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MDM FA 1 Report PDF

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16 views7 pages

MDM FA 1 Report PDF

Uploaded by

Akash Sawant
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PIMPRI CHINCHWAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FORMATIVE ASSASEMENT-1
COURSE
Sensor and Transducer Technology

COURSE CODE

BET23MD01

TITLE
Proximity or displacement sensor – Ultrasonic sensor

NAME OF THE STUDENT

Sr. Name of Student Div. PRN. No.


No
1. Sawant Akash Abhiman DSY B 124B2G030

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25


FORMATIVE ASSASEMENT-1

1. Selection of sensor:- proximity or displacement sensor – Ultrasonic sensor

A proximity sensor is a device that can detect or sense the approach or presence of
nearby objects and for this it does not need physical contact
Displacement sensors (displacement gauges) are used to measure the amount of
movement that occurs between an object and a reference position

Types of proximity sensor

1. Capacitive

 Ultrasonic sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using


ultrasonic sound waves. It is a device that uses a transducer to send and receive
ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity

The principle of an ultrasonic sensor is to measure the distance to an object by emitting


high-frequency sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the waves to reflect
back to the sensor
Selected due to the following reasons:

1. Non-contact Measurement:
Measures distance without any physical contact, making it ideal for detecting soft or
fragile objects.

2. Wide Range: Can measure distances from a few centimeters to several meters,
suitable for various applications.

3. Ease of Integration: Popular in many microcontroller projects due to its simple


interface and low power consumption.

4. Cost-Effective: Provides good performance at a low cost, making it accessible for


many applications.

5. Versatile: Can be used for both proximity detection and accurate displacement
measurements.

2. Check Datasheet and Enlist Specification of the Selected Sensor

For this, let’s use the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor. Below are its key specifications:

• Measurement Range: 2 cm to 4 meters.

• Accuracy: ±3 mm.
• Operating Voltage: 5V DC.
• Operating Current: <15 mA.

• Trigger Input Pulse Width: 10 μs.

• Echo Pulse Output Width: Proportional to the distance (58 μs/cm).

• Beam Angle: 15 degrees

• Working Frequency: 40 kHz.

• Dimensions: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm.

• Operating Temperature: -15°C to +70°C.

3. Working of ultrasonic sensor

An ultrasonic sensor works by using sound waves to detect the distance to an object. It
operates using the principle of echolocation, similar to how bats and dolphins navigate.
The sensor has two main components: a transmitter and a receiver.

1. Transmission of Ultrasonic Waves: The transmitter emits a high-frequency sound


wave (typically above 20 kHz, which is inaudible to humans) in a particular
direction.
2. Reflection of Waves: When the wave hits an object, it reflects back to the sensor.

3. Reception of Reflected Wave: The receiver detects this reflected wave.

4. Time Calculation: The sensor measures the time taken for the transmitted wave to hit
the object and return to the receiver.

5. Distance Measurement: Using the speed of sound in the air (approximately 343
meters per second), the sensor calculates the distance using the formula:
Distance =Speed of Sound × Time / 2
The factor of 2 is because the time measured is for the wave to travel to the object
and back (round trip).

4. Find Plot Characteristics of the Sensor

The distance measurement in the HC-SR04 is calculated based on the time of flight of
the ultrasonic pulse:

Distance = Time x Speed of Sound /2

Where:

• Time = Echo pulse duration.

• Speed of Sound = 343 m/s (at 20°C).

The plot below illustrates the relationship between the measured distance and the echo
time for the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. As expected, the echo time increases linearly
with distance. This characteristic can be used to precisely determine the distance of
objects within the sensor’s range.
6. Design Preprocessing of the Sensor

For the HC-SR04, the preprocessing involves converting the echo time into a readable
distance format. The basic steps for preprocessing are as follows:

1. Trigger Pulse Generation:


The microcontroller sends a 10 µs pulse to the Trigger Pin to start the measurement.

This pulse initiates the transmission of an ultrasonic wave from the sensor.

2. Echo Pulse Measurement:


The sensor outputs a pulse on the Echo Pin.
The duration of this pulse is proportional to the distance between the sensor and the
target.

3. Time-to-Distance Conversion:
Calculate the distance using the formula:
Distance = Echo Time x Speed of Sound / 2
Where the Echo Time is in seconds and Speed of Sound is 343 m/s.

1. Noise Filtering:
• A low-pass filter can be used to eliminate short-duration noise spikes that might falsely
trigger the echo signal.
• This can be achieved using a simple RC filter at the output of the Echo Pin before
feeding it into a microcontroller.

2. Microcontroller Processing:
• The final distance value is calculated and displayed or transmitted to another system
for further processing.

6.Final circuit of sensor

Ex.

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