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General Mathematics
Second Quarter
Module 11: Proposition

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VII-CENTRAL VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SIQUIJOR

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 11

General Mathematics
Second Quarter
Module 11: Proposition

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 INTRODUCTION

This module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education Program to

ensure attainment of the standards expected of you as learner.

This learning material aims to equip you with the essential knowledge on
Proposition.

This includes the following activities/tasks:

▪ Expected Learning Outcome – This lays out the learning outcome that
you are expected to have accomplished at the end of the module.
▪ Pre-test – This determines your prior learning on the particular lesson
you are about to take.
▪ Discussion of the lesson – This provides you with the important
knowledge, principles and attitude that will help you meet the expected
learning outcome.
▪ Learning Activities – These provide you with the application of the
knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and enable
you to further enhance your skills as you carry out prescribed tasks.
▪ Post-test – This evaluates your overall understanding about the module.

With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this material
engaging and challenging as it develops you critical thinking skills.

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 What I need to know

After going through this module, you will be able to

➢ Illustrate and Symbolizes propositions. Code: M11GM-IIg-1,g-2
➢ Distinguishes between simple and compound proposition.
Code: M11GM-IIg-3

What I know

Pre-Test
Directions: A. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. It is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false, but not both.
a. Conjunction c. Negation
b. Imperative d. Proposition

2. It is a sentence that has one independent clause.

a. Simple sentence c. compound-complex sentence
b. Complex sentence d. compound sentence

3. It is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses joined by

conjunctions (for, nor, but, or, yet, so), semicolons or semicolon followed by a
conjunctive adverb.
a. Simple sentence c. compound-complex sentence
b. Complex sentence d. compound sentence

4. It is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more

dependent clauses.
a) Simple sentence c. compound-complex sentence
b) Complex sentence d. compound sentence

5. Which of the following statements is a proposition?

a. Walk. . c. Why is he good?
b. The sun rises at the east. d. congratulations!

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6. Given p: Philippines is not in Europe; q: China is in Asia, which of the
following is the correct translation of Philippines is in Europe or China is not in
Asia?
a. p v q b. ~p v ~q c. p Λ q d. ~p Λ ~q

7. Given p: The sun is a star; q: Earth is a planet, which statement is correct to

represent p Λ ~q?
a. The sun is a star and Earth is not a planet.
b. The sun is not a star and Earth is not a planet.
c. The sun is not a star and Earth is a planet.
d. The sun is a star and Earth is a planet.

8. Given p: Philippines is not in Europe; q: China is in Asia, which of the

following is the correct translation of Philippines is in Europe or China is not in
Asia?
a. p v q b. ~p v ~q c. p Λ q d. ~p Λ ~q

9. A proposition that conveys one though with no connecting words.

a. Simple proposition c. complex proposition
b. Compound proposition d. compound-complex

10. It contains two or more simple propositions that are put together using
connective words.
a. Simple proposition c. complex proposition
b. Compound proposition d. compound-complex

11. It is a two way proposition connected using the word and.

a. Disjunction c. Biconditional
b. Conjunction d. Negation

12. It is a two simple proposition that are connected using the word and.
a. Disjunction c. Biconditional
b. Conjunction d. Negation

13. It is two simple propositions that are connected using the words if…then.
a. Disjunction c. conditional
b. Conjunction d. Negation

14. A conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and

consequent of the first statement have been switched in the second
statement.
a. Disjunction c. Biconditional
b. Conjunction d. Negation

15. It is a statement that is false whenever the given statement is true, and true
whenever the g given statement is false.
a. Disjunction c. Biconditional
b. Conjunction d. Negation

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 For #16-20. Complete the table.
Write the corresponding symbols and type of statement of each
connective.

Connective Symbols Type of statement

(16) Conjunction
and
(17) Disjunction
or
(18) (19)
not
(20) Conditional
If…then

What’s In

You learned some terms in business and consumer loan. Can you still
remember them? Try doing the activity below.

Activity:

Directions: Rearrange the jumbled letters in every item to form the correct
word related to business and consumer loan. Do it in your notebook.

1. GAGEMORT
2. RALTECOLLA
3. TIZATIONMORA
4. MERT
5. NOAL
6. TIONAGEN
7. NOCNOITJUNC
8. LOMYSB
9. POTIONISORP
10. DITIONALCONIB

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 What’s New

Being able to reason and argue correctly requires logic. Logic makes an
argument sensible and valid. When you view mathematics as a language, logic
holds together many elements like symbols, words, sentences, and the actual
argument.
There are two kinds of propositions according to their components,
namely simple and compound propositions. The following statements below are
example of proposition:
1. Some horses are made of bricks.
2. No witches are good.
3. Either a person will eat pasta or a burger steak.
4. Maria is a labourer if and only if she works in a factory.
5. Either you die a hero or you live long enough.
*What are the statements describe as simple proposition?
*What are the statement describe as compound statement?

What is It?

Kinds of Sentences
1. Simple sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause.
2. Compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent
clauses joined by conjunctioms (for, n or, but, or, yet, so) semicolons, or
semicolon followed by a conjunctive adverb.
3. Complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause
and one or more dependent clauses.
4. Compoun-complex sentence is a compound sentence with one or more
independent clause.

According to the purpose of the speaker or writer, sentences are

classified as follows:
1. Declarative sentence is used to statement of fact, wish, intent or
feeling.
Example: I wish I could visit my grandparents this summer.

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 2. Imperative sentence is used to state a command, request, or
direction.
Example: Please do not answer in chorus.

3. Interrogative sentence is used to ask a question.

Example: Did you prepare for the final examination?

4. Exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feelings.

Example: The teacher shouted: “Keep quiet!”

What proposition is?

A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be

classified as true or false, but not both. If a proposition
is true, then its truth value is true which is denoted by T;
otherwise, its truth value is false and it’s denoted by F.

Propositions are usually denoted by small letters as shown in the next

example. For example,
p: Everyone should study logic.
may be read as
p is the proposition “Everyone should study logic.”
If a sequence of proposition is considered, we denote the proposition
by p1, p2…

Example 1: Determine whether each of the following statements is a proposition is or

not. If a proposition, give its truth value.

p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.

Solution: This is a declarative sentence, and Mindanao is an island in the
Philippines. Hence, p is a true proposition.

q: Find a number which divides your age.

Solution: This is an imperative sentence, and so it is not a proposition.

r: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the Logic exam.

Solution: The statement is a declarative sentence. Although the truth value
will only be known after the Logic exam, we know that it can be either
true (my seatmate gets a perfect score) or false (she has some
mistakes) but not both. Hence, r is a proposition.
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 A declarative sentence to be a proposition, it is not necessary that its true
value is immediately known.
s: 3 + 2 = 5
Solution: The given equation is a mathematical sentence. Translated into
English, the equation reads the sum of three and two is five”, which
is a declarative sentence. It is also a true statement. Hence t is a true
proposition.

t: Welcome to the Philippines!

Solution: Statement s is an exclamatory sentence, and so it is not a
proposition.

Consider the following mathematical sentences.

(a) 2x = 1
(b) (x + y)2 = x2 + y2
Note that both are declarative sentences, which may be read as
“Twice a number x is 1,” and “The Square of a sum is the sum of the
sum of the squares,” respectively. But, are they true or false? We
cannot tell because both sentences involve some unknown x and y.
Thus, the given statements are not propositions

Symbols are used to simplify work in logic. If x and y are the frequently used
letters in algebra, the letters p, q, or r are often used to represent propositions in logic.
The table below shows the several symbols for connectives, together with the
respective types of compound proposition.
Connective Symbol Type of
Statement
And Λ Conjunction
Or ∨ Disjunction
Not ~ Negation
if…then Conditional
if and only if biconditional
(iif)

Example 2.
Let p represent the proposition “He has green thumb” and
q represent the proposition ‘He is a senior citizen.”

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Convert each compound proposition into symbols.
b. He has green thumb and he is a senior citizen.
Solution:
He has green thumb

pΛq He is a senior citizen.

and

c. He does not have green thumb or he is not senior citizen.

Solution:

He does not have green thumb

~p ∨ ~q He is not a senior citizen.

of
d. It is not the case that he has green thumb or is a senior citizen.
Solution

or

~ (p ∨ q)

He is a senior citizen.
He has a green thumb
It is not the case
e. If he has a green thumb, then he is not a senior citizen.
Solution:

If he has green thumb

P ~q He is not a senior citizen

then

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Example 3
Let p represent “Robin can swim “and let q be “Tom plays guitar.” Write
each symbolic statement in word.
a. p ∨ q
Solution: symbolizes or; Thus, p q represents
“Robin can swim or Tom plays the guitar”
b) p ^ ~q
Solution: Robin can swim and Tom cannot play the guitar.

c. ~(p ∨ q)
Solution: It is not the case that Robin can swim or Tom can play the
guitar.

Negation of the Disjunction p or q

~ (p ∨ q) means ~p Λ ~p

Thus, another solution to part (c) of Example 3 is “Robin cannot

swim and Tom cannot play the guitar.”

Negation of the Conjunction p or q

~ (p Λ q) means ~p ∨ ~p

Thus, another solution to part (d) of Example 3 is “Robin cannot

swim or Tom cannot play the guitar.”

Compound proposition

A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler

propositions using logical connectors or some combination of logical
connectors or some combination of logical connectors. It also contains two or
more simple propositions that are put together using connective words. Some
logical connectors involving proposition
p and /or q may be expressed as follows.
not p
p and q
p or q
if p then q
where < • > stands for some proposition.

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 A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken down any further into other
component propositions. It is a proposition that conveys one thought with no
connecting words.
Examples:
The proposition “Rowena is passing in Mathematics,” is a simple proposition.
However, Rowena is passing in Mathematics but she is failing in Social Science” is a
compound proposition. It is a compound proposition because it is a combination of two
simple propositions “Rowena is passing in Mathematics” and: She is failing in Social
Science.”
There are several ways in which simple propositions The statements that
can be combined to form compound to form compound makes up a compound
propositions. Different combinations of compound propositions propositions are called
can be formed by using logical connectives or simply, connectives. component statements.
Words such as and, or, not, and if … then are examples of
connectives.

If the proposition is compound, then it must be one of the following: conjunction,

disjunction, conditional, biconditional, or negation.

DEFINITION
CONJUNCTION
Two simple propositions connected using the word and.

The sentence “Today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday” is a conjunction.

Sometimes, the word but will be used in place of and in a given sentence. In the
example, “Roel was on time, but Tom was late” can also be written as Roel was in
time and Tom was late.”

DEFINITION
DISJUNCTION
Two simple propositions connected using the word or.
What’s More?
The sentence “I will pass the Math exam or I will be promoted” is an example
of disjunction.

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 DEFINITION
CONDITIONAL
Two simple propositions connected using the words if … then.

The sentence “If you will recite the poem, then you will pass the oral
examination” is an example of a conditional.
The statement between the if and then is called the antecedent of the
conditional. The sentence that follows then is called the consequent.
The example can also be written as:
a. If you will recite the poem, you will pass the oral examination; or
b. You will pass the oral examination if you will recite the poem.
In (a), then was omitted but it is understood to be there.
In (b), the two parts are switched around and then was also omitted.

Nonetheless, both (a) and (b) are conditionals.

DEFINITION
BICONDITIONAL
Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and
consequent of the first statement have been switched in the second statement.

The sentence if two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angle opposite
them are congruent, and if two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides
opposite them are congruent,” is an example of a biconditional.

The sentence above is usually stated as “’Two sides The abbreviation for if
of a triangle are congruent if and only if two angles opposite and only if is iff.
them are congruent.”

DEFINITION
NEGATION
The negation of a given statement is a statement that is false whenever
the given statement is true, and true whenever the given statement is false.

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 The negation can be obtained by inserting the word not in the given statement
or by prefixing it with phrases such as “It is not the case that…”
The negation of the staement “Herbert is good” can be written as:
“’Herbert is not good,” or
It is not the case that Herbert is good.”

Example:

1. Give the negation of the statement:

Her aunt’s name is Lucia.
Solution:
By inserting not in the statement:
Her aunt’s name is not Lucia.
By pefixing the phrase “” It is not the case that”
It is not the case that her aunt’s name is Lucia.

What’s More

ACTIVITY:
A. Match each proposition in Column A to its respective symbol in
Column B
A B
1. Conjunction a. ~
2. Disjunction b.
3. Negation c.
4. Conditional d. Λ
5. Conditional e. ∨

B. Decide whether each of the following is a proposition or not a

proposition
1. Mabuhay!
2. Jose Rizal is our National Hero.
3. Who is the first president of the republic?
4. Ferdinand Magellan did not arrive the Philippines in 1521.

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 5. 2.5 is an integer.
6. Smile at your seatmate
7. Is 2 a square of some number?
8. If an integer is even, then its square is also even.

C. Classify each proposition as simple or compound. Classify each

compound proposition as a negation, conjunction, disconjuction,
conditional, or biconditional.
1. My friend took his master’s degree in Spain.
2. Roses are red, but violets are blue.
3. You are entitled to a 30% discount if you are a member.
4. Roel was on time, but Tom was late.
5. Either he watches a movie or dines with his friends.
6. If it is an acute angle, then it is an acute angle.

What I can do

Activity:
A. Construct at least five (5) statements and identify each
statement if it is a proposition or not. Then write each symbolic
statement in word.
B. Construct or provide an argument for or against a statement of your
choice. Then determine whether each sentence in your argument is
a proposition. You should also identify whether it is simple or
compound. If it is a compound proposition, identify its simple
components.

Scoring Rubrics:

Level 4 3 2 1 0
Accuracy Complete Arrived at Incomplete Attempted No
solution the correct solution to solve evidence
with the answer and did of
correct but with not arrive attempting
answer incomplete at the to show
solution correct the
answer solution

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 What I Have Learned

I learned that:
• proposition is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false,
but not both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true which is
denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value is false and it’s denoted by F.
• SYMBOLS are used to simplify work in logic. If x and y are the frequently used
letters in algebra, the letters p, q, or r are often used to represent
propositions in logic. The table below shows the several symbols for
connectives, together with the respective types of compound proposition.

Assessment

POST TEST
A. Identification. Identify the term described in each statement. Choose your
answer from the box. Write your answer on your notebook.
1. It is used to statement of fact, wish, intent or feeling
2. It is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses joined by
conjunctions (for, nor, but, or, yet, so), semicolons or semicolon followed
by a conjunctive adverb.
3. It is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
4. It is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false, but not
both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true which is denoted by
T; otherwise, its truth value is false and it’s denoted by F.
5. Two simple propositions connected using the word and.
6. Two simple propositions connected using the word or.
7. Two simple propositions connected using the words if … then.
8. Conjunction of two conditional statements where the antecedent and
consequent of the first statement have been switched in the second
statement.

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 9. It is a statement that is false whenever the given statement is true, and true
whenever the given statement is false.
10. It is a proposition formed from simpler propositions using logical
connectors or some combination of logical connectors or some
combination of logical connectors.
11. It is a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.

Simple proposition disjunction biconditional

Compound proposition conjunction proposition
Negation conditional Declarative Sentence
compound sentence proposition
Simple sentence Complex sentence

B. Identify each statement if it is a simple or compound proposition.

1. Either a person will eat pasta or a burger.
2. No witches are good.
3. A politician cannot be a congressman and a senator at the same time.
4. All women are capable of giving birth.
5. If the squares has four sides, then it is quadrilateral.

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Oronce, Olando A. First Edition. “General Mathematics” 268 – 270. Quenzon
City: Rex Bookstore.

Lim, Yvette F, and Rizaldi C.Nocon. 2016. “Math for Engaged Leaning,
Senior High General Mathematics.” Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House
Inc.

Verzosa, Debbie Marie B. and Leo Andrei A. Crisologo, et al.2016. “Teaching

Guide for Senior High School General Mathematics” Quezon City:
Commission on Higher Education.

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