching to renewable resources where possible, reducing energy consumption through greater efficiency, and capturing waste heat from industrial processes to optimize energy usage and minimize environmental impacts.

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Ganesh Yadav
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151 views

Lecture 1: Energy and Environment

The document discusses energy resources and their relationship to economic growth and the environment. It notes that fossil fuels currently account for over 70% of India's energy needs but are finite, and that increased fossil fuel usage contributes to carbon emissions and environmental degradation. The document advocates switching to renewable resources where possible, reducing energy consumption through greater efficiency, and capturing waste heat from industrial processes to optimize energy usage and minimize environmental impacts.

Uploaded by

Ganesh Yadav
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture1:EnergyandEnvironment

Energyisaprimemoverofeconomicgrowthandisvitaltosustaintheeconomy. Energyconsumptionisanindicatorofeconomicgrowthofanation Economicgrowthdepends,amongotherfactors,onthelongtermavailabilityof resourcesthatareaffordable,accessibleandtheirusedonotpollutethe environment. Industrializationcontributestoeconomicgrowthandrequiresenergy.Major energyintensiveindustriesconsumed68%ofthetotalenergyavailablein2005.A similartrendcontinuesinthesubsequentyearsalso. Energyconsumptionisstronglyrelatedtoenvironmentcleanliness,whenfossil fuelisthemainsourceofenergy Fossilfuelaccountsformorethan70%ofthetotalenergyrequirementofIndia andothercountries

Energyresources:Classificationofenergyresourcesisgiveninthefollowingflowsheet:
EnergyResources NonRenewable(FossilFuel) Coal Petroleum NaturalGas Solar Geothermal Wind Biomass Hydrothermal Primary(Natural) Secondary(Synthetic)

Renewable

Coke

FuelGas (Producer Gas)

Oil

Itmustbenotedthatallfossilfuelreservesareplantoriginandittakesmillionsofyearsto formadepositbelowtheearthcrustthroughphysicochemicalreactions

TypesofNonRenewablesourcesofenergy
Coal:
Coalisformedbytheprolongedactionofgeologicalforcesontheplantandvegetal matteraccumulatedbelowtheearthcrust.TheprocessiscalledCOALIFICATION. Coalificationisbothtimeandforcedependent.Coalificationbringsfollowing changestotheaccumulatedplant:

WoodPeatLigniteBituminousAnthraciteGraphite Increaseintimeandmagnitudeofforces Both,physicalchangelikecolour,strength,densityandstructure;andchemical changeoccur. Chemicalchangesareimportant: Oxygendecreasesfrom40%forwoodto305forpeat,20%forlignite,5%for bituminousand2%foranthracitecoal. Volatilematterdecreasesfromabout70%forwoodto5%orlessforanthracitecoal. Increaseincarbonfromabout30%forwoodandpeatto9095%foranthracitecoal.

Petroleum:
Petroleumisformedintheearthscrustfromtheaccumulatedvegetalandanimalmatter metamorphicprocessessimilartocoalification. Fromcrudepetroleumgasoline,lubricatingoil,fueloilsetc.areobtained.

Naturalgas:
Itisuseddirectly

Renewablesourcesofenergy
Geothermal:energyobtainedbytappingtheheatoftheearthbelowitssurface. Hotundergroundwaterorsteamisusedtoproduceelectricity. Biogas:producedfromwastesofpaperandsugarindustries,animalandsoon.CH4 istheproduct. Biofuel:Biodiesel,ethanoletc.arederivedfromplants. SolidBiomass:Woodfuel,biogenicportionofmunicipalwaste,certainplants. Biomassmassmaybeusedinanumberofwaystoproduceenergy.Thecommon methodsaregasification,combustion,fermentationandanaerobicdigestion.Indiais veryrichinbiomass Hydrothermal:EnergyinwaterintheformofKE,temperaturedifference SolarEnergy:Energycollectedfromsunlight.Itcanbeusedinmanyways: Generateelectricityusingphotovoltaiccells. Generateelectricityusingconcentratingsolarpower. Photovoltaiccellshavealowefficiencyfactor

EnergyScenariounderIndianCondition
Indiaranks6thintheworldintotalenergyconsumptionandneedstoacceleratethe developmentofenergysectortomeet89%economicgrowthinthecountry. Indiathoughrichincoalandabundantlyendowedwithrenewableenergyhasvery smallhydrocarbonreserves(0.4%oftheworldsreserve). Indiaisanetimporterofenergy,morethan25%ofprimaryenergyneedsbeingmet throughimportsintheformofcrudeoilandnaturalgas. Inenergyproduction,coalandoilaccountfor54%and34%respectivelywithnatural gas,hydroandnuclearcontributingtotherest.IndustrialsectorinIndiaconsumes 52%energy.ConsumptionofprimaryenergyinIndiais530Kgofoil equivalent/personin2004comparesto1240Kgoilequivalent/personinChinaand theworldaverageof1770Kgofoilequivalent/person.

Primaryenergyconsumptionperpersonwillgrowwiththegrowthineconomy becauseenergyconsumptionisanindexofcountryseconomicgrowthand prosperity.

IssuesrelatedtoFossilFuelUsage
Fossilfuelcontainspotentialenergy/chemicalenergyandisobtainedbycombustion.The figureshows:
IncreaseinCofenvironmentis proportionaltofossilfuelinput DischargeofPOCatTTsink(IfTsinkis1200oC thenTPOC1200oC) HeatTransferbetweenPOCandthesink (sink:furnacewalls/product)toraisethe sinktemperature Potentialenergyoffuel

Combustion
SensibleheatinPOC atflametemperature

Lossofhighqualitythermalenergy (qualityofenergytemperatureofPOC)

Thususageoffossilfuelenergysourcerelatestoenvironmentsustainability (increaseduseoffossilfuelincreasestheCemission)andenergysecurity (limitedfossilfuelreserves).

Whatshouldbedone????
Energyconsumptionisanindicatoroftheeconomicgrowthofanation.Adevelopingnation likeourshastheneedsofenergyforindustrialgrowth.Unlessrenewablesourcesofenergy areexploitedonamassivescale,fossilfuelistheonlysourceofenergy.Limitedreservesof fossilfuels andthewayinwhichfossilfuelenergyisavailable(combustionand unutilized energy in Products of combustion) need ways to search means to optimize energy consumption.Energysavingwillautomaticallyreducethecarbonemission. Weshouldthinkintermsofthefollowingconcept Switch:Canweswitchovertorenewableenergysource?Ifyes,towhat extent? Reduce:Canwereducethepresentlevelofenergyconsumption?Ifyes, thenhow? Capture:CanwecapturetheheatofPOCwhichisexitingtheindustrial furnace?Ifyes,how?

Keywords:Energyresources,Environment,furnaces,energyefficiency

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