Ans Page_Maths Olympiad Beginner.

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Maths Olympiad
Unleash The Maths Olympian In You!

Solutions

Beginner (Pr 3 & 4, suitable for 9-10 years old)

© Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd & Terry Chew.

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 Maths Olympiad – Unleash The Maths Olympian In You! (Beginner)

New Edition 2019

© Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd & Terry Chew

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 CHAPTER 1
1 (a) This is an example of Fibonacci numbers. (j) The rule is the same as the one stated in part (g).
1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 3 = 5, 3 + 5 = 8, 1 + 5 = 2 × 3, 2 + 13 = 5 × 3,
5 + 8 = 13. 5 + 34 = 13 × 3,
13 + 89 = 34 × 3,
(b) The fifth term is the sum of the first four
34 + ( ) = 89 × 3
terms. In essence, each term is the sum of the
therefore ( ) = 267 – 34 = 233.
preceding four terms. 89 + ( ) = 233 × 3
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4, 1 + 1 + 1 + 4 = 7, therefore ( ) = 699 – 89 = 610.
1 + 1 + 4 + 7 = 13, 1 + 4 + 7 + 13 = 25.
(c) The difference between two terms increases 2Rule 1: The answers always end with 89.
by 2 each time. Rule 2: The first digit increases with each answer.
3 + 2 = 5, 5 + 4 = 9, 9 + 6 = 15, ... , Rule 3: The second digit indicates the number
45 + 14 = 59. of 8s in the answers (until before the last
(d) The difference between two terms increases multiplication).
by 1 each time. 54 321 × 9 = 488 889
1 + 2 = 3, 3 + 3 = 6, 6 + 4 = 10, ... , 654 321 × 9 = 5 888 889
7 654 321 × 9 = 68 888 889
10 + 5 = 15.
87 654 321 × 9 = 788 888 889
(e) The difference between two terms is growing 987 654 321 × 9 = 8 888 888 889
consecutive odd numbers.
0 + 3 = 3, 3 + 5 = 8, 8 + 7 = 15, ... , 3 Rule: Each answer is the sum of the two numbers
24 + 11 = 35. directly above it.
(f) Each term is multiplied by consecutive 1 (5) (10) (10) (5) 1
numbers, starting from 2. 1 (6) (15) (20) (15) (6) 1
1 × 2 = 2, 2 × 3 = 6, 6 × 4 = 24, 1 (7) (21) (35) (35) (21) (7) 1
24 × 5 = 120, 120 × 6 = 720.
(g) The sum of the first and third terms is equal to 4 101 × 44 = 4444 101 × 77 = 7777
the multiplication of the second term and 3. This 101 × 55 = 5555 101 × 88 = 8888
rule applies to all terms in the number pattern. 101 × 66 = 6666 101 × 99 = 9999
0 + 3 = 1 × 3, 1 + 8 = 3 × 3,
3 + 21 = 8 × 3, 8 + 55 = 21 × 3, 5 (a) 30 – 10 = 20 20 × 2 = 40
21 + ( ) = 55 × 3, 24 – 10 = 14 14 × 2 = 28
therefore ( ) = 165 – 21 = 144, 25 – 10 = 15 15 × 2 = 30
55 + ( ) = 144 × 3, (b) 14 + 8 = 22 22 ÷ 2 = 11
therefore ( ) = 432 – 55 = 377. 12 + 8 = 20 20 ÷ 2 = 10
20 + 8 = 28 28 ÷ 2 = 14
(h) Each term is increased by twice the previous
increment. (c) 18 + 5 = 23 23 – 8 = 15
14 + 5 = 19 19 – 8 = 11
1 + 2 = 3, 3 + 4 = 7, 7 + 8 = 15,
17 + 5 = 22 22 – 8 = 14
15 + 16 = 31, 31 + 32 = 63, (d) 8 × 6 = 48 48 – 16 = 32
63 + 64 = 127. 9 × 6 = 54 54 – 16 = 38
(i) The rule below is applicable to all terms except 7 × 6 = 42 42 – 16 = 26
for the first one. (e) 3 × 4 = 12 12 + 12 = 24
Rule: previous term + 2 × (order of the term – 2) 8 × 4 = 32 32 + 12 = 44
1 + 2 × (3rd – 2) = 3, 20 × 4 = 80 80 + 12 = 92
3 + 2 × (4th – 2) = 7,
7 + 2 × (5th – 2) = 13, 6 In this number pattern, we have to use ‘guess-and-
13 + 2 × (6th – 2) = 13 + 8 = 21. check’ method.

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 18 + 12 = 30 1 + 11 = 12 12 ÷ 3 = 4
29 + 12 = 41 The same rule applies for the rest of the terms.
5 + 12 = 17 4 + 29 = 33 33 ÷ 3 = 11
12 + 12 = 24 To find the 8th term, multiply 521 by 3 and subtract
44 + 12 = 56 199 from the result.
All the digits from 1 to 9 are used. 521 × 3 = 1563 1563 – 199 = 1364

7 The method is the same as the one stated in question 6. 13 The rule is to find the square of each term. To square
8 × 4 + 5 = 37 means to multiply the number by itself.
16 × 4 + 5 = 69 1 × 1 = 1 4 × 4 = 16
5 × 4 + 5 = 25 2 × 2 = 4 5 × 5 = 25
23 × 4 + 5 = 97 3 × 3 = 9 6 × 6 = 36
14 × 4 + 5 = 61
All the digits from 1 to 9 are used.
14 The difference between the two terms increases by
1. To get the next term, add the difference to the
8 The method is the same as the one stated in question 6. previous term.
8 ÷ 2 – 1 = 3 16 + 6 = 22 22 + 7 = 29
12 ÷ 2 – 1 = 5
30 ÷ 2 – 1 = 14
46 ÷ 2 – 1 = 22 15 The difference between two terms increases by
96 ÷ 2 – 1 = 47 2. To get the next term, add the difference to the
All the digits from 1 to 9 are used. previous term.
32 + 12 = 44 44 + 14 = 58
9 The method is the same as the one stated in question 6.
16 × 2 + 3 = 35 16 Add 1 to the odd terms and 5 to the even terms.
14 × 2 + 3 = 31 3 + 1 = 4 4+5=9
15 × 2 + 3 = 33 9 + 1 = 10 10 + 5 = 15
27 × 2 + 3 = 57 15 + 1 = 16 16 + 5 = 21
18 × 2 + 3 = 39 21 + 1 = 22
All the digits from 1 to 9 are used.
17 Add 2 to the odd terms and multiply the even terms
10 There are more than one set of answers to this by 2.
question. The key is to put equal number of balls 1 + 2 = 3 16 + 2 = 18
in each corner.
3 × 2 = 6 18 × 2 = 36
Ans 1: 32 – 4 = 28 28 ÷ 4 = 7
 7 balls in each of the four corners, each 6 + 2 = 8 36 + 2 = 38
of the remaining boxes contains 1 ball. 8 × 2 = 16
Ans 2: 32 – 8 = 24 24 ÷ 4 = 6
 6 balls in each of the four corners, each 18 All sequences are Fibonacci numbers except for (d).
of the remaining boxes contains 2 balls.
Ans 3: 32 – 12 = 20 20 ÷ 4 = 5
 5 balls in each of the four corners, each 19 (a)
In the first number pattern,
of the remaining boxes contains 3 balls. 7 + 5 = 12 12 ÷ 4 = 3
Ans 4: Place 4 balls in each box. The same rule applies.
9 + 7 = 16 16 ÷ 4 = 4
(b)
In each number pattern, find the difference of
11 Each term is added by a consecutive even number. the numbers at the top and bottom. Multiply
45 + 14 = 59
the difference by the number on the left-hand
side to get the correct answer.
12 To find the second term, add the first term and third 10 – 7 = 3 6 × 3 = 18
term together. Divide the result by 3.

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 (c) In each number pattern, find the sum of the (a) She saved $210 in July.
numbers at the top and bottom. Divide the (b) She saved $890 in October.
number on the right-hand side by the sum to
get the correct answer.
21 Observe the pattern in each row.
10 + 2 = 12 36 ÷ 12 = 3
The second row is the multiplication table of 2, the
third row is the multiplication table of 3 and the
20 This is an example of Fibonacci numbers. fourth row is the multiplication table of 4.
Jan $10 Hence the fifth and sixth rows are multiplication
Feb $20 tables of 5 and 6 respectively.
Mar $30 5 (10) (15) (20) (25)
Apr $50 6 12 (18) (24) (30) (36) (42)
May $80
Jun $130
Jul $210
Aug $340
Sep $550
Oct $890

CHAPTER 2
1 There are 3 pairs of 18. 9 There are 25 pairs of 51.
3 × 18 = 54 25 × 51 = 1275

2 There are 3 pairs of 10. 10 There are 25 even numbers from 2 to 50 and
3 × 10 = 30 hence 12 pairs of 52.
30 + 5 = 35 12 × 52 = 624
To find the remaining number,
3 There are 4 pairs of 13. (50 + 2) ÷ 2 = 26
4 × 13 = 52 624 + 26 = 650

4 There are 3 pairs of 16. 11 There are 25 odd numbers from 1 to 49 and
3 × 16 = 48 hence 12 pairs of 50.
48 + 8 = 56 12 × 50 = 600
To find the remaining number,
(1 + 49) ÷ 2 = 25
5 There are 4 pairs of 46.
600 + 25 = 625
4 × 46 = 184

6 There are 3 pairs of 18. 12 There are 50 pairs of 101.

3 × 18 = 54 50 × 101 = 5050
Since 9 is not paired up,
54 + 9 = 63 13 We have to find the value of 15 + 30 + 45 + 60 +
75 + 90 + 105 + 120.
7 There are 3 pairs of 25. 4 × 135 = 540
3 × 25 = 75 Cindy saved $540 in all.

8 There are 3 pairs of 38. 14 We have to find the value of 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 +

3 × 38 = 114 18 + 20 + 22 + 24 + 26 + 28 + 30 + 32.
6 × 42 = 252
There are 252 seats in the cinema altogether.

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 15 We have to find the value of 20 + 25 + 30 + 35 + 19 Find the value of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 +
40 + 45 + 50 + 55 + 60 + 65 + 70 + 75 + 80. 9 + 10.
6 × 100 = 600 5 × 11 = 55
600 + 50 = 650
There were 650 pages in the storybook. In order to have 10 groups of different numbers of
tennis balls, there must be 55 tennis balls.
Hence, it is not possible to group 54 tennis balls
16 (a) Form a number sequence of 16 terms. Start into 10 groups of different numbers of tennis balls.
with the largest number, 75, and decrease by
3 each time.
20 If player A plays one match against the rest of the
75 72 69 66 63 60 57 54 players, he will play 19 matches. Since player B
51 48 45 42 39 36 33 30 has already played against A, he needs to play only
There are 30 seats in the first row. 18 matches against the rest of the players. Player
(b) We have 8 pairs of (75 + 30) = 105. C will play only 17 matches, and so forth. So the
8 × 105 = 840 number of matches each successive player needs
There are 840 seats in the school hall. to play will decrease by 1.
In order to find the total number of matches, we
17 Two observations on the sequence: find the value of 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 17 + 18 + 19.
(1) The numbers repeat every five numbers. (1 + 19) × 9 = 180
(2) The sum of every five numbers, 3 + 3 + 1 + 9
+ 4, is 20. 180 + 10 = 190

(a) 33 ÷ 5 = 6 R 3 There are 190 matches in the competition.

The 33rd number is the same as the third
number in the pattern. Hence, it is 1. 21 (a) 12 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11
(b) 40 terms is equal to 8 sets of repeating Rearranging the sequence,
numbers. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12
8 × 20 = 160
The sum of the first 40 terms is 160. 6 × 13 = 78
It will chime 78 times between 12 noon and
18 Since each book was written and published every 11 o’clock at night.
two years, the years in which the 7 books were
(b) 78 × 2 = 156
written and published were:
It will chime 156 times in 24 hours.
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

CHAPTER 3
1 (a) ×3 –5 ÷ 2 60 3 Write down the problem as shown below.
75 25 30
+3 ×5 – 8 12
?
(b) ÷3 +4 × 4 14
20 60 56 Working backwards,
–3 ÷5 + 8 12
(c) ÷2 –4 ×5 1 4 20
13 26 30 6
This number is 1.
2 Write down the problem as shown below.
+6 ×6 –6 ÷6 6 4 Monday Tuesday Left
?
Working backwards,
87 43
–6 ÷6 +6 × 66
1 7 42 36
This number is 1. ?

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 87 + 43 = 130 8 Since Cindy had three times as much money as
130 × 2 = 260 Elaine,
There were 260 books in the library at first. Cindy $15 $15 $15
$60
Elaine $15
5 Write down the problem as shown below.
Cindy had $45 and Elaine had $15 in the end.
? –6 + 10 – 5 19
Cindy – 12 + 10 45
+6 – 10 + 5 19 Elaine + 12 – 10 15
20 14 24
The white rabbit gathered 20 mushrooms at first. Numerically,

Cindy 47 + 12 35 – 10 45
6 Since 4 cars drove away, 36 – 4 = 32 cars were
Elaine 13 – 12 25 + 10 15
in the two car parks.
Car park A 8 8 8
32 Cindy had $47 and Elaine had $13 at first.
Car park B 8

There were 24 cars in car park A and 8 cars in 9 Since the number of marbles in Box A was twice
car park B in the end. that in Box B,
A –4 + 5 24 Box A 30 30
90
–5 8 Box B 30
B
Numerically, there were 60 marbles in Box A and 30 marbles in
Box B in the end.
A 23 +4 19 –5 24
Box A – 15 + 18 60
B 13 13 +5 8
Box B + 15 – 18 30
There were 23 cars in car park A and
13 cars in car park B at first. Numerically,

Box A 57 + 15 42 – 18 60
7 Since 2 sparrows flew away, – 15 + 18
16 – 2 = 14 Box B 33 48 30
there were 14 sparrows left.
There were 57 marbles in Box A and 33 marbles
14 ÷ 2 = 7 in Box B at first.
There were 7 sparrows on each tree in the end.
1st tree –5 7 10 Since 2 flying foxes from each branch flew away,
2 tree
nd –2 +5 7 16 – 2 – 2 = 12
only 12 flying foxes remained on the tree.
Numerically, First branch 4 4
12
+5 Second branch 4
1st tree 12 12 7
8 flying foxes were resting on the first branch and
+2 –5
2nd tree 4 2 7 4 flying foxes were resting on the second branch
in the end.
There were 12 sparrows on the first tree and –2 –6 +4 8
4 sparrows on the second tree at first. First branch
–2 +6 –4 4
Second branch

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 Numerically, 17 ÷2 –3 ÷2 –2 4
?
+2 +6 –4 8
12 10 4 ×2 +3 ×2 +2 4
30 15 12 6
+2 –6 +4 4
4 2 8 There were 30 apples at first.
12 flying foxes and 4 flying foxes were on the first
and second branches respectively at first. 18 ? –4 ÷2 ÷2 –1 5

11 +4 24 ×2 12 ×2 6 +1 5
+4 –6 ×2 –3 28
? 15
Alice had $28 at first.
11 –4 15 +6 9 ÷2 18 + 3 15

11 commuters were on the bus when it left the bus 19 $90 ÷ 3 = $30
terminal. Each boy had $30 in the end.
– 12 + 5 30
A
12 +4 –3 –3 6
? floor
+ 12 – 13
–4 +3 +3 6 B 30
8 floor
th 12 9
Debra was staying on the 8th floor. + 13 – 5 30
M

Numerically,
13 + 10 ÷4 – 15 × 10 100
? + 12 – 5 30
A 37 25 25
– 10 ×4 + 15 ÷ 10 100
90 100 25 10
– 12 + 13 30
B 31 43 30
Cindy’s grandfather was 90 years old.
M 22 – 13 + 5 30
22 35
14 ÷2 ÷2 ÷2 ÷2 1
? Alex had $37, Benny had $31 and Mike had
×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 1 $22 at first.
16 8 4 2
The original length of the rope was 16 m. 20 90 ÷ 3 = 30
Each girl has 30 books in the end.
A –3 30
15 ÷2 –2 ÷2 + 2 28
?
×2 +2 ×2 – 2 28 B +3 –5 30
108 54 52 26
108 eggs were in the basket at first. C +5 30

Numerically,
_1 _ 3
16 1 – ​  4 ​= ​  4 ​
A 33 +3 30 30
3 u → 12
1u→4 –3 +5
B 32 35 30
–7 + 10 – 4 12
?
+7 – 10 + 4 12 C 25 25 –5
13 6 16 30
13 passengers were on the minibus when it left the Alicia has 33 books, Betty has 32 books and Chloe
condominium. has 25 books at first.

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 CHAPTER 4
1 Method 1: Make a Table No. of Value No. of Value Total value
Start with half the total for each vehicle. adult tickets child tickets
No. of No. of No. of No. of Total no. of 8 $64 2 $10 $74
cars wheels motorcycles wheels wheels
Sean buys 8 adult movie tickets and 2 child movie
15 60 15 30 90 tickets.
The total number of wheels should be 100. Method 2: Make an Assumption
100 – 90 = 10 (difference in total number
If all were adult movie tickets,
of wheels)
10 × $8 = $80
4 – 2 = 2 (difference in the number Sean would have to pay $80.
of wheels between the two
vehicles) $80 – $74 = $6
There is a difference of $6.
10 ÷ 2 = 5 (add 5 cars and subtract 5
motorcyles to the first guess) $8 – $5 = $3
No. of No. of No. of No. of Total no. of $6 ÷ $3 = 2
cars wheels motorcycles wheels wheels Sean buys 2 child movie tickets.
20 80 10 20 100
10 – 2 = 8
There were 20 cars at the car park. Sean buys 8 adult movie tickets.
Method 2: Make an Assumption OR
If all were motorcycles, If all were child movie tickets,
30 × 2 = 60 10 × $5 = $50
there would be 60 wheels. Sean would have to pay $50.
100 – 60 = 40 $74 – $50 = $24
There is a difference of 40 wheels.
There is a difference of $24.
4–2=2
The difference of the number of wheels between $8 – $5 = $3
a car and a motorcycle is 2. $24 ÷ $3 = 8
40 ÷ 2 = 20 Sean buys 8 adult movie tickets.
There were 20 cars at the car park.
10 – 8 = 2
Sean buys 2 child movie tickets.
2 Method 1: Make a Table
Start with half the total for each type of tickets.
3 Method 1: Make a Table
No. of Value No. of Value Total value
Start with half the total for each type of stamps.
adult tickets child tickets
5 $40 5 $25 $65 No. of Value No. of Value Total value
50¢ stamps 20¢ stamps
The total cost of all the movie tickets should be 15 $7.50 15 $3 $10.50
$74.
The total value of the stamps should be $12.
$74 – $65 = $9 (difference in total cost of the
movie tickets) $12 – $10.50 = $1.50 (difference in total value
of stamps)
$8 – $5 = $3 (difference between the adult
and child movie tickets) 50¢ – 20¢ = 30¢ (difference between the
50¢ and 20¢ stamps)
$9 ÷ $3 = 3 (add 3 adult movie tickets and
subtract 3 child movie tickets $1.50 ÷ 30¢ = 5 (add five 50¢ stamps
to the first guess) and subtract five 20¢
stamps to the first guess)

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 No. of Value No. of Value Total value Method 2: Make an Assumption
50¢ stamps 20¢ stamps If all were spiders,
20 $10 10 $2 $12 20 × 8 = 160
Clifford has 20 pieces of 50¢ stamps and 10 pieces the total number of legs would be 160.
of 20¢ stamps. 160 – 144 = 16
There is a difference of 16 legs.
Method 2: Make an Assumption
If all were 50¢ stamps, 8–6=2
30 × 50¢ = $15 16 ÷ 2 = 8
The number of dragonflies is 8.
the total value of all his stamps would be $15.
20 – 8 = 12
$15 – $12 = $3 The number of spiders is 12.
There is a difference of $3.
OR
50¢ – 20¢ = 30¢ If all were dragonflies,
$3 ÷ 30¢ = 10 20 × 6 = 120
Clifford has 10 pieces of 20¢ stamps. the total number of legs would be 120.
30 – 10 = 20 144 – 120 = 24
Clifford has 20 pieces of 50¢ stamps. There is a difference of 24 legs.
OR 8–6=2
If all were 20¢ stamps, 24 ÷ 2 = 12
The number of spiders is 12.
30 × 20¢ = $6
the total value of all his stamps would be $6. 20 – 12 = 8
The number of dragonflies is 8.
$12 – $6 = $6
There is a difference of $6.
5 Method 1: Make a Table
50¢ – 20¢ = 30¢ Start with half the total for each type of dollar notes.
$6 ÷ 30¢ = 20 No. of Value No. of Value Total value
Clifford has 20 pieces of 50¢ stamps. $5 notes $10 notes
30 – 20 = 10 15 $75 15 $150 $225
Clifford has 10 pieces of 20¢ stamps. Her total savings should be $220.
$225 – $220 = $5 (difference in total savings)
4 Method 1: Make a Table $10 – $5 = $5 (difference between the value
Start with half the total for both the spiders and of $5 and $10 notes)
dragonflies.
$5 ÷ $5 = 1 (add one $5 note and subtract
No. of No. of No. of No. of Total no. of one $10 note to the first guess)
spiders legs dragonflies legs legs
No. of Value No. of Value Total value
10 80 10 60 140 $5 notes $10 notes

There should be 144 legs in all. 16 $80 14 $140 $220

144 – 140 = 4 (difference in total number of legs) Natalie has fourteen pieces of $10 notes.
Method 2: Make an Assumption
8 – 6 = 2 (difference between the number
If all were 30 pieces of $5 notes,
of legs of a spider and a dragonfly)
30 × $5 = $150
4 ÷ 2 = 2 (add 2 spiders and subtract 2 the total value would be $150.
dragonflies to the first guess)
$220 – $150 = $70
No. of No. of No. of No. of Total no. of There is a difference of $70 in the total value.
spiders legs dragonflies legs legs
12 96 8 48 144 $10 – $5 = $5
$70 ÷ $5 = 14
The number of spiders and dragonflies are 12 and Natalie has fourteen pieces of $10 notes.
8 respectively.

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 6 If we assume Amy answers all questions correctly, Method 2: Make an Assumption
5 × 30 = 150 If all were big boats,
she will score 150 marks. 56 ÷ 8 = 7
150 – 122 = 28 there would be 7 big boats.
There is a difference of 28 between the full marks Alternative Assumption
and Amy’s score. It is not possible to hire all small boats as 56 is not
5 + 2 = 7
divisible by 6.
Amy will lose 7 marks if she gets a wrong answer.
28 ÷ 7 = 4
30 – 4 = 26 11 If all the questions are answered correctly,
She answers 26 questions correctly. 20 × 8 = 160
Isabella will score 160 marks.
7 If we assume Henry had answered all questions 160 – 100 = 60
correctly, There is a difference of 60 between the full marks
4 × 45 = 180 and Isabella’s score.
he would score 180 marks. 8 + 4 = 12
180 – 150 = 30 She will lose 12 marks if she gets a wrong answer.
There is a difference of 30 between the full marks 60 ÷ 12 = 5
and Henry’s score. 20 – 5 = 15
4 + 2 = 6
She answers 15 questions correctly.
Henry would lose 6 marks if he got a wrong answer.
30 ÷ 6 = 5
He had answered 5 questions wrongly. 12 If all were volleyballs,
4 + 5 = 9
8 2+1=3 there would be 9 volleyballs.
An adult and a child take 3 slices of bread. $8 × 4 = $32
99 ÷ 3 = 33 $230 – $32 = $198
All the children take 33 slices of bread. 9 volleyballs cost $198.
33 × 2 = 66 $198 ÷ 9 = $22
All the adults take 66 slices of bread. The cost of each volleyball was $22.
66 ÷ 2 = 33 $22 + $8 = $30
(a) There are 33 adults. The cost of each basketball was $30.
33 ÷ 1 = 33
(b) There are 33 children.
13 Method 1: Make a Table
Start with half the total for each type of stationery.
9 3 + 1 = 4
An adult and 3 children could consume 4 buns. No. of Cost No. of Cost Total cost
100 ÷ 4 = 25 pens books
There were 25 adults. 5 $20 5 $35 $55

The total cost should be $64.

10 Method 1: Make a Table
$64 – $55 = $9 (difference in total cost)
No. of big No. of No. of No. of Total no.of
boats people small boats people people $7 – $4 = $3 (difference between the cost
2 16 7 40 56 of a pen and a book)
4 32 4 24 56 $9 ÷ $3 = 3 (add 3 books and subtract 3
6 48 2 8 56
7 56 0 0 56
pens to the first guess)
As the total number of boats is not stated in No. of Cost No. of Cost Total cost
pens books
this question, we can only use guess-and-check
method. Not surprisingly, we have many sets of 2 $8 8 $56 $64
possible answers. He had bought 2 pens and 8 books.

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 Method 2: Make an Assumption $4 ÷ $2 = 2 (add 2 whiteboard markers
If all were pens, and subtract 2 paintbrushes
$4 × 10 = $40 to the first guess)
Samuel would pay $40. No. of Value No. of Value Total value
$64 – $40 = $24 whiteboard paintbrushes
There is a difference of $24. markers

$7 – $4 = $3 8 $24 4 $4 $28
$24 ÷ $3 = 8 The teacher bought 8 whiteboard markers and 4
He had bought 8 books. paintbrushes.
10 – 8 = 2
Method 2: Make an Assumption
He had bought 2 pens.
If all were whiteboard markers,
OR
$3 × 12 = $36
If all were books,
the teacher would pay $36.
$7 × 10 = $70
Samuel would pay $70. $36 – $28 = $8
There is a difference of $8 in the total value.
$70 – $64 = $6
There is a difference of $6. $3 – $1 = $2
$7 – $4 = $3 $8 ÷ $2 = 4
$6 ÷ $3 = 2 The teacher bought 4 paintbrushes.
He had bought 2 pens. 12 – 4 = 8
10 – 2 = 8 The teacher bought 8 whiteboard markers.
He had bought 8 books.
OR
If all were paintbrushes,
14 Method 1: Make a Table $1 × 12 = $12
Start with half the total for each type. the teacher would pay $12.
No. of Value No. of Value Total value
whiteboard paintbrushes $28 – $12 = $16
markers There is a difference of $16.
6 $18 6 $6 $24 $3 – $1 = $2
The total cost should be $28. $16 ÷ $2 = 8
$28 – $24 = $4 (difference in total cost) The teacher bought 8 whiteboard markers.
$3 – $1 = $2 (difference between the value 12 – 8 = 4
of a whiteboard marker and a The teacher bought 4 paintbrushes.
paintbrush)

CHAPTER 5
1 number of intervals = 900 m ÷ 15 m = 60 4 number of intervals = number of pupils – 1
60 + 1 = 61 = 12 – 1 = 11
61 trees are to be planted along that stretch of road. 4 × 11 = 44
There are 44 pots of flowers altogether.
2 number of intervals = 150 m ÷ 5 m = 30
30 + 1 = 31 5 number of staircases from the ground floor to the
31 pine trees are needed to be planted along the fifth floor = 5 – 1 = 4
road. 80 steps ÷ 4 = 20 steps
There were 20 steps in each staircase.
3 number of intervals = 1800 m ÷ 30 m = 60 number of staircases from the ground floor to the
60 + 1 = 61 sixth floor = 6 – 1 = 5
61 lamp posts are placed along the road. 5 × 20 steps = 100 steps
Maurice walked 100 steps from the ground floor
to her house.

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 6 number of intervals from the first tree to the sixth 14 number of intervals = 40 ÷ 2 = 20
tree = 6 – 1 = 5 number of pots of plants = 20 – 1 = 19
10 ÷ 5 = 2 There are 19 pots of plants.
Benny takes 2 min to walk from one tree to another.
number of intervals from the first tree to the
fifteenth tree = 15 – 1 = 14 15 In the case of circular tracks,
2 × 14 = 28 number of intervals = number of trees
It takes him 28 min to walk to the fifteenth tree. 600 ÷ 6 = 100
100 trees are planted round the lake.
7 At 3 pm, there are only 2 intervals between the
first and third chimes. 16 Method 1: Solve Using Drawing
6 s ÷ 2 = 3 s From the diagram,
It takes 3 s to chime once.
At 6 pm, there are only 5 intervals between the 4 × 4 = 16
first and sixth chimes. 16 + 4 = 20
5 × 3 s = 15 s
There are 20 flowers on the handkerchief
The grandfather clock takes 15 s to chime 6 times
at 6 pm. altogether.
Method 2: Solve by Reasoning
If the number of flowers on each side is multiplied
8 number of intervals = number of trees – 1 by four sides, you will have extra four flowers
= 95 – 1 = 94 as the flowers on the four corners are counted
94 × 5 m = 470 m twice.
The road was 470 m long.
6 × 4 = 24
24 – 4 = 20
9 38 ÷ 2 = 19
There were 19 pupils in each row. There are 20 flowers on the handkerchief
number of intervals = number of pupils – 1 altogether.
= 19 – 1 = 18
18 × 50 cm = 900 cm 17 Method 1: Solve Using Drawing
The length of the queue was 900 cm or 9 m.
From the diagram,
4 × 3 = 12
10 48 ÷ 2 = 24
12 + 3 = 15
There are 24 pupils in each row.
15 coins were used to make the triangle.
number of intervals = 24 – 1 = 23 Method 2: Solve by Reasoning
23 × 1 m = 23 m If the number of coins on each side is multiplied by
The queue is 23 m long.
three, you will have extra three coins as the coins
on the three corners are counted twice.
11 number of intervals = 100 – 1 = 99
3 × 6 = 18
99 × 6 m = 594 m
18 – 3 = 15
The road is 594 m long.
15 coins were used to make the triangle.
12 number of intervals = 9 + 1 = 10
100 m ÷ 10 = 10 m 18 number of intervals = 11 – 1 = 10
The distance between each tree is 10 m. 10 min ÷ 10 = 1 min
30 min ÷ 1 min = 30 intervals
13 number of intervals = 79 + 1 = 80 30 + 1 = 31
320 m ÷ 80 = 4 m Uncle Sam would be at the thirty-first lamp
The distance between each tree is 4 m. post.

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 19 number of intervals 20 Number of intervals in each row
= number of plum trees – 1 = 20 m ÷ 1 m
= 41 – 1 = 40 = 20
Length of the road = 4 m × 40 = 160 m Number of performers in each row
Number of intervals = 160 m ÷ 5 m = 32 = 20 + 1 = 21
32 + 1 = 33 5 × 21 = 105
There are 33 pine trees on this side of the road. There are 105 performers altogether.

CHAPTER 6
1 (a) 23 + 99 (b) 152 – 97 (o) 323 + 677 + 92 + 108
= 23 + 100 – 1 = 152 – 100 + 3 = (323 + 677) + 92 + 108
= 123 – 1 = 52 + 3 = 1000 + 200
= 122 = 55 = 1200
(c) 162 – 97 (d) 565 – 298
(p) 167 + 355 + 345 + 133
= 162 – 100 + 3 = 565 – 300 + 2
= 167 + 133 + 355 + 345
= 62 + 3 = 265 + 2
= 300 + 700
= 65 = 267
= 1000
(e) 638 + 397 (f) 499 + 127
(q) 9999 + 999 + 99 + 9
= 638 + 400 – 3 = 500 + 127 – 1
= (10 000 – 1) + (1000 – 1) + (100 – 1) +
= 1038 – 3 = 627 – 1
(10 – 1)
= 1035 = 626
= 10 000 + 1000 + 100 + 10 – 4
(g) 645 – 98 (h) 533 – 199 = 11 106
= 645 – 100 + 2 = 533 – 200 + 1
(r) 18 + 28 + 38 + 48 + 58
= 545 + 2 = 333 + 1
= (20 – 2) + (30 – 2) + (40 – 2) + (50 – 2)
= 547 = 334
+ (60 – 2)
(i) 285 + 297 (j) 424 – 196 = 200 – 10
= 285 + 300 – 3 = 424 – 200 + 4 = 190
= 585 – 3 = 224 + 4
(s) 9997 + 4 + 99 + 998 + 3 + 9
= 582 = 228
= (9997 + 3) + (1 + 99) + (998 + 2) +
(k) 43 + 99 + 58 (1 + 9)
= 40 + (99 + 1) + (58 + 2) = 10 000 + 100 + 1000 + 10
= 40 + 100 + 60 = 11 110
= 200
(t) 74 + 75 + 77 + 80 + 82 + 85
(l) 56 + 87 + 77 = 71 + (3 + 77) + 80 + 80 + 2 + 80 + (5 + 75)
= 50 + (3 + 87) + (3 + 77) = 71 + 2 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80 + 80
= 50 + 90 + 80 = 73 + 400
= 20 + (10 + 90) + (20 + 80) = 473
= 220
(u) 299 999 + 29 999 + 2999 + 299 + 29
(m) 74 + 75 + 28 = (300 000 – 1) + (30 000 – 1) + (3000 – 1)
= 74 + 3 + (75 + 25) + (300 – 1) + (30 – 1)
= 77 + 100 = 333 330 – 5
= 177 = 333 325
(n) 27 + 86 + 63 + 14 (v) 133 + 135 + 140 + 147 + 145 + 142 + 138
= 27 + 63 + (86 + 14) = 140 + (133 + 7) + 140 + (135 + 5) + 140
= 90 + 100 + 140 + (2 + 138)
= 190 = 140 × 7
= 980

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 2(a) 420 – 102 – 98 (b) 240 – 104 – 96 (d) 71 + 69 + 68 + 73 + 74
= 420 – (102 + 98) = 240 – (104 + 96) = 70 + (1 + 69) + (68 + 2) + 70 + 1 + 70 + 4
= 420 – 200 = 240 – 200 = 70 + 70 + 70 + 70 + 70 + 5
= 220 = 40 = 350 + 5 = 355
(c) 325 – 10 – 20 – 80 – 90 (e) 1897 + 128 – 597
= 325 – (10 + 90 + 20 + 80) = 1897 – 597 + 128
= 325 – 200 = 125 = 1300 + 128 = 1428
(d) 400 – 90 – 80 – 20 – 10 – 5 (f) 728 – (28 + 320)
= 400 – (90 + 10 + 80 + 20) – 5 = 728 – 28 – 320
= 400 – 200 – 5 = 195 = 700 – 320 = 380
(e) 235 – 15 – 25 – 75 – 85 (g) 1290 – 164 – 736
= 235 – (15 + 85 + 25 + 75) = 1290 – (164 + 736)
= 235 – 200 = 35 = 1290 – 900 = 390
(f) 200 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 (h) 1330 – 288 – 342
= 200 – (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 1330 – (288 + 342)
= 200 – 15 = 185 = 1330 – 630 = 700
(g) 120 – 117 + 116 – 113 + 112 – 109 +  + (i) 843 + 78 – 43
100 – 97 = 843 – 43 + 78
120 – 117 = 3 116 – 113 = 3 = 800 + 78 = 878
112 – 109 = 3 100 – 97 = 3 (j) 528 – (186 + 328)
Every pair of subtraction has a difference of 3. = 528 – 328 – 186
Count the minuends, 100, 104, 108, 112, 116, = 200 – 186 = 14
120.
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 18 (k) 564 – (387 – 136)
The answer is 18. = 564 + 136 – 387
= 700 – 387 = 313
(h) 145 – 141 + 140 – 136 + 135 – 131 +  + 95 – 91
145 – 141 = 4 140 – 136 = 4 (l) 847 – 578 + 398 – 222
135 – 131 = 4 95 – 91 = 4 = 847 – (578 + 222) + 398
Every pair of subtraction has a difference of 4. = 847 – 800 + (400 – 2)
Count the minuends, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, = 47 + 400 – 2 = 445
120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145. (m) 936 – 867 – 99 + 267
4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 44 = 936 – (100 – 1) – (867 – 267)
The answer is 44. = 936 – 100 – 600 + 1
(i) 800 – 10 – 20 – 30 – 40 – 50 – 60 – 70 – 80 – 90 = 236 + 1 = 237
= 800 – (10 + 90 + 20 + 80 + 30 + 70 + 40 + 60 + 50) (n) 33 + 87 + 67 + 13
= 800 – (100 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 50) = (33 + 67) + (87 + 13)
= 800 – 450 = 100 + 100 = 200
= 350
(o) 96 + 103 + 97 + 104 + 101 + 99
= (96 + 104) + (103 + 97) + (101 + 99)
3 (a) 375 + 286 + 125 + 714 = 200 + 200 + 200 = 600
= (375 + 125) + (286 + 714)
(p) 23 + 56 + 77 + 18 + 44 + 82
= 500 + 1000 = 1500
= (23 + 77) + (56 + 44) + (18 + 82)
(b) 728 + 140 + 272 = 100 + 100 + 100 = 300
= (728 + 272) + 140
(q) 9 + 99 + 999 + 9999
= 1000 + 140 = 1140
= (10 – 1) + (100 – 1) + (1000 – 1) +
(c) 37 + 97 + 3997 + 99 (10 000 – 1)
= (40 – 3) + (100 – 3) + (4000 – 3) = 10 + 100 + 1000 + 10 000 – 4
+ (100 – 1) = 11 110 – 4 = 11 106
= 4240 – 10 = 4230

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 (r) 8 + 98 + 998 + 9998 (x) 947 + (372 – 447) – 572
= (10 – 2) + (100 – 2) + (1000 – 2) + = 947 + 372 – 447 – 572
(10 000 – 2) = (947 – 447) – (572 – 372)
= 10 + 100 + 1000 + 10 000 – 8 = 500 – 200
= 11 110 – 8 = 11 102 = 300
(s) 464 – 548 + 99 + 348 (y) 989 – 675 – 189
= 464 + (100 – 1) – (548 – 348) = (989 – 189) – 675
= 564 – 1 – 200 = 800 – 675
= 364 – 1 = 363 = 125
(t) 537 – (543 – 163) – 57 (z) 583 – 297 – 183
= 537 – 543 + 163 – 57 = (583 – 183) – 297
= (537 + 163) – (543 + 57) = 400 – 297
= 700 – 600 = 100 = 103
(u) 713 – (513 – 229)
= 713 – 513 + 229 4. 360 – 357 + 354 – 351 +  + 300 – 297
= 200 + 229 360 – 357 = 3 354 – 351 = 3
= 429 300 – 297 = 3
(v) 850 – 486 – 114 Every pair of subtraction has a difference of 3.
= 850 – (486 + 114)
= 850 – 600 Count the minuends, 300, 306, 312, 318, 324, 330,
= 250 336, 342, 348, 354, 360
(w) 46 + 37 + 54 + 63 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 33
= (46 + 54) + (37 + 63) The answer is 33.
= 100 + 100
= 200

CHAPTER 7
1 (a) 14 × 25 × 4 (b) 4 × 17 × 25 (i) 25 × 16 × 125 × 4 × 5
= 14 × 100 = 17 × 4 × 25 = 25 × 8 × 2 × 125 × 4 × 5
= 1400 = 17 × 100 = (25 × 4) × (8 × 125) × (2 × 5)
= 1700 = 100 × 1000 × 10
= 1 000 000
(c) 25 × 32 × 125 (d) 125 × 25 × 4
= 25 × 4 × 8 × 125 = 125 × 100 (j) 25 × 64 × 125 × 25
= 100 × 1000 = 12 500 = 25 × 8 × 8 × 125 × 25
= 100 000 = (25 × 4) × 2 × (8 × 125) × 25
= 100 × 50 × 1000 = 5 000 000
(e) 56 × 125 (f) 125 × 72
= 7 × 8 × 125 = 125 × 8 × 9 (k) 25 × 24 × 8 × 125
= 7 × 1000 = 1000 × 9 = (25 × 4) × 6 × (8 × 125)
= 7000 = 9000 = 100 × 6 × 1000 = 600 000
(g) 64 × 5 × 25 × 125 (l) 25 × 40 × 125 × 8
= 2 × 4 × 8 × 5 × 25 × 125 = (25 × 4) × 10 × (125 × 8)
= (2 × 5) × (4 × 25) × (8 × 125) = 100 × 10 × 1000 = 1 000 000
= 10 × 100 × 1000
= 1 000 000
2.1 (a) 24 (b) 36
(h) 56 × 25 × 2 × 5 = 4 × 6 = 6 × 6
= 14 × (4 × 25) × (2 × 5) = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 3
= 14 × 100 × 10 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
= 14 000

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 (c) 27 (d) 44 (d) 31 × 84 + 31 × 16
= 3 × 9 = 4 × 11 = 31 × (84 + 16)
= 3 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 2 × 11 = 31 × 100
(e) 42 (f) 56 = 3100
= 6 × 7 = 7 × 8
(e) 58 ÷ 12 + 86 ÷ 12
= 2 × 3 × 7 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7
= (58 + 86) ÷ 12
(g) 33 (h) 64 = 144 ÷ 12
= 3 × 11 = 8 × 8 = 12
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
(i) 48 (j) 99 (f) 100 ÷ 14 + 96 ÷ 14
= 8 × 6 = 9 × 11 = (100 + 96) ÷ 14
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 3 × 3 × 11 = 196 ÷ 14
= 14
2.2 (a) 90 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 (g) 35 × 202
5 = 35 × (200 + 2)
10
2 = (35 × 200) + (35 × 2)
90
3 = 7000 + 70
9
3 = 7070
(b) 175 = 5 × 5 × 7
(h) 45 × 98
5
35 = 45 × (100 – 2)

175 7 = (45 × 100) – (45 × 2)
5 = 4500 – 90
(c) 180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 4410
5
10 (i) 72 × 101
2 3
180 = 72 × (100 + 1)
9
18 3 = (72 × 100) + (72 × 1)
2
= 7200 + 72
(d) 225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 7272
5 3
225 (j) 38 × 99
9
45 3 = 38 × (100 – 1)
5
= (38 × 100) – 38 × 1
= 3800 – 38
3 (a) 7 × 14 + 7 × 86 = 3762
= 7 × (14 + 86)
= 7 × 100 (k) 33 × 97
= 700 = 33 × (100 – 3)
= (33 × 100) – (33 × 3)
(b) 65 ÷ 11 + 56 ÷ 11 = 3300 – 99
= (65 + 56) ÷ 11 = 3201
= 121 ÷ 11
= 11 (l) 83 × 99
= 83 × (100 – 1)
(c) 24 × 23 + 24 × 77
= (83 × 100) – (83 × 1)
= 24 × (23 + 77)
= 24 × 100 = 8300 – 83
= 2400 = 8217

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 (m) 4 × (72 × 25 + 28 × 25) 4 (a) 3 4 (b) 4 5
= (4 × 25) × 72 + (4 × 25) × 28 + 3 4 0 + 4 5 0
= 100 × 72 + 100 × 28 3 7 4 4 9 5
= 100 × (72 + 28)
(c) 2 7 (d) 3 7
= 100 × 100
+ 2 7 0 + 3 7 0
= 10 000
2 9 7 4 0 7
(n) (110 + 25 – 9) × 8
(e) 3 4 5 (f) 1 2 3
= (110 + 16) × 8
+ 3 4 5 0 + 1 2 3 0
= 126 × 8
3 7 9 5 1 3 5 3
= (125 + 1) × 8
= (125 × 8) + (1 × 8) (g) 4 2 6 (h) 2 8 6
= 1000 + 8 + 4 2 6 0 + 2 8 6 0
= 1008 4 6 8 6 3 1 4 6
(o) 125 × (84 × 8 + 16 × 8) (i) 14 × 101 (j) 67 × 101
= 125 × 84 × 8 + 125 × 16 × 8 = 1414 = 6767
= 1000 × 84 + 1000 × 16
(k) 23 × 101 (l) 45 × 101
= 1000 × (84 + 16)
= 2323 = 4545
= 1000 × 100
= 100 000 (m) 82 × 101 (n) 98 × 101
= 8282 = 9898
(p) 8 × (98 – 48 + 74)
= 8 × (50 + 74) (o) 63 × 101 (p) 76 × 101
= 8 × 124 = 6363 = 7676
= 8 × (125 – 1)
= (8 × 125) – (8 × 1) 5 (a) 4 × (4 + 1) = 20 (b) 5 × (5 + 1) = 30
= 1000 – 8 3 × 7 = 21 4 × 6 = 24
= 992
43 × 47 = 2021 54 × 56 = 3024
(q) 25 × (28 × 4 + 72 × 4)
= 25 × 28 × 4 + 25 × 72 × 4 (c) 5 × (5 + 1) = 30 (d) 6 × (6 + 1) = 42
= 100 × 28 + 100 × 72 2 × 8 = 16 6 × 4 = 24
= 100 × (28 + 72)
52 × 58 = 3016 66 × 64 = 4224
= 100 × 100
= 10 000 (e) 7 × (7 + 1) = 56 (f) 8 × (8 + 1) = 72
(r) 25 × 73 + 50 × 73 + 25 × 73 3 × 7 = 21 9 × 1 = 9
= 73 × (25 + 50 + 25) 73 × 77 = 5621 89 × 81 = 7209
= 73 × 100
= 7300 (g) 9 × (9 + 1) = 90 (h) 5 × (5 + 1) = 30
2 × 8 = 16 7 × 3 = 21
(s) 74 + 5 × 740 + 49 × 74
= 74 + 5 × 10 × 74 + 49 × 74 92 × 98 = 9016 57 × 53 = 3021
= 74 + 50 × 74 + 49 × 74
(i) 4 × (4 + 1) = 20 (j) 8 × (8 + 1) = 72
= 74 × (50 + 49 + 1)
2 × 8 = 16 5 × 5 = 25
= 74 × 100
= 7400 42 × 48 = 2016 85 × 85 = 7225

(t) 81 + 5 × 810 + 49 × 81 (k) 4 × (4 + 1) = 20 (l) 7 × (7 + 1) = 56

= 81 + 5 × 10 × 81 + 49 × 81 4 × 6 = 24 4 × 6 = 24
= 81 × (50 + 49 + 1)
= 81 × 100 44 × 46 = 2024 74 × 76 = 5624
= 8100

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 CHAPTER 8
1 Use a table. 7 If the 4th witness is telling the truth, it means that
Zachary Nicholas Philip the 3rd witness is telling a lie.
Accountant ✗
Bus driver ✗ ✗ ✓ So the testimonies of the first and second witnesses
Manager
are not reliable. Hence, both suspects A and B are
From the above table, Philip must be the bus guilty of shoplifting.
driver.
Since Philip is older than the accountant but 8 Since all the children are below 9 years old, we
younger than Nicholas, Nicholas must be the assume that the oldest child, Royston, must be 8
manager. Zachary is the accountant.
years old.

2 Each reading is the total weight of two girls. If As each family had only one child three years ago,
the three readings are added, the total is equivalent Mr Wood’s and Mr Smith’s younger children must
to the weight of 6 people. be below 3 years old. Hence, Mr Smith’s younger
45 kg + 55 kg + 50 kg = 150 kg child is 1 year old and Mr Wood’s younger child,
150 kg ÷ 2 = 75 kg Jack, is 2 years old.
Hence, the total weight of the three girls is 75 kg. Sean must be Mr Smith’s child and should be
75 kg – 45 kg = 30 kg 8 ÷ 2 = 4 years old.
75 kg – 55 kg = 20 kg Mike is 4 – 3 = 1 year old.
75 kg – 50 kg = 25 kg
Mr Wood’s children Mr Smith’s children
Sabrina is 30 kg, Kim is 25 kg and Bernice is 20 Royston (8 years old) Sean (4 years old)
kg.
Jack (2 years old) Mike (1 year old)

3 8 ×  = 64
9 If Sean took the If Cindy took the
 = 64 ÷ 8 = 8
chocolate cake, chocolate cake,
 = 7 × 8 = 56
Truth Lie Truth Lie
Sean ✓ Sean ✓
4 =5× Cindy ✓ Cindy ✓
5 ×  ×  = 45 Jack ✓ Jack ✓
 ×  = 45 ÷ 5 = 9 If Jack took the
=3 chocolate cake,
 = 3 × 5 = 15 Truth Lie
Sean ✓
Cindy ✓
5 Use a table.
Jack ✓
Calvin Leon Henry
Doctor Since one of them was telling the truth, Cindy
Teacher ✗ ✗ ✓ must be the one who took the chocolate cake.
Army officer ✓
From the above table, Henry must be the teacher.
10  +  +  +  +  +  = 11 + 9 + 10
Since Henry is older than the army officer but
= 30
younger than Leon, Calvin must be the army
officer and Leon must be the doctor.  +  +  = 30 ÷ 2
= 15
Hence,
6 Based on the given hints, below is the ranking.
 = 15 – 11 = 4
youngest oldest  = 15 – 9 = 6
B D C E A  = 15 – 10 = 5

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 11  +  +  +  +  +  = 22 + 18 + 20 16 There are 31 days in January and 7 days in a
= 60 week.
 +  +  = 60 ÷ 2 31 ÷ 7 = 4 R 3
= 30 This means that 4 days of the week will appear 4
Hence, times and the remaining 3 days of the week will
 = 30 – 22 = 8 appear 5 times in the month of January.
 = 30 – 18 = 12 Hence, the 4 days should be Friday, Saturday,
 = 30 – 20 = 10 Sunday and Monday. Therefore, the 1st of January
in that year was on a Tuesday.
12 A B C D E F G H We can use the table below for checking.
First meeting ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Second meeting ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 1 2 3 4 5
Third meeting ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
From the above table, B attended all the 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
meetings and H did not attend any. So, B and H 27 28 29 30 31
are from the same class. C and E are from the
same class. A and F are from the same class. D
and G are from the same class. 17 If Sean is lying, Karen could be the tallest among
them.
13 If Jacelyn took the If Kate took the If Karen is lying, she or Kelvin could be the
blueberry pie, blueberry pie, shortest. This should not be the case.
Truth Lie Truth Lie If Susan is lying, she or Kelvin could be the
Jacelyn ✓ Jacelyn ✓
Kate ✓ Kate ✓
shortest. This should not be the case.
Polly ✓ Polly ✓ If Kelvin is lying, no one is the shortest. This
If Polly took the should not be the case.
blueberry pie, Hence, Sean must be lying.
Truth Lie
Jacelyn ✓
tallest shortest
Kate ✓ Karen Sean Susan Kelvin
Polly ✓

Since only one kid was telling the truth, Polly 18 Use a drawing.
A
must be the one who took half of the blueberry
pie.
E B

14  +  = 50 – 36 = 14 D C
 +  +  +  +  = 36
Team C has played one match.
14 + 14 +  = 36
 = 36 – 14 – 14
= 8 19 If Bob broke the If Katy broke the
 = 14 – 8 window, window,
= 6 Truth Lie Truth Lie
Bob ✓ Bob ✓
Katy ✓ Katy ✓
15  +  = 55 – 43 = 12 Joe ✓ Joe ✓
 +  +  +  +  +  +  = 43 If Joe broke the window,
12 + 12 + 12 +  = 43
Truth Lie Since only one child
 = 43 – 12 – 12 – 12 Bob ✓ was telling the truth,
=7 Katy ✓ Katy must be the one
 = 12 – 7 Joe ✓
who broke the window.
=5

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 20 If Joshua threw the If Paul threw the 22 There are 31 days in March and 7 days in a week.
paper plane, paper plane,
31 ÷ 7 = 4 R 3
Truth Lie Truth Lie
Joshua ✓ Joshua ✓ This means that 4 days of the week will appear 4
Paul ✓ Paul ✓
times and the remaining 3 days of the week will
James ✓ James ✓
appear 5 times in the month of March.
If James threw the
Hence, the 4 days should be Wednesday, Thursday,
paper plane,
Friday and Saturday.
Truth Lie
Joshua ✓ Use the table below to find the day of 10th of March.
Paul ✓
James ✓ Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Since only one of them was telling the truth, Paul 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
must be the one who threw the paper plane. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
21 French American Russian Romanian
Number 22 ✓ ✗
10th of March in that year was on a Tuesday.
Number 23 ✗ ✓
Number 24 ✓
Number 25 ✓ ✗

The number tags of the French, American, Russian

and Romanian runners are 22, 24, 25 and 23
respectively.

CHAPTER 9
1 (a) Formed by 1 ∆ = 3 Formed by 1 ∆, 1 = 2
Formed by 2 ∆s = 2 Formed by all = 1
Formed by 3 ∆s = 1 Total = 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 8
Total: 3 + 2 + 1 = 6 (b) Formed by 1 ∆ = 5
(b) Formed by 1 ∆ = 4 Formed by 2 ∆s = 4
Formed by 2 ∆s = 3 Formed by 3 ∆s = 2
Formed by 3 ∆s = 2 Formed by 5 ∆s = 1
Formed by 4 ∆s = 1 Total = 5 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 12
Total: 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10
4 (a) 1 = 4
2 (a) Formed by 1 = 6 2 s = 4
Formed by 4 s = 2 4 s = 1
Total: 6 + 2 = 8 Total = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9
(b) Formed by 1  = 9 (b) 1 = 9
Formed by 4 s = 2 2 s = 12
Total: 9 + 2 = 11 3 s = 6
4 s = 4
6 s = 4
3 (a) Formed by 1 ∆ = 3
9 s = 1
Formed by 2 ∆s = 2
Total = 9 + 12 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 1 = 36

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 5 (a) Formed by 1 ∆ = 8 9 :6
Formed by 2 ∆s = 5
and : 12
Formed by 3 ∆s = 6
Formed by 4 ∆s = 2 4 s:3
Formed by 5 ∆s = 2
Total : 21 (Ans)
Formed by 8 ∆s = 1
Total: 8 + 5 + 6 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 24
(b) Formed by 1 ∆ = 3 10 Fig 1 → 12
Formed by 2 ∆s = 2 Fig 2 → 24
Formed by 1 ∆ 1 = 2 Draw a 4 × 4.
Formed by 3 ∆s 1 = 1
Total: 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 8

6 Formed by 1 = 12
Formed by 2 s = 16 Fig 3 → 40
Formed by 3 s = 8 12, 24, 40, ?
Formed by 4 s = 9 + 12 + 16 + 20
Formed by 6 s = 4 Ans: 60
Formed by 8 s = 2
Total: 12 + 16 + 8 + 9 + 4 + 2 = 51
11 1 : 1
2 s : 4
7 (a) Formed by 1 ∆= 10 4 s : 6
Formed by 2 ∆s = 10 6 s : 6
Formed by 3 ∆s = 5 8 s : 3
Formed by 4 ∆s 1 = 5 9 s : 4
Formed by 2 ∆s 1 = 5 12 s : 2
Total: 10 + 10 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 35 All : 1
(b) Formed by 1 ∆ = 8
Formed by 2 ∆s = 8 Total : 27 (Ans)
Formed by 3 ∆s = 4
Formed by 4 ∆s = 4 12 J I
A H
Total: 8 + 8 + 4 + 4 = 24
B G

8 : 9 C F
: 4 D E

: 6 AB as base: 7, as there are 7 vertices.

: 1 BC as base: 7, as there are 7 vertices.
: 4 AC as base: 7, same reason as above.
7 + 7 + 7 = 21
4 s: 4 21 × 2 = 42
5 s: 1 Ans: 42
3 s: 1

Total : 30 (Ans)

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 CHAPTER 10
1 Together they travelled 7 Method 1:
(60 + 50) = 110 m in one min. Peter travelled 15 × 2 = 30 m more
5 × 110 = 550 m Together, 30 ÷ (70 – 60) = 3 min
Ans: The distance was 550 m. (60 + 70) × 3 = 390 m
Method 2:
6 u + 7 u = 13 u
2 Won Chen walked 4 steps
→ Mum walked 6 steps
Won Chen walked 2 steps
→ Mum walked 3 steps 1
__
120 ÷ 2 = 60 ​  2 ​ u → 15 m
60 × 3 = 180 steps 1 u → 30 m
Ans: Her mum had taken 180 steps. 13 u → 390 m
Ans: The library is 390 m away.

3 15 ÷ 3 = 5 min
Ans: She would take 5 min. 8 Similar to #7.
3 × 2 = 6 km
Mark cycled 6 km more.
4 Distance of school = 75 × 24 Time taken → 6 ÷ (15 – 12) = 2 h
= 75 × (20 + 4) (12 + 15) × 2 = 54 km
= 1500 + 300
= 1800 m
Running speed = 75 × 2 9 Distance = 3 × 10 = 30 km
= 150 m/min Time taken to return = 30 ÷ 30 = 1 h
1800 ÷ 2 = 900 m ​  30
Average speed = ______
× 2 ___ 60
3 + 1 ​= ​  4 ​
​  900
____
75 ​= 12 min = 15 km/h
​  900
____
150 ​= 6 min
Ans: The average speed is 15 km/h.
12 + 6 = 18 min
Ans: He will take 18 min. 10 30 × 2 = 60 km more by the car
Took 60 ÷ (80 – 60) = 3 h to meet.
(60 + 80) × 3
5 90 km → 90 × 1000 = 90 000 m
= 140 × 3
1 h → 60 min
= 420 km
Speed in m/min → 90 000 ÷ 60
Ans: The distance was 420 km.
= 9000 ÷ 6
= 1500 m/min
1500 × 4 = 6000 m 11 At original speed,
= 6 km 100 m/min × 10 min = 1000 m to go
Ans: It takes me 4 min to reach school. 1000 ÷ 20 m/min = 50 min
50 × 120 = 6000 m
Ans: He walked for 6000 m.
6 Alice → 80 – 28 = 52 m
Betty → 80 – 15 = 65 m
52 = 4 × 13 12 Head start by Qiqi = 60 m/min × 2 min = 120 m
65 = 5 × 13 She was behind by 60 × 4 = 240 m.
Alice → 80 – 16 = 64 120 + 240 = 360 m
64 ÷ 4 = 16 m 360 ÷ (72 – 60) = 360 ÷ 12 = 30 min
16 × 5 = 80 m 30 × 72 = 2160 m
Ans: Betty just finished the race. Ans: The distance is 2160 m.

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 13 e 2 d, 1 14 Total time by the tortoise
= 1000 ÷ 8
B
c = 125 min
3 The rabbit can cover 5 × 40 = 200 m in 5 min.
But it rested for 20 min.
f 20 + 5 = 25 min
25 min → 200 m
A 50 min → 400 m
4 g 5 a h, 6 b 75 min → 600 m
a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h show different stages by 100 min → 800 m
Larry. 125 min → 1000 m
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 show different stages by Marcus. Ans: At the same time.
Ans: 80 m

CHAPTER 11
1 44 – 4 = 40 Method 2: Make a List
Isabelle’s mother was 40 years old four years Father’s Beatrice’s Difference Was her father’s age
ago. age age four times Beatrice’s age
34 10 24 No
40 ÷ 4 = 10 33 9 24 No
Isabelle was 10 years old four years ago. 32 8 24 Yes
10 + 4 = 14 34 – 32 = 2 or 10 – 8 = 2
Isabelle is 14 years old. Her father’s age was four times Beatrice’s age 2
years ago.
2 Method 1: Solve Using Model
34 – 8 = 26 4 66 + 3 + 3 = 72
The age difference is 26 years. Three years later, the sum of their ages will be 72
26 ÷ 2 = 13 Mother years.
Joel 72 ÷ 9 = 8
13 × 3 = 39 26
8–3=5
His mother is 39 years old when her age is three Jimmy is 5 years old now.
times Joel’s age. 8 × 8 = 64
Method 2: Make a List 64 – 3 = 61
His mother’s Joel’s Difference Was his mother’s age
His grandfather is 61 years old now.
age age three times Joel’s age?
34 8 26 No 5 64 – 13 = 51 (their age difference)
36 10 26 No 51 ÷ 3 = 17 Grandmother
38 12 26 No 17 × 4 = 68 Samuel 64 – 13
39 13 26 Yes Samuel’s grandmother will be 68 years old when
39 – 34 = 5 or 13 – 8 = 5 her age is four times Samuel’s age.
His mother’s age will be three times Joel’s age in 68 – 64 = 4
5 years’ time. His grandmother’s age will be four times Samuel’s
age in 4 years’ time.
3 Method 1: Solve Using Model
34 – 10 = 24 (their age difference) 6 Method 1: Solve Using Model
24 ÷ 3 = 8 Father 38 – 8 = 30 (their age difference)
8 × 4 = 32 Beatrice 24
30 ÷ 2 = 15 Mother
15 × 3 = 45 Daughter 30
Her father was 32 years old when his age was four
times Beatrice’s age. The mother will be 45 years old when her age is
three times the daughter’s age.
34 – 32 = 2 45 – 38 = 7

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 Method 2: Make a List Method 2: Make a List
Mother’s Daughter’s Difference Is one 3 times Father’s Son’s Difference Was the father’s age
age age the other? age age three times his
38 8 30 No son’s age?
40 10 30 No, 4 times. 50 24 26 No
46 20 26 No
42 12 30 No
44 14 30 No 40 14 26 No
39 13 26 Yes
45 15 30 Yes
45 – 38 = 7 or 15 – 8 = 7 50 – 39 = 11 or 24 – 13 = 11
The mother will be three times the daughter’s age The father’s age was three times his son’s age 11
in 7 years’ time. years ago.

7 35 – 5 = 30 11 her teacher’s age

10 58
30 ÷ 2 = 15
Her brother is 15 years old.
15 + 5 = 20 ?
Melanie is 20 years old. The number of years it takes for Jenevieve to be
as old as her teacher is the same as the number of
8 14 – 10 = 4 years it takes for her teacher to be 58 years old.
Their age difference is 4 years. 58 – 10 = 48
50 – 4 = 46 48 ÷ 2 = 24
46 ÷ 2 = 23
Jonathan will be 23 years old. 24 + 10 = 34
23 + 4 = 27 Her teacher is 34 years old.
Joseph will be 27 years old.
12 Auntie Zoe’s age
12 62
9 Method 1: Solve Using Model
60 – 5 = 55 (their age difference)
55 ÷ 5 = 11 Granny Mabel ?
11 × 6 = 66 Kelly 55 The number of years it takes for Cindy to be as old
Granny Mabel will be 66 years old when her age as Auntie Zoe is the same as the number of years
is six times Kelly’s age. it takes for Auntie Zoe to be 62 years old.
66 – 60 = 6
62 – 12 = 50
Method 2: Make a List 50 ÷ 2 = 25
Granny Kelly’s Difference Was Granny Mabel’s
Mabel’s age age age six times Kelly’s 25 + 12 = 37
age?
60 5 55 No Auntie Zoe is 37 years old.
62 7 55 No
64 9 55 No
65 10 55 No 13 60 – 8 – 8 = 44
66 11 55 Yes Eight years ago, the sum of the father’s and his
66 – 60 = 6 or 11 – 5 = 6 son’s ages was 44 years.
Granny Mabel’s age will be six times Kelly’s age 44 ÷ 4 = 11
in 6 years’ time. 11 × 3 = 33
The father and his son were 33 and 11 years old
10 Method 1: Solve Using Model respectively eight years ago.
50 – 24 = 26 (their age difference) 11 + 8 = 19
26 ÷ 2 = 13 33 + 8 = 41
13 × 3 = 39
The father and his son are now 41 and 19 years
The father was 39 years old when his age was three
old respectively.
times his son’s age.
50 – 39 = 11

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 14 50 + 5 + 5 = 60 15 The difference in their ages is 30 years.
The sum of the father’s and his daughter’s ages Mother
will be 60 years five years from now. David 30
60 ÷ 4 = 15 30 ÷ 3 = 10
15 × 3 = 45 10 – 8 = 2
The father and his daughter will be 45 and 15 years David is 2 years old now.
old respectively five years from now.
16 The difference in their ages is 50 years.
45 – 5 = 40
Grandfather
15 – 5 = 10
The father is 40 years old and his daughter is 10 Raymond
50
years old. 50 ÷ 5 = 10
10 × 6 = 60
60 + 6 = 66
Raymond’s grandfather is 66 years old now.

CHAPTER 12
1 3A 5 Peter
152 ? 300
?
3B Paul

? ?
$300 ÷ 4 = $75
152 ÷ 4 = 38
$75 × 3 = $225
38 × 3 = 114
Paul received $75 and Peter received $225.
There are 114 and 38 books in classes 3A and 3B
respectively.
6 Peach trees 20
120
Apple trees
2 Jason
15 ?
Brother 120 – 20 = 100
?
100 ÷ 2 = 50
15 ÷ 5 = 3 There are 50 apples trees in the orchard.
His brother is 3 years old.
7 Valerie 6
60
?
3 Father John
50
Valerie ?
60 – 6 = 54
?
50 ÷ 5 = 10 54 ÷ 3 = 18
(18 × 2) + 6 = 42
Valerie is 10 years old.
Valerie plucked 42 peaches and John plucked 18
peaches.
4 Chickens
35
? 8 Adult goats
Rabbits
200
Young goats 40
?
35 ÷ 5 = 7 ?
7 × 4 = 28 200 – 40 = 160
The number of chickens on the farm is 28 and the 160 ÷ 2 = 80
number of rabbits is 7. 80 young goats are on the farm.

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 9 Brother 13 Alice $5 $5 $5
45 + 75
Melvin ?
Bryan $5 $5
45 + 75 = 120
There are a total of 120 storybooks. ? $90
Cindy $5
120 ÷ 4 = 30
30 × 3 = 90 ?
Dylan
His brother will have 90 storybooks in the end.
45 – 30 = 15 or 90 – 75 = 15 ?
Melvin must give his brother 15 storybooks so that $90 – ($5 × 6) = $60
his brother has three times as many storybooks as $60 ÷ 4 = $15
Melvin. Dylan has $15.
$15 + $5 = $20
Cindy has $20.
10 Calvin
30 + 45 $20 + $5 = $25
Jay
Bryan has $25.
30 + 45 = 75
$25 + $5 = $30
There are a total of 75 colourful erasers.
Alice has $30.
75 ÷ 3 = 25
Jay has 25 colourful erasers in the end.
14 A 8l 2l
25 × 2 = 50
Calvin has 50 colourful erasers in the end. ?
B 8l 54 l
45 – 25 = 20 or 50 – 30 = 20
?
Jay must give Calvin 20 colourful erasers. C
?
11 Farm B
300 + 250 54  – 8  – 8  – 2  = 36 
Farm A
36  ÷ 3 = 12 
300 + 250 = 550 Container C contains 12  of water.
There are a total of 550 cows. 12  + 8  = 20 
550 ÷ 5 = 110 Container B contains 20  of water.
There will be 110 cows on Farm A in the end. 20  + 2  = 22 
110 × 4 = 440 Container A contains 22  of water.
There will be 440 cows on Farm B in the end.
300 – 110 = 190 or 440 – 250 = 190 15 John
190 cows from Farm A must be transferred to Farm ?
B. Sean $1160
?
Andy
12 1st rope 8m 7m
?
?
2 rope
nd 8m 95 m $1160 ÷ 4 = $290
John and Andy each saves $290.
? $290 × 2 = $580
3rd rope
Sean saves $580.
?
95 m – 8 m – 8 m – 7 m = 72 m
16 1st shelf 20
72 m ÷ 3 = 24 m
?
The length of the third rope is 24 m. 2nd shelf 20 17 270
24 m + 8 m = 32 m ?
The length of the second rope is 32 m. 3rd shelf 17
32 m + 7 m = 39 m ?
The length of the first rope is 39 m.

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 270 ÷ 3 = 90 22 6m
There are 90 books on each shelf of the bookcase 1st rope
in the end.
?
90 + 20 = 110 2nd rope
There are 110 books on the first shelf of the
bookcase at first. 18 m
90 – 20 – 17 = 53 4 × 6 m = 24 m
There are 53 books on the second shelf of the Each rope is 24 m long at first.
bookcase at first.
90 + 17 = 107
23 $11
There are 107 books on the third shelf of the
Yvonne
bookcase at first.
Vicky
17 Basketballs
$44
? $11 × 10 = $110
Volleyballs 95
They have $110 altogether at first.
?
Footballs
5
95 + 5 = 100 24 23

100 ÷ 5 = 20 Natalie
There are 20 basketballs. Damien
20 × 2 = 40
There are 40 volleyballs. ? 11
23 + 11 = 34
34 ÷ 2 = 17
18 1000 m Natalie had 17 marbles in the end.
milk 2nd 1st 17 + 23 = 40 or (17 × 3) – 11 = 40
? Each of them had 40 marbles at first.
_
​  35 ​× 1000 m = 600 m
600 m of milk was left. 25 29

Laura
19 pizza B S J Jolene
From the above model,
? 33
_
​  36 ​or _​  12 ​of the pizza was left. 29 + 33 = 62
62 ÷ 2 = 31
Laura had 31 beads in the end.
20 1000 m 31 + 29 = 60 or (31 × 3) – 33 = 60
milk Mother Melanie Each of them have 60 beads at first.
_
​  24 ​× 1000 m = 500 m
26 $35
500 m of the milk was left.
Jay
Jack
21 20
? $25
A
$35 + $25 = $60
? $60 ÷ 3 = $20
B Jay had $20 in the end.
40 $20 + $35 = $55 or ($20 × 4) – $25 = $55
3 × 20 = 60 Each of them had $55 at first.
60 cars were in car park A at first.

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 CHAPTER 13
1 4 apples + 3 peaches → $10 5 4 jugs + 5 cups → $85
4 apples + 6 peaches → $16 2 jugs + 2 cups → $40
By comparison, To make the two mathematical statements
6 peaches – 3 peaches → $16 – $10 comparable, multiply the second statement by 2.
3 peaches → $6 4 jugs + 4 cups → $80
1 peach → $6 ÷ 3 = $2 5 cups – 4 cups → $85 – $80
1 cup → $5
The cost of each peach is $2. The cost of a cup is $5.

2 6 colour ink + 3 black ink → $150 6 4 apples + 3 peaches → $10

6 colour ink + 5 black ink → $170 2 apples + 2 peaches → $6
By comparison, To make the two mathematical statements
5 black ink – 3 black ink → $170 – $150 comparable, multiply the second statement by 2.
2 black ink → $20 4 apples + 4 peaches → $6 × 2 = $12
1 black ink → $20 ÷ 2 = $10 4 peaches – 3 peaches → $12 – $10
1 peach → $2
6 colour ink + (3 black ink × $10) → $150 2 apples + (2 peaches × $2) → $6
6 colour ink → $150 – $30 2 apples → $6 – $4 = $2
= $120 1 apple → $2 ÷ 2 = $1
1 colour ink → $120 ÷ 6 The cost of an apple is $1.
= $20
The cost of each colour ink cartridge is $20. 7 5 basketballs + 6 volleyballs → $320
2 basketballs + 3 volleyballs → $140
3 3 chocolate bars + 4 packets of sweets → 200 g To make the two mathematical statements
3 chocolate bars + 7 packets of sweets → 260 g comparable, multiply the second statement by 2.
4 basketballs + 6 volleyballs → $280
By comparison, 5 basketballs – 4 basketballs → $320 – $280
7 packets – 4 packets → 260 g – 200 g = $40
3 packets → 60 g 1 basketball → $40
1 packet → 60 g ÷ 3 = 20 g The cost of a basketball is $40.
3 chocolate bars + (4 packets × 20 g) → 200 g
3 chocolate bars → 200 g – 80 g = 120 g 8 3 big pails + 4 small pails → 68 
1 chocolate bar → 120 g ÷ 3 = 40 g 4 big pails + 2 small pails → 64 
The weight of a chocolate bar is 40 g. To make the two mathematical statements
comparable, multiply the second statement by 2.
8 big pails + 4 small pails → 128 
4 3 boxes of apples + 5 boxes of oranges → 270 kg
3 boxes of apples + 7 boxes of oranges → 342 kg 8 big pails – 3 big pails → 128  – 68  = 60 
5 big pails → 60 
By comparison,
7 boxes of oranges – 5 boxes of oranges 1 big pail → 60  ÷ 5 = 12 
→ 342 kg – 270 kg A big pail can hold 12  of water.
2 boxes of oranges → 72 kg
1 box of oranges → 36 kg 9 1 table + 3 chairs → $120
3 boxes of apples + (5 boxes of oranges × 36 kg) Since the table costs 3 times as much as each chair,
→ 270 kg 1 table = 3 chairs
3 boxes of apples → 270 – 180 = 90 kg Replace the table in the first statement by 3 chairs.
1 box of apples → 90 kg ÷ 3 = 30 kg 3 chairs + 3 chairs → $120
6 chairs → $120
A box of apples weighs 30 kg and a box of oranges 3 chairs → $120 ÷ 2 = $60
weighs 36 kg. The cost of the table is $60.

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 10 2 foldable bicycles + 3 bicycles → $560 15 Let the number of red, yellow and oranges roses
Since each foldable bicycle costs twice as much be r, y and o respectively.
as each bicycle, r + y = 60
2 foldable bicycles = 4 bicycles y + o = 70
4 bicycles + 3 bicycles → $560 o + r = 80
7 bicycles → $560 (2 × r) + (2 × y) + (2 × o) = 60 + 70 + 80 = 210
1 bicycle → $560 ÷ 7 = $80 r + y + o = 210 ÷ 2 = 105
2 × $80 = $160
o = 105 – 60 = 45
The cost of each foldable bicycle is $160.
r = 105 – 70 = 35
y = 105 – 80 = 25
114 tables + 9 chairs → $504 The florist sells 45 oranges roses, 35 red roses and
Since the cost of each table was the cost of 3 such 25 yellow roses.
chairs,
1 table = 3 chairs
4 tables = 12 chairs 16 Let the number of adults, boys and girls be a, b
12 chairs + 9 chairs → $504 and g respectively.
21 chairs → $504 a + b = 87
1 chair → $504 ÷ 21 = $24 a + g = 83
The cost of each chair was $24. b + g = 60
(2 × a) + (2 × b) + (2 × g) = 87 + 83 + 60 = 230
12 4 basketballs + 5 volleyballs → $330 a + b + g = 230 ÷ 2 = 115
Since the price of 2 basketballs is the same as the g = 115 – 87 = 28
price of 3 volleyballs, b = 115 – 83 = 32
2 basketballs = 3 volleyballs
a = 115 – 60 = 55
(2 × 2 = 4) basketballs = (3 × 2 = 6) volleyballs
28 girls, 32 boys and 55 adults are at the party.
6 volleyballs + 5 volleyballs → $330
11 volleyballs → $330
1 volleyball → $330 ÷ 11 = $30 17 Let the number of yellow, blue and red beads be
The price of a volleyball was $30. y, b and r respectively.
y + b = 70
13 4 basketballs + 5 volleyballs → $520 r + b = 80
5 basketballs + 4 volleyballs → $533 r + y = 90
$533 – $520 = $13 (difference of one basketball (2 × y) + (2 × b) + (2 × r) = 70 + 80 + 90 = 240
and one volleyball) y + b + r = 240 ÷ 2 = 120
4 basketballs = 4 volleyballs + (4 × $13) r = 120 – 70 = 50
= 4 volleyballs + $52
y = 120 – 80 = 40
4 volleyballs + $52 + 5 volleyballs → $520
9 volleyballs → $520 – $52 = $468 b = 120 – 90 = 30
1 volleyball → $468 ÷ 9 = $52 She has 50 red beads, 40 yellow beads and 30 blue
1 basketball → $52 + $13 = $65 beads.
Each volleyball was $52 and each basketball was
$65.
18 Let the number of blue, yellow and red flags be b,
y and r respectively.
14 Let the number of white, red and black balls be w, b + y = 100
r and b respectively.
r + b = 90
w + r = 15
r + b = 18 y + r = 80
b+w=9 (2 × b) + (2 × y) + (2 × r) = 100 + 90 + 80 = 270
(2 × w) + (2 × r) + (2 × b) = 15 + 18 + 9 = 42 y + b + r = 270 ÷ 2 = 135
w + r + b = 42 ÷ 2 = 21 r = 135 – 100 = 35
b = 21 – 15 = 6 y = 135 – 90 = 45
w = 21 – 18 = 3 b = 135 – 80 = 55
r = 21 – 9 = 12 He sells 35 red flags, 45 yellow flags and 55 blue
There are 6 black balls, 3 white balls and 12 red
flags.
balls.

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 CHAPTER 14
1 excess of sweets = 8 6 excess of pupils = 16
shortage of sweets = 4 excess of pupils = 2
Difference of sweets each pupil gets = 10 – 8 = 2 Difference of pupils on each boat = 5 – 3 = 2
(16 – 2) ÷ 2 = 14 ÷ 2 = 7
(8 + 4) ÷ 2 = 12 ÷ 2 = 6
There are 7 boats.
The teacher gives the sweets to 6 pupils.
7 × 3 + 16 = 37 or 7 × 5 + 2 = 37
6 × 8 + 8 = 56 or 6 × 10 – 4 = 56 There are 37 pupils.
She has 56 sweets.
7 excess of carrots = 7
2 excess of oranges = 3 excess of carrots = 2
shortage of oranges = 7 Difference of carrots each rabbit would receive =
Difference of oranges each family member gets 4–3=1
=7–5=2 (7 – 2) ÷ 1 = 5
(3 + 7) ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2 = 5 Mrs Bunny gave the carrots to 5 rabbits.
5 × 3 + 7 = 22 or 5 × 4 + 2 = 22
There are 5 members in this family.
She had 22 carrots.
5 × 5 + 3 = 28 or 5 × 7 – 7 = 28
There are 28 oranges in this carton.
8 shortage of students = 2 × 6 = 12
excess of students = 3 × 4 = 12
3 excess of water = 4  Difference of students in each hostel room
shortage of water = 3  × 4 = 12  =6–4=2
Difference between the capacity of the two pails (12 + 12) ÷ 2 = 12
=5–3=2 The international school has 12 hostel rooms.
(4 + 12) ÷ 2 = 8 12 × 6 – 12 = 60 or 12 × 4 + 12 = 60
He needs 8 such pails. 60 students want to stay in the hostel.
8 × 5  – 4  = 36  or 8 × 3  + 12  = 36 
36  of water are needed to fill the fish tank. 9 excess of questions to be marked = 5 × 4 = 20
shortage of questions to be marked = 5 × 6 = 30
Difference between the number of questions she
4 excess of pupils = 5
marked in a minute = 6 – 4 = 2
shortage of pupils = 40
(20 + 30) ÷ 2 = 25
Difference between the seating capacity of the two
buses = 40 – 35 = 5 The time she used for marking was 25 minutes.
(5 + 40) ÷ 5 = 45 ÷ 5 = 9 25 min × 4 + 20 = 120 or 25 min × 6 – 30 = 120
She marked 120 questions before she left the
9 buses are needed for the field trip.
school.
9 × 35 + 5 = 320 or 9 × 40 – 40 = 320
320 pupils are going on the field trip. 10 shortage = 50 m × 4 = 200 m
excess = 65 m × 2 = 130 m
5 excess of money = $6 Difference between the two walking speeds
shortage of money = $8 = 65 m/min – 50 m/min = 15 m/min
Difference between the cost of a comic book and (200 m + 130 m) ÷ 15 m/min = 22
a mystery book = $5 – $3 = $2 Jodi takes 22 minutes to walk to school in order
($6 + $8) ÷ $2 = $14 ÷ $2 = 7 to be on time.
22 min × 50 m + 200 m = 1300 m or
Ken is buying 7 comic or mystery books.
22 min × 65 m – 130 m = 1300 m
7 × $3 + $6 = $27 or 7 × $5 – $8 = $27
The school is 1300 m from her house.
He has $27.

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 CHAPTER 15
1 (a) 1st layer = 3 × 3 = 9 3rd layer = 3 × 1 = 3 (c) Top layer = 3 2nd layer = 5 + 2 = 7
2 layer = 3 × 2 = 6
nd
4th layer = 3 × 1 = 3 3 layer = 3 + 2 = 5 1st layer = 7 + 2 = 9
rd

Total number of cubes = 9 + 6 + 3 + 3 = 21 Total number of cubes = 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 24

(b) 1st layer = 3 × 2 = 6 3rd layer = 3
2 layer = 6 – 1 = 5
nd
4th layer = 1 4 Visualise the cuboid painted yellow. There will be
Total number of cubes = 6 + 5 + 3 + 1 = 15 some cubes that are totally not painted in yellow at
(c) Each layer = 3 × 3 = 9 all, some cubes that are painted on one face, two
Total number of cubes = 9 × 3 = 27 faces or three faces.
(d) Total number of cubes = (9 × 3) – 3 – 2 = 22 No. of faces painted 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
in yellow
No. of cubes 1 6 12 8 0 0 0 Total: 27
2 (a) Total number of cubes = 9 + 8 + 5 + 5 = 27
(b) Total number of cubes = 12 + 9 + 7 + 3 = 31
(c) Total number of cubes = 16 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 30 5 No. of faces painted 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
in blue
(d) 1st layer = 3 × 5 = 15 cubes
No. of cubes 0 0 0 2 3 4 0 Total: 9
15 × 3 = 45 cubes
45 – 6 (hollow) = 39 cubes
6 No. of faces painted 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
in green
3(a) Total number of cubes = 8 × 4 = 32 cubes
No. of cubes 0 0 2 2 6 2 0 Total: 12
(b) 1st layer = 4 × 3 = 12 3rd layer = 5
2 layer = 12 – 2 = 10 4th layer = 3
nd

Total number of cubes = 12 + 10 + 5 + 3 = 30

CHAPTER 16
1 A 1 1 1 1 4 1
5 15 15 30
B
4 10 10
1 2 3 4 5 1 15
3 6 C 0
1 3 6 10 15 1 5
2 3 4
1 5
1
4 10 20 35 B A

1 1 1 1 Ans: There are 30 ways.
Ans: There are 35 ways.

5 1
5 9 17 34
2 A 1 1 1 1 B
2 3 4 5 4 4 8
1 1 17
1 3 6 10 15 3 0 4
1 9
1 4 10 20 35
2 3 4
1 5
1 B
5 15 35 70
A
Ans: There are 70 ways.
1 1 1 1 Ans: There are 34 ways.

3 A 6 1
A 1 1
1 1
2 1 2 P3 3 3
1
3 1 3 6 9
3 4 1
3 6 5 3 9 Q 18 18 18
9
3 9 B
12 18 18 36 54

30 B Ans: There are 30 ways. Ans: There are 54 ways.

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 7 A
1 10 20 40 60
B
2 3 4 10 C 20 D 20 20 20
1 1
3 6 10
1 3 5 5 1
2 3 4
4 9 14 14 1
1
A
B 1 1 1
1
5 14 28 42 Ans: There are 60 ways.
Ans: There are 42 ways.

11 A 1 588 B
1764
8 3 9 18 18 21 27
B 2 2 588 210
3 6 9 P 0 3 1 1176
6
3 5 5 84 210 378
1 588
3 P 3 3 3 3 3
1 4 9 14 14 42 84 126 168
1 210
1 2
1
5 14 28 42 42 42 42 42 42
A 1
Ans: There are 27 ways. Ans: There are 1764 ways.

9 12 B
1 1 1 1 15 45 B 90
A
4 3 2 15 30 45
5 1
1 3 6 10 Q15 15 15
9 4 3
1 1 2 3 4 5
17 8 4 4
1 A 1 1 1 1
A
B 1
34 17 9 5 Ans: There are 90 ways.
Ans: There are 34 ways.

CHAPTER 17
1 The smallest divisor is 7. 5 24 ÷ 5 = 4 R 4
÷7=8R6
By working backwards, R1 R2 R3 R4 R0
7 × 8 + 6 = 62 The colour of the 24th bead is white.
62 ÷ 7 = 8 R 6 198 ÷ 5 = 39 R 3
The 198th bead is grey.

2 The largest remainder is 5. 6 The pattern repeats after every 6 shapes.

÷6=8R5 38 ÷ 6 = 6 R 2
By working backwards,      
6 × 8 + 5 = 53 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R0
53 ÷ 6 = 8 R 5 The shape of the 38th figure is a .
59 ÷ 6 = 9 R 5
The shape of the 59th figure is a .
3 37 ÷ 10 = 3 R 7
7 28 ÷ 3 = 9 R 1
4 ÷ 6 = 5 R 5 6 × 5 + 5 = 35 3 2 4
÷ 6 = 4 R 4 6 × 4 + 4 = 28 R1 R2 R0
The digit of the 28th number is 3.
÷ 6 = 3 R 3 6 × 3 + 3 = 21
3+2+4=9
÷ 6 = 2 R 2 6 × 2 + 2 = 14 33 ÷ 3 = 11 blocks of 9
÷ 6 = 1 R 1 6×1+1=7 11 × 9 = 99
The possible dividends are 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. The sum of the first 33 numbers is 99.

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 8 35 ÷ 4 = 8 R 3 15 149 – 5 = 144
3 6 4 5 144 ÷ 12 = 12 144 ÷ 16 = 9
R1 R2 R3 R0 144 ÷ 18 = 8 144 ÷ 24 = 6
The 35th number is 4. 144 ÷ 36 = 4 144 ÷ 72 = 2
3 + 6 + 4 + 5 = 18 All the 2-digit divisors are 12, 16, 18, 24, 36 and
18 ÷ 4 = 4 blocks of 18 + the first 2 numbers 72.
(4 × 18) + 3 + 6 = 72 + 9 = 81
The sum of the first 18 numbers is 81.
16 Multiples of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, …
+ 2: 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, …
9 25 ÷ 7 = 3 R 4 Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, …
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat + 3: 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, …
R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Two such numbers that are smaller than 30 are 11
25th of July in that year was on a Thursday. and 23.

10 31 – 10 = 21 17 It is easier to start with the multiples of bigger

21 + 1 = 22 numbers.
There are 22 days from 10th March to 31st March. Multiples of 7: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, …
There are 30 days in the month of April. + 2: 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, …
22 + 30 + 11 = 63 days Multiples of 5: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, …
There are 63 days from 10th March to 11th May. + 3: 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, …
63 ÷ 7 = 9
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat The number is 23.
R6 R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
11th of May in that year was on a Monday. 18 ÷ =9R2
Use guess-and-check method,
39 ÷ 3 = 13 R 0
11 Jessica Melissa Natalie Alison Kelly
R1 R2 R3 R4 R0 38 ÷ 4 = 9 R 2
38 (dividend) + 4 (divisor) = 42
48 ÷ 5 = 9 R 3
The dividend is 38 and the divisor is 4.
Natalie will get the last card.

19 ÷ =5R6
12 Carson Joan Chloe Amanda
R1 R2 R3 R4 Use guess-and-check method,
R0 R7 R6 R5 50 ÷ 12 = 4 R 2
48 ÷ 10 = 4 R 8
36 ÷ 8 = 4 R 4
46 ÷ 8 = 5 R 6
Amanda will get the last card.
46 (dividend) – 8 (divisor) = 38
The dividend is 46 and the divisor is 8.
13 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R0 R1
20 90 × 4 = 360
10 + 30 = 40
80 × 5 = 400
40 ÷ 7 = 5 R 5
The book must be more than 360 pages but less
It would be a Wednesday 30 days later. than 400 pages.
number of pages she reads every day = number of
14 A B C D E F
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R0 days she takes to finish reading

150 ÷ 6 = 25 18 × 18 = 324
Florence will get the 150th card. This is not in the range of 360 to 400 pages.
200 ÷ 6 = 33 R 2 19 × 19 = 361
Ben will get the last card. She must read 19 pages every day.

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 CHAPTER 18
1 (a) 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 4 The figure has 12 sides altogether.
= 8 cm 36 ÷ 12 = 3
2 cm
The length of each side of a square is 3 cm.
2 cm

(b) 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 5 After cutting, each rectangle becomes like what is

= 12 cm 2 cm shown below.
5 cm
4 cm

(c) 4 + 4 + 12 + 12 2 cm 2 cm
= 32 cm 4 cm
5 cm
12 cm
2 + 2 + 5 + 5 = 14
(d) 4 + 4 + 6 + 6
The perimeter of each small rectangle is 14 cm.
= 20 cm
4 cm

6 The figure has 16 sides altogether.

6 cm 16 × 6 = 96
Its perimeter is 96 cm.
2 (a) 30 × 4
= 120 cm 20 cm 7 8 × 4 = 32
The perimeter of the square is 32 cm.
10 cm
84 – 32 = 52
30 cm
The perimeter of the rectangle is 52 cm.
(b) 5 × 2 + 6 × 2 1 cm 10 × 2 = 20
= 10 + 12
= 22 cm 52 – 20 = 32
5 cm
22 + 1 + 1 32 ÷ 2 = 16
= 24 cm The length of the rectangle is 16 cm.
6 cm

(c) 9 × 2 + 10 × 2 8 28 ÷ 4 = 7
2
= 18 + 20
9 cm Each side of square A is 7 cm.
= 38 cm 2
38 + 2 + 2 7–2=5
= 42 cm 10 cm
Each side of square B is 5 cm.
7 × 3 + 5 × 3 = 21 + 15 = 36
(d) 10 × 2 + 6 × 2 2 cm 36 + 2 = 38
= 20 + 12 The perimeter of the figure is 38 cm.
10 cm
= 32 cm 3 cm
32 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3
= 42 cm 9 15 × 4 = 60
6 cm
The perimeter of the square is 60 cm.
3 B
150 – 60 = 90
The perimeter of the rectangle is 90 cm.
25 × 2 = 50
3m 90 – 50 = 40
40 ÷ 2 = 20
A Its breadth is 20 cm.
5m
3+5=8m

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 10 12
8

2 2 2 2
30 cm Since the sides of the square are equal, we figure
30 ÷ 5 = 6 out the length of the rectangle is 8 cm.
The breadth of each rectangle is 6 cm. 2 + 2 + 8 + 8 = 20
The perimeter of each rectangle is 20 cm.
15 + 6 = 21
8 × 4 = 32
The breadth of the figure is 21 cm.
The perimeter of the square is 32 cm.
21 + 21 + 30 + 30 = 102
The perimeter of the figure is 102 cm. 13 Figure A has 10 equal sides while Figure B has 20
equal sides.
11 15 × 4 = 60 25 × 2 = 50
The perimeter of the square is 60 cm. The perimeter of Figure B is 50 cm.
60 × 2 = 120
The perimeter of the rectangle is 120 cm. 14 14 × 4 = 56
The perimeter of the square is 56 cm.
15 × 2 = 30 56 ÷ 8 = 7 cm
120 – 30 = 90 7 × 3 = 21 cm
90 ÷ 2 = 45 The length and breadth of the rectangle are
The length of the rectangle is 45 cm. 21 cm and 7 cm respectively.

CHAPTER 19
1 Page 1 to Page 9: 9 digits 4 Number 1 to Number 9: 9 digits
Page 10 to Page 99: 180 digits Number to 10 to Number 99: 180 digits
Page 100 to Page 185: 185 – 100 = 85 Number 100 to Number 500: 500 – 100 = 400
85 + 1 = 86 page numbers 400 + 1 = 401 numbers
86 × 3 = 258 digits 401 × 3 = 1203 digits
9 + 180 + 258 = 447 9 + 180 + 1203 = 1392
There are 1392 digits from numbers 1 to 500.
447 digits are used for printing the page numbers
of the book.
5 Page 1 to Page 9: 9 digits
Page 10 to Page 99: 180 digits
2 Number 1 to 9: 9 digits
Number 10 to Number 99: 180 digits 648 – 9 – 180 = 459
Number 100 to Number 200: 200 – 100 = 100 459 is a 3-digit number.
459 ÷ 3 = 153 pages
100 + 1 = 101 numbers
99 + 153 = 252
101 × 3 = 303 digits
9 + 180 + 303 = 492 The book has 252 pages.
There are 492 digits from numbers 1 to 200.
6 792 – 9 – 180 = 603 digits
3 Page 1 to Page 9: 9 digits 603 ÷ 3 = 201 pages
Page 10 to Page 99: 180 digits 99 + 201 = 300
Page 100 to Page 345: 345 – 100 = 245 The book has 300 pages.
245 + 1 = 246 page numbers
246 × 3 = 738 digits 7 1014 – 9 – 180 = 825 digits
9 + 180 + 738 = 927 825 ÷ 3 = 275 pages
99 + 275 = 374
927 digits are in a book that has 345 pages.
The book has 374 pages.

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 8 1248 – 9 – 180 = 1059 digits 12 ‘5’ at ones place: 5, 15, 25, 35, ..., 95 10
1059 ÷ 3 = 353 pages 105, 115, 125, 135, ..., 195 10
99 + 353 = 452
205 to 295 10
The book has 452 pages. 305 to 395 10
405 to 495 10
9 1 + 2 + 3 +  + 72
‘5’ at tens place: 50, 51, 52, ..., 59 10
(1 + 72) × 72
___________
​ 
=    2 ​ 150, 151, 152, ..., 159 10
= 36 × (3 + 70) 250 to 259 10
= 108 + 2520 350 to 359 10
= 2628 450 to 459 10
2628 – 2521 = 107 ‘5’ at hundreds place: 500 1
107 = 53 + 54
Ans: There are 101 ‘5s’.
Ans: Page 53-54 is missing.

13 Pg 1 to 9: 1 + 2 + 3 +  + 9 = 45
10 1 + 2 + 3 +  + 62
Pg 10 to 19: 10 × 1 + 45 = 55
(1 + 62) × 62
___________
​ 
=    2 ​ Pg 20 to 29: 20 × 2 + 45 = 65
Pg 30 to 39: 10 × 3 + 45 = 75

= (3 + 60) × 31 Pg 60 to 69: 10 × 6 + 45 = 105
= 93 + 1860 Pg 70: 7 + 0 = 7
= 1953 45 + 55 + 65 +  + 105 + 7
2008 – 1953 = 55 (45 + 105) × 7
Ans: He missed out 55. = ____________
​ 
   2 ​+ 7
= 525 + 7
11 ‘3’ at ones place: 3, 13, 23, ..., 93 10 = 532
103, 113, 123, ..., 193 10 Ans: The sum is 532.
203, 213, 223, ..., 293 10
‘3’ at tens place: 30, 31, 32, ..., 39 10 14 There are 80 × 3 = 240 digits before the 80th *.
1 to 9: 9 digits
130, 131, 132, ..., 139 10
10 to 99: 180 digits
230, 231, 231, ..., 239 10 240 – 9 – 180 = 51 digits
‘3’ at hundreds place: 300 1 51 ÷ 3 = 17
10 × 6 + 1 = 61 17 + 99 = 116
Ans: There are 61 ‘3s’. Ans: 6 from 116

CHAPTER 20
1 (a) 32  8 = 32 ÷ 8 + 32 – 8 3(a) 7  8 = 3 × 7 – 8
= 4 + 24 = 21 – 8
= 28 = 13
(b) 46  2 = 46 ÷ 2 + 46 – 2
(b) 6  16 = 3 × 16 – 16
= 23 + 44
= 67 = 18 – 16
=2
2 (a) 10  4 = 10 × 4 + 10 + 4 12  2 = 3 × 12 – 2
= 40 + 14 = 36 – 2
= 54 = 34
(b) 4  10 = 4 × 10 + 4 + 10
= 40 + 14
= 54

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 4 (a) 3 * 4 = (3 + 1) × 4 = 16 9 Try n = 3.
2 * 16 = (2 + 1) × 16 = 48 35=3×4×5×6×7
(b) 75 ÷ 5 = 15 = 2520
15 – 1 = 14
n = 14 10 6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1
= 30 × 24
5 (a) 8  6 = 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 = 720
= 21 × 3 m! = 5040
= 63 From 6! = 720,
7 × 720 = 5040
(b) 45 ÷ 5 = 9 m=7
9 9 9 9 9
–1
–2 11 (a) 485 ÷ 5 = 99
7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 = 45 99 99 99 99 99
–1
–2
6 (a) (23 + 9) ÷ 2
97 98 99 100 101
= 32 ÷ 2 So m = 97.
= 16
(b) A good guess is n = 6 as 80 × 6 = 480.
(b) (10 + 8) ÷ 2 85 + 86 + 87 + 88 + 89 + 90
= 18 ÷ 2 = 85 × 6 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
= 9 = 510 + 15
17  9 = (17 + 9) ÷ 2 = 525
= 26 ÷ 2 So n = 6.
= 13

12 Working backwards,
7(a) 5  3 = 5 × 5 + 3 × 3 – 5 × 3 3 × 8 + 2 × 13 = 24 + 26 = 50
= 25 + 9 – 15
So, m  2 = 13.
= 19
3 × 3 + 2 × 2 = 13
4  19 = 4 × 4 + 19 × 19 – 4 × 19
m=3
= 16 + 361 – 76
= 301
(b) 3  2 = 3 × 3 + 2 × 2 – 3 × 2 13 Simplified, we have 19 + 56 ÷ – 20 = 1.
=9+4–6 Clearly, 56 ÷ = 2.
=7 = 28
4  3 = 4 × 4 + 3 × 3 – 4 × 3
= 16 + 9 – 12 14
300 a 200
= 13
7  13 = 7 × 7 + 13 × 13 – 7 × 13 b
= 49 + 169 – 91
100
= 127
300 + a/ + 200 = a/ + b + 100
8 45=4×5×6×7×8 b = 500 – 100
= 6720 = 400
54=5×6×7×8 Sum = 400 × 3
= 1680 = 1200
6720 – 1680 = 5040 300 + 400 + m = 1200
m = 500

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 CHAPTER 21
1 (a) Power 21 22 23 24 25 4 (a) 2 × 5 = 10
Ones digit 2 4 8 6 2 Each pair of (2, 5) gives a zero.
2 2s, 3 5s → 2 0s
Ans: 2
Ans: 2 0s
(b) Power 81 82 83 84 85
(b) 43 = 4 × 4 × 4
Ones digit 8 4 2 6 8
=2×2×2×2×2×2
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
R1 R2 R3 R0 R1 4 5s, 6 2s → 4 0s
8 ÷ 4 = 2 R 0 Ans: 4 0s
Ans: 6 (c) 62 = 2 × 3 × 2 × 3
(c) Power 31 32
33
3 4
35 Ans: 2 0s
Ones digit 3 9 7 1 3 (d) Ans: 5 0s, as more 2s than 5s.
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
R1 R2 R3 R0 R1
7 ÷ 4 = 1 R 3 5 (a) 75 = 5 × 5 × 3
Ans: 7 There are 2 5s.
(d) Power 36 = 4 × 9
61 62 63 64 65
=2×2×3×3
Ones digit 6 6 6 6 6
There are 2 2s.
Ans: 6 Ans: 2 0s
(b) 375 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 3
2 (a) Power 31 32 33 34 35 24 = 4 × 6
Ones digit 3 9 7 1 3 =2×2×2×2×3×3
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ Ans: 3 0s
R1 R2 R3 R0 R1
(c) 625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
8 ÷ 4 = 2 R 0
28 = 4 × 7
Ans: 1
=2×2×7
(b) Power 91 92 93 94 Ans: 2 0s
Ones digit 9 1 9 1
(d) 175 = 5 × 5 × 7
↑ ↑
odd power even power 32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
Ans: 9 Ans: 2 0s
(c) Power 71 72 73 74 75
Ones digit 7 9 3 1 7 6  s 1 × 2× 3 × 4 × ... × 25, there will be a 10 and
A
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 20, which cause the whole multiplication to end
R1 R2 R3 R0 R1 with 0.
Ans: 9 Ans: 0
(d) Ans: 5
7 Ans: 5
3 Power 21 22 23 24 25
Ones digit 2 4 8 6 2
8 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 28, 56, 12, 24, 48, 96, 92, 84,
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
R1 R2 R3 R0 R1
68, 36, 72, 44, 88, 76
47 ÷ 4 = 11 R 3 Ans: 76
Ones digit of 47 → 8
8–1=7 9 3, 9, 27, 81, 43, 29, 87, 61, 83, 49, 47, 41, 23, 69
Ans: 7 Ans: 69

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 20 100 13 1 × 50 = 50
10 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 + 49 + 64 = 204 Last digit is ‘0’, the carry over is 5.
34 1 × 49 = 49
50
The tens is 9, 9 + 5 = 14
204 ÷ 7 = 29 R 1
Ans: 40
Ans: 1

11 3 × 20 = 60 14 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 +  + 100 + 121 = 506

The carry over → 6 506 ÷ 7 = 72 R 2
3 × 19 = 57 3 Ans: 2
57 + 6 = 63 33
The carry over → 6 333 15 1 + 2 + 6 + 24 + 120 + 720 + 5040 + 40320
3 × 18 = 54 3333 = 46233
. . . . 20
54 + 6 = 60 . . . . Ans: 33
. . . .
The carry over → 6 ...
3333
3 × 17 = 51 ... 3 3 3 3 16 The last two digits:
51 + 6 = 57
+ ... 3 3 3 3 02, 04, 08, 16, 32, 64, 28, 56, 12, 24, 48, 96, 92,
Ans: 7030 ... 7 0 3 0 84, 68, 36, 72, 44, 88, 76, 52, 04, 08, ...
Excluding 02, the pattern recurs after 20 numbers.
12 Find a pattern of the remainders. 33 ÷ 20 = 1 R 13
Power 21 22 23 24 25 26 R 13 → 84
Number 2 4 8 16 32 64 29 ÷ 20 = 1 R 9
Remainder 2 4 1 2 4 1 R 9 → 24
↑ ↑ ↑ 84 – 24 = 60
R1 R2 R0 Ans: 60
2000 ÷ 3 = 666 R 2
Ans: 4

CHAPTER 22
1 In the worst case scenario, 5 red and 5 white balls 3 Similar to question 1.
are drawn, with only two colours so far. In the worst case scenario,
5 + 5 = 10 4 red + 7 green + 6 blue
= 17 marbles, but only 3 colours.
10 + 1 = 11
17 + 1 = 18
The 11th is the 1st yellow. Ans: She must draw 18 marbles.
Ans: 11 balls must be drawn.
4 4 0 0
2 In the worst case scenario, one card from each 3 1 0
number. 2 2 0
1  2  3  4  5 2 1 1
1  1  1  1  1 Ans: There are 4 ways.
1  1  1  1  1
1  1  1  1  1 5 The colour combinations are:
3 × 5 = 15 r – r, y – y, w – w, b – b, g – g
15 + 1 = 16 r – y, y – w, w – b, b – g
The 16th card, no matter what number, will make r – w, y – b, w – g,
it 4 cards of the same number. r – b, y – g,
Ans: 15 cards must be drawn. r – g,
There are 15 combinations!

Maths Olympiad – Unleash The Maths Olympian In You! (Beginner) S38

© Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd & Terry Chew Chapter 21 / Chapter 22

2 Solutions_MO Beginner.indd 38 2019/8/16 16:11:06

 In the worst case, each guest gets one combination. In the worst case, one number from each pair.
15 + 1 = 16 There are 6 numbers.
Ans: There are at least 16 guests. 6+1=7
Ans: At least 7 numbers must be picked.
6 Working backwards, such that if each gets 4
sweets, 12 132 – 124 = 8
138 ÷ 4 = 34 R 2 8 + 1 = 9 different heights.
34 students, with 2 sweets remaining. Working backwards, if every 3 students have the
34 + 1 = 35 students same height,
Ans: There are 35 students. 3 × 9 = 27 students
27 + 1 = 28 students
7 Number of votes left = 120 – 22 – 27 – 35 Ans: There are at least 28 students in the class.
= 36 votes
The more immediate threat is Nicole. 13 Solve by reasoning.
35 – 27 = 8 votes behind 13 = 9 + 4 + 0 = 6 + 3 + 4
27 + 8 = 35 votes =8+5+0=8+2+3
36 – 8 = 28 votes left =7+6+0=7+1+5
28 ÷ 2 = 14 9
14 + 1 = 15 votes
Ans: Peter must get 15 votes more. 0 4

7 6 3
8 Working backwards, such that each gets 2 apples,
39 × 2 = 78 1 5 2 8
80 – 78 = 2 apples remain Comment: The answer is not unique.
2 + 1 = 3 apples
Ans: There are 39 students.
14 There are 9 numbers in the box.
198 ÷ 9 = 22
9   That means, the central number is 22.
There are 8 numbers in each row.
13 13 13
In the worst case, 13 cards drawn from 1st 3 patterns. 22 – 8 = 14
13 × 3 = 39 22 + 8 = 30
39 + 1 = 40 cards The 3 numbers in that column are 14, 22 and 30.
Ans: At least 40 cards must be drawn. Similarly,
801 ÷ 9 = 89
89 – 8 = 81
10 The 1st key needs 19 trials, 2nd key 18 trials and 89 + 8 = 97
so on. Ans: 80 81 82
0 + 1 + 2 + 3 +  + 18 + 19 88 89 90
= (0 + 19) × 10 96 97 98
= 190 times
Ans: He needs to try at most 190 times.

11 We ‘contract’ the pigeonholes.

(10, 4)
(9, 3)
(8, 2)
(7, 1)
(5)
(6)
Each pair has a difference of 6, where 5 and 6 stand
alone.

Maths Olympiad – Unleash The Maths Olympian In You! (Beginner) S39

© Singapore Asia Publishers Pte Ltd & Terry Chew Chapter 22

2 Solutions_MO Beginner.indd 39 2019/8/16 16:11:07