Internet of Things

Module 1: IoT Fundamentals

Faculty- Piyali De
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Brainware University
 Contents

Definition & Characteristics of IoT

Challenges and Issues

Physical Design of IoT

Logical Design of IoT

IoT Functional Blocks

Security
 Internet of Things
Internet of Things is a system of interrelated computing devices or objects
which have the ability to transfer the data over a network without requiring
any human to human or human to computer interaction uniquely addressable,
based on standard communication protocol.

It is a giant network of connected things, capturing the data about the way
they are used and the environment around them.

When we speak about the “Things” in IoT, these are objects not precisely
identifiable.
 Internet of Things
The sensors are used in the devices and objects and these feed the data to
various IoT platforms.

Further, IoT platforms are used to gather the pinpointed information, detect
patterns
Why Connect?

The IoT paradigm transforms the so called traditional “Objects” into

intelligent devices that could probably have one or more sensory
organs namely ‘touch’, ‘see’, ‘hear’ and ‘perform’ job by talking to each
other and performing activities collaboratively.

This new paradigm seeks to enhance the traditional internet into a

smart Internet of Things created around intelligent interconnections
of diverse objects in the physical world.
 IoT Paradigm aims to transform traditional dumb
objects to smart objects. Such, objects have the
following characteristics:

IoT Can see and/or actuate.

Are generally small (but not always)
Requirements Have
always)
limited computing capabilities (but not

Are energy/power limited

Are connected to the physical world
Sometimes have intermittent connectivity
Are mobile (but not always)
Managed by devices, not people (but not always)
 Dynamic & Self-Adapting
IoT Self-Configuring
Interoperable Communication Protocols
Characteristics Unique Identity
Integrated into Information Net
 Connected
Smart Grid
Vehicles

Home
Automation

Industrial
IoT Smart City IoT

Applications

Smart
Healthcare
Farming
 Broad Area Applications

Monitoring of chronic ailments

Feature extraction
Healthcare
Intimation in case of an emergency
Oxygen level detection for COPD patients

Response to medical emergencies

IoT
Smart Cities
Applications Smart cities Smart billings
Automated detection and warning for calamities like
floods and earthquakes

Sensing, control, and automation of large-scale grids

Smart Grids Smart billing and Smart devices
Smart data transmission over grids
 Broad Area Applications

Smart Lamps, Smart bulbs and smart speakers

Smart Building & Surveillance using CCTV
Automation Smart Purifiers and air conditioners
Smart Health monitoring of indoor patients

Vehicle management
IoT Connected
Traffic detection
Applications Vehicles
Route management

Manufacturing, Logistic & Transportation

Industrial IoT Aviation
Mining and metals

Weather monitoring
Smart Farming Smart fertilization
Smart planning and maintenance
 When several devices manufactured by different vendors
and different configurations will be connected, the
following issues may arise:

Interconnection technology among heterogenous

objects
Issues regarding the interoperability among objects
Challenges and Communication protocol involved
Issues Modeling interactions over the traditional internet
Choice of a transport model
Efficient addressing, identification and naming of
objects
Concerns regarding security and privacy
Economic impacts and telecommunication value
chain evaluation
Physical Design of IoT

The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique
identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and monitoring
capabilities.

Physical design deals with the actual implementation of devices and

infrastructure. It is about figuring out the best methods of storing,
accessing, and managing the data generated by IoT devices.
Physical Design of IoT

Physical design encompasses the individual nodes and the protocols used
for creating an enterprise’s IoT ecosystem. With the right nodes, devices
can perform tasks like sensing, actuating, monitoring, and data
transmission. These tasks operate through wired or wireless connections.

The physical design links devices that are essential for:

Creating connections
Processing and storing data
Offering interfaces
Facilitating graphical interfaces
IoT devices can:

Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly

or indirectly), or
Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-
ends for processing the data, or
Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure,
based on temporal and space constraint
 Generic Block Diagram of IoT Devices

An IoT device may consist of several

interfaces for connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.

I/O interfaces for sensors

Interfaces for Internet
Connectivity
Memory and storage interfaces
Audio/video interfac
 IoT Devices
Home Appliances Smart Energy Systems

Smart phone & Computers Retail Payment systems

IOT DEVICES

Wearable electronics Industrial Machines

Automobiles Healthcare Systems

IoT Protocols
Application layer protocol defines how the
applications interface with the lower layer
protocols to send the data over the network.

Transport layer protocol provides end-to-end

message transfer capability independent of
underlying network.

Network layers are responsible for sending IP

datagrams from the source network to
destination network. It performs host
addressing and packet routing.

Link Layer protocols determine how the data

is physically sent over the network.
Logical Design of IoT

Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation

of the entities and processes without going into the low-level specifics
of the implementation.

In this way, the logical design provides a conceptual framework for

how IoT devices communicate and transmit information. At this stage,
it is not important to spell out specific technologies or products.
 Generic Block Diagram of Logical IoT Design

An IoT device may consist of several interfaces

for connections to other devices, both wired and
wireless.

I/O interfaces for sensors

Interfaces for Internet
Connectivity
Memory and storage interfaces
Audio/video interfac
 Key Components of Logical Design of IoT
The key components of the logical design include:

IoT Functional Blocks: An enterprise’s IoT systems comprise distinct functional blocks. These
can be divided into devices and communication, along with security, services, and applications.
These functional blocks are responsible for providing capabilities such as sensing,
identification, actuation, management, and communication.
IoT Communication Models: IoT systems employ a variety of communication models, each
with its distinct characteristics. These models include models such as request-response, push-
pull, publish-subscribe, and exclusive pairs. They define how information is exchanged within
the IoT ecosystem.
IoT Communication APIs: Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) play a pivotal role in
facilitating communication via the server and the IoT system. Some examples of these APIs
include client-server models, stateless communication, and cacheable interfaces, each offering
unique functionalities.
IoT Protocols: IoT protocols serve as the guiding principles for data exchange between
devices within a network. They enable interoperability across designs and operations. They
facilitate the transmission of commands as well as data across different network layers.
 IoT Functional Block diagram

Device

Sensors
Devices that collect environmental
data
Examples: temperature, humidity,
light, motion sensors
Convert physical parameters into
electrical signals

Actuators
Devices that perform actions based
on commands
Examples: motors, lights, heaters
Convert electrical signals into physical
actions
 IoT Functional Block diagram

Communication
The communication block handles the
communication for the IoT system. Various
protocols are used fro communication.
 IoT Functional Block diagram

Services
An IoT system uses various types of IoT
services such as services for device
monitoring, device control services, data
publishing services, and services for device
discovery.
 IoT Functional Block diagram
Management
This block provides various functions to
govern IoT System.

Security
This block secures the IoT System by
providing functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and content
integrity and data security.

Application
IoT applications provide an interface that
the user can use to control and monitor
various aspects of the IoT system. It also
allows the user to view the status and
analyze the processed data.
 IoT Communication Model
Request Response Communication Model

Client Server

Receives requests
Sends requests from Client
Request
Processes requests, Resources
to server
looks up/fetches
resources
Prepares response
Response
and sends response
to client
 IoT Communication Model
Publish Subscribe Communication Model

Publisher Message
Broker Consumer-1
Published Topic-1
to Topic-1 Subscribers:
Sends messages Consumer-1
to topics Consumer-2 Consumer-2

Topic-2
Message Subscribers: Consumer-3
Published Consumer-3
to Topic-2
 IoT Communication Model
Push Pull Communication Model

Publisher Messages
Queues
Consumer-1
Pushed to
Queues
Sends messages
to topics

Consumer-2
Queues
 IoT Communication Model
Exclusive Pair Communication Model

Request to setup
connection
Response accepting
Exclusive Pair is a the response
bidirectional, fully duplex Message from client
communication model that to server
uses a persistent connection Client Message from server Server
to client
between the client and Connection close
server. request
Connection close
response
Thank You