REPUBLIC OF KENYA

IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND LAND COURT AT MOMBASA

PETITION NO. E010 OF 2023

BALJEET SINGH::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::PETITIONER

VERSUS

KENYA NATIONAL HIGHWAY AUTHORITY::::::::::::::::::1ST

RESPONDENT
NATIONAL LAND COMMISSION::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2ND RESPONDENT
LAND REGISTRAR, MOMBASA:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RD RESPONDENT

JUDGEMENT

The petitioner is the registered proprietor of L.R NO. MN/VI/2444 measuring

approximately 1.84 acres and was issued with a provisional certificate of title on 15 th

October 1997. On 17th December 2023 vide a Gazette Notice No. 405 in Vol CXVI No.

10 dated 24th January 2024, the 2nd respondent issued a Notice of Intention to Acquire

Land for the 1st respondent for the construction of Mombasa Port Area Road

Development Project (Mombasa Southern Bypass and Kipevu New Terminal Link

Road). In the said Notice, the 2nd respondent intended to compulsorily acquire 0.0735ha

of the suit property. On 21st March 2014, the 2nd respondent vide Gazette Notice No.

1796 issued a Notice of Inquiry for the hearing of claims for compensation for the

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registered owners of the parcels of land being compulsorily acquired for the 1 st

respondent. The 2nd respondent concluded the inquiry process pursuant to Section 113

(1) of the Land Act and on 1st September 2014 issued the petitioner with an Award of

Kshs 16,905,000/=.

However, before the award could be paid to the petitioner, the 2 nd respondent published

on the Daily Nation on 27 th July 2015 a list of parcels of land (the suit property

included) to be reviewed under Section 14 of the National Land Commission Act. In the

said notice, the 2nd respondent maintained that they were conducting the review

following complaints regarding the legality of various grants and dispositions of public

land. The 2nd respondent then issued a Notice of Intention to Acquire Land vide Gazette

Notice No. 340 on 13th January 2017 and deleted the suit property from the list of the

parcels of land to be acquired on behalf of the 1 st respondent. The petitioner has

maintained that despite the degazettement of his suit property on 13 th January 2017, the

encumbrances that were placed against the suit property by the respondents have never

been lifted to date. The petitioner has argued that the encumbrances against his title are

illegal and an infringement of his right to property as enshrined in Article 40 of the

Constitution.

The 1st respondent contended that the suit property was earmarked for acquisition when

the intimal designs for the Mombasa Port Area Road Development Project were

conceptualised. However, when the road designs were completed, it emerged that the
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road terminated before the location of the suit property and as such the suit property

was not affected by the project. The acquisition was cancelled and the suit property was

degazetted vide Gazette Notice No. 340 of 13 th January 2017. The 1st respondent stated

that it has never taken possession of the suit property and as such has at no time denied

the petitioner his right to a peaceful and quiet possession of the suit property.

The principles of drafting a constitutional petition were set out in Anarita Karimi Njeru

v The Republic (1979) eKLR, it was stated,

“We would, however, again stress that if a person is seeking redress from the High

Court on a matter which involves a reference to the Constitution, it is important (if

only to ensure that justice is done to his case) that he should set out with a

reasonable degree of precision that of which he complains, the provisions said to be

infringed, and the manner in which they are alleged to be infringed.”

Lenaola J (as he then was) reiterated the principles in Anarita Karimi in Stephen

Nyarangi Onsomu & another v George Magoha & 7 others (2014) eKLR, where he

stated,

“In answer to that issue, this Court has in the past expressed its concern about the

manner in which parties coming before the Court and alleging a violation of

constitutional rights have presented their cases. As a basic minimum, a Petitioner is

required to cite the provisions of the Constitution which have allegedly been

violated, and the manner in which they have been violated, and the remedy which he
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 seeks for that violation - See Annarita Karimi Njeru v Republic ( 1976-1980) 1 KLR

1272. In demonstrating the manner in which there has been a violation, a Petitioner

should present before the Court evidence of the factual basis upon which the court

can make a determination whether or not there has been a violation. This basic rule

has been affirmed by the Court of Appeal in the Mumo Matemu Case.”

In this petition, the petitioner has referred to Articles 10, 19, 20, 23, 40, 47, 162, 165

and 258 of the Constitution. The petitioner alleges that the encumbrance placed upon

his suit property by the respondents on the ground that the same was being

compulsorily acquired has been an infringement on his right to property. He has placed

before the court an evidential and factual basis of the chronological events that took

place from the time the 2 nd respondent intended to acquire his suit property until the

same was cancelled just before compensation was paid. He contended that the fact that

the respondents have not lifted the encumbrance on his suit property despite them

degazetting it and no longer being interested in acquiring it has become an infringement

on his right to quite possession and ownership of his suit property. It is the view of this

court that this instant petition qualifies as a competent constitutional petition since it has

pleaded with some measure of precision and specificity the provision of the constitution

that has been violation and in what manner. The respondents are well aware of the

violations they are accused of, the manner of violation and they are in a position to

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respond. In Patrick Musimba vs National Land Commission & 4 others (2016) eKLR it

was held;

“We start by pointing out that even though the Petitioner’s claims were not pleaded

with absolute particularity, we were able to painlessly ascertain the Petitioner’s

complaints and rule out the application of the edict in Anarita Karimi Njeru v

Republic [1980]KLR 154 .In our view, the threshold of reasonable precision in

pleadings had been met. It was apparent to us that three core issues stood out for

determination.”

Article 40 (1) of the Constitution guarantees individual proprietary rights. Where

statutory authority deprives one of those rights, the laid down procedure of compulsory

acquisition of private land by the state for public use must be adhered. Article 40 (3) of

the Constitution states,

The State shall not deprive a person of property of any description, or of any interest

in, or right over, property of any description, unless the deprivation—

(a) results from an acquisition of land or an interest in land or a conversion of an

interest in land, or title to land, in accordance with Chapter Five; or

(b) is for a public purpose or in the public interest and is carried out in accordance

with this Constitution and any Act of Parliament that—

(i) requires prompt payment in full, of just compensation to the person; and

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 (ii) allows any person who has an interest in, or right over, that property a right

of access to a court of law.

The Chairman, National Land Commission initiated the process of compulsorily

acquiring the suit property with Gazette Notice No. 405 of 24 th January 2014 a Notice

of Intention to Acquire Land for the 1st respondent to undertake the Mombasa Port Area

Road Development Project. The 2nd respondent proceeded to award the petitioner with

Kshs 16,905,000/= as compensation for the acquisition of the suit property. However

before the award was paid to the petitioner, the 2nd defendant degazetted the suit

property from the parcels of land to be acquired. Despite this degazettement, the

encumbrances registered against the title of the suit property by the respondents have

never been lifted, denying the petitioner quiet possession of the same. In response, the

2nd respondent contended that though, the initial conceptualisation of the Mombasa Port

Area Road Development Project earmarked the suit property for acquisition; the actual

road designs did not need the suit property hence its degazettement. The 2 nd respondent

maintained that it never took possession of the suit property and hence cannot be said to

have violated the petitioner’s right to property.

Sections 107 to 110 of the Land Act present the preliminary stage of compulsory

acquisition of private land. In this instance, the 2 nd respondent intended to acquire the

suit property among other parcels of land on behalf of the 1 st respondent for the

construction of the Mombasa Port Area Road Development Project. The 2 nd respondent
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proceeded to issue a notice of intention to acquire the suit property as well as delivered

the notice to the registrar who continued to register an encumbrance against the title.

After the preliminary stage, the next step in compulsory acquisition is the investigation

stage where the 2nd respondent involves the registered proprietor in inquiring about the

purpose of compensation. In the instance petition, the 2 nd respondent issued a gazette

notice of an intended inquiry under Section 112 of the Land Act inviting the petitioner

and others to determine who is to be compensated. On completion of the inquiry, the 2 nd

respondent issued the petitioner with a Notice of Award of Kshs 16,905,000/=.

However, before the petitioner could be paid, the 2 nd respondent degazetted the suit

property from the acquisition process.

None of the respondents placed evidence before the court challenging the petitioner’s

title. The petitioner’s right to property is enshrined in Section 26 of the Land

Registration Act, which gives him indefeasibility of title. It means therefore that the

petitioner’s right to property is protected by Article 40 of the Constitution and that his

land cannot be taken arbitrarily without compensation. The petitioner has argued that

the existence of an encumbrance against his title, when his suit property is no longer

being compulsorily acquired by the 2nd respondent has denied him the right to use it as

he wishes which is a violation of his right to property. The point raised by the petitioner

is that the respondents ought to have lifted the encumbrance against his title once it was

degazetted. It is evident that once the process of compulsory acquisition is initiated, a

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registered owner has a direct loss and is left as a mere bystander with substantial

interest. In Patrick Musimba vs National Land Commission & 4 others (supra) it was

stated that;

“There exists, no doubt, an overarching right to compensation under Article 40 (3)

of the Constitution where a person is deprived of his property for a public purpose

or in the public interest.

The power to expropriate private property as donated to the State by both the

Constitution and statute law (the Land Act) leaves the private land owner with no

alternative. The power involves the taking of a person’s land against his will. It is a

serious invasion of his proprietary rights through the use of statutory authority. The

private land owner has no alternative but wait for compensation. It is consequently

necessary that the court must remain vigilant to see to it that the State or any organ

of the state does not abuse the constitutional and statutory authority to expropriate

private property. It is on this basis that courts have consistently held that the use of

statutory authority to destroy proprietary rights requires to be most carefully

scrutinized.

Section 107 (5) and (6) of the Land Act provides that;

Upon approval of a request under subsection (1), the Commission shall publish a

notice to that effect in the Gazette and the county Gazette, and shall deliver a copy

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 of the notice to the Registrar and every person who appears to the Commission to be

interested in the land.

Upon service of the notice, the registrar shall make an entry in the register of the

intended acquisition

The registrar made an entry in the title of the suit property in the form of an

encumbrance, that the same was in the process of being compulsorily acquired. This

encumbrance has never been lifted to date, technically the suit property has never been

formally surrendered by the 2nd respondent back to the petitioner. The documents of title

of the suit property were neither acquired under the Land Act nor have they been

yielded to the petitioner. Without a removal of the entry in the registrar recording the

acquisition has been discontinued and without a formal notification to the petitioner that

the offer to compulsorily acquire his land has been withdrawn, the petitioner was

justified in claiming that his right to use the suit property has been violated. The

conclusion that can be inferred from these facts is that the 2 nd respondent did not strictly

follow the critical steps that precede compulsory acquisition. The 2 nd respondent did not

complete the process, there was no formal communication to the 3 rd respondent to lift

the encumbrance registered against the title of the suit property. Essentially the actors in

this process of compulsory acquisition did not conduct it scrupulously and strictly per

the Constitution and law and for that there ought to be consequences.

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Section 107 (6) of the Land Act is in mandatory language, which compels the registrar,

upon service of the notice by the Commission, to register an encumbrance against the

title at the initial stage of the acquisition process. There is therefore a corresponding

responsibility to be placed on the 2nd respondent to notify the registrar where the

acquisition process has been halted for any reason. It is the finding of this court that the

2nd respondent ought to have formally written to the 3 rd respondent to lift the

encumbrance registered against the title of the suit property once initiated its

degazattement. Where the acquisition process is revoked the law mandates the

Commission to compensate the person for damages suffered. Section 123 of the Land

Act provides:

(1) At any time before possession is taken of any land acquired under this Act, the

Commission may, revoke a direction to acquire the land, and, shall determine and

pay compensation for all damage suffered and all costs and expenses reasonably

incurred by persons interested in the land by reason of or in consequence of the

proceedings for acquiring the land.

(2) The principles relating to the determination of compensation set out in the rules

shall apply, so far as they are relevant, to the determination of compensation payable

under this section.

The petitioner’s right to property was infringed by the 2 nd respondent who failed to

notify the 3rd respondent of the degazettement of the suit property from the acquisition
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process. The inaction of the 2 nd respondent has caused the petitioner to be unable to use

his property as he wishes since the termination of a lawful process of land acquisition

by the state. The Court of Appeal in Elizabeth Wambui Githinji & 29 others v Kenya

Urban Roads Authority & 4 others (2019) eKLR held that;

“Article 40 of the Constitution provides for the protection of the right to property

and forbids Parliament and the State from arbitrarily depriving a person of his or

her property. The key word in the Article is “arbitrarily”. The Article defines the

extent to which the State can legitimately regulate private property and the

circumstances under which a lawful expropriation of property can take place. While

it is uncontested that property rights are not absolute; that they may legitimately be

limited to facilitate the achievement of important social purposes, the limitation

must not be arbitrary. The deprivation must comply with the requirements of Article

40 and all the laws on compulsory acquisition.”

The respondents violated the rights of the petitioner under Articles 40 and 47 by failing

to lift the encumbrance registered against the title of the suit property after revoking its

acquisition. The petitioner was not accorded fair administrative action as enshrined in

Article 47 of the Constitution. The respondent’s action that led to the delay in lifting the

encumbrance on the title of the suit property is unfair administrative action as enshrined

in Article 47 of the Constitution. In this case, the petitioners are entitled to the

compensation envisioned in Section 123 of the Land Act as a violation of their right to
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property between the time the suit property was degazetted on 13 th January 2017 until

the encumbrance against the title will be lifted. Under Article 20 (3) (b) of the

Constitution, in applying a provision of the Bill of Rights, a court “shall adopt the

interpretation that most favours the enforcement of a right or fundamental freedom”.

The Supreme Court in Attorney General vs Zinj Limited (Petition 1 of 2020) [2021]

KESC 23 (KLR) (Civ) (3 December 2021) (Judgment) stated,

“It is a trite principle of law, that any injury or loss suffered by a person either

through a tortious act, omission or breach of contract, attracts redress in a court of

law. The redress includes an award of damages to the extent possible as may be

determined by the court. The question regarding the type, extent, and quantum of

damages to be awarded, has long been settled through a long line of decisions from

the courts. Under Article 22(1) of the Constitution, every person has the right to

institute court proceedings claiming that a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill

of Rights has been denied, violated, infringed, or is threatened. Among the reliefs

that a court may grant upon proof of violation of a fundamental right, is an order

for compensation (Article 23 (3)(e)). The quantum of damages to be awarded

depends on the nature of the right that is proven to have been violated, the extent of

the violation, and the gravity of the injury caused.”

On the claim of mesne profits, it is trite law that mesne profit ought to be specifically

pleaded and proved. The petitioner has pleaded Kshs 3,600,000/= per month as mesne
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profit, however, no evidence has been exhibited to this court nor has there been any

expected income exhibited to this court to attract such an award. Mesne profit has to be

ascertained and qualified since the petitioner did not place tangible evidence in this

regard, the same is not available for the petitioners.

Ultimately therefore and having considered the evidence herein, I enter judgment for

the petitioner as against the respondents jointly and severally in the following terms:

a. A declaration that the existing encumbrance that was placed on 24 th January

2014 by the 2nd respondent against the petitioner’s parcel of land known as LR

No. MN/VI/2444 after the 2nd respondent’s Gazette Notice No. 340 of 13 th

January 2017 violates the petitioner’s constitutional right guaranteed under

Articles 40 (3) of the Constitution.

b. A declaration that the failure by the 2 nd respondent to comply with the

mandatory provisions of the Land Act on compulsory acquisition violated the

petitioner’s constitutional right to fair administrative action that is expedient,

lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair guaranteed under Article 47 (1) of the

Constitution.

c. An order is issued to the Land Registrar Mombasa to remove the encumbrance

placed on 24th January 2014 against the petitioner’s parcel of land known as

LR No. MN/VI/2444.

d. The petitioner is awarded Kshs.500,000/= as general damages.

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 e. The petitioner shall have the costs of this petition from the 1st respondent.

It is so ordered.

DELIVERED, DATED AND SIGNED AT MOMBASA THIS 19 TH DAY OF

MARCH 2024.

N.A. MATHEKA

JUDGE

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