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Temperature Measurement Lab

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27 views

Temperature Measurement Lab

Uploaded by

az7303782
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cairo University Engineering Measurement MDP3610

Faculty of Engineering Year 2022 – 2023


Mechanical Design and Production Department 1st Semester

Temperature Measurement Lab

Objectives
Recognize different temperature sensors
Build-up simple temperature sensor circuit
Calibrate and measure temperature measurement circuit.

1- Temperature Sensors

a) Resistance Thermal Detector RTD


Resistance Thermal Detector (RTD) is a sensor whose resistance changes with temperature. The
variation of resistance is proportional to the temperature.
RTD has great stability, accuracy, and repeatability. The resistance tends to be almost linear with
temperature – the higher the temperature, the larger the resistance. The most common element is
platinum. Platinum sensor elements are made of pure platinum wire and have a positive
temperature coefficient.

b) Thermocouple TC
A thermocouple (TC) consists of two different metal wires, joined at one end, and connected to a
thermocouple thermometer or other thermocouple-capable device at the other end.
A higher concentration of the thermally agitated electrons in the hot end of the wire causes the
diffusion of electrons from the hot end to the cold region. The temperature difference redistributes
electrons and makes them travel from the hotter region to the colder end.
The thermocouple working principle is based on the Seebeck Effect. This effect states that when
a closed circuit is formed by jointing two dissimilar metals at two junctions, and junctions are
maintained at different temperatures then an electromotive force (e.m.f.) is induced in this closed
circuit.
The amount of induced e.m.f. is different for different metal combinations and is proportional to
the temperature difference of the junctions.
A voltage differential developed between the open circuit end of the conductor proportional to the
temperature of the one of the junctions relative to the temperature of the other junction.

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c) Thermistor
Thermistor sensors are based on semiconductor materials where the resistance of the sensing
element changes exponentially with the temperature.
A thermistor’s resistance goes up or down with increasing temperature. Those that lose resistance
have a negative temperature coefficient (NTC), while those that gain resistance have a positive
temperature coefficient (PTC). Most thermistors are NTC components. NTC is commonly used to
measure temperature.
A standard thermistor is over ten times more sensitive than an RTD. This allows the thermistor
circuit to detect minute changes in temperature that could not be observed with an RTD or
thermocouple circuit.
However, they have small temperature range. Thermistors can drift over time as they age.
Exposure to high temperatures accelerates the aging process.

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2- Temperature measurement setup

RTD temperature sensor PT100 is used to measure the temperature. PT100 sensor has a resistance
of 100 Ω at 0°C. The sensor calibration curve is linear as shown.
For a linear relationship the relation between the resistance and temperature can be determined
using the sensor characteristic curve as,
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑎𝑇 + 𝑏

A signal divider circuit is used to measure the voltage drop (Vs) across the PT100 sensor. The
variation of Vs is an indication of sensor resistance (Rs) variation. The sensor resistance is direct
proportional to the sensor temperature (Vs).
The circuit is supplied by a constant DC voltage (Vo), while the (Vs) is measured using the analog
input channel of Arduino data acquisition. The analog circuit is illustrated.

The circuit analysis is given by,

𝑉𝑜 = 𝑖 (𝑅 + 𝑅𝑠 )
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑖 𝑅𝑠

𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑠
=
𝑉𝑜 (𝑅 + 𝑅𝑠 )

𝑉𝑠
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅
𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑠

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The captured signal is measured using LabView code where the sensed voltage signal is calibrated
to display the temperature.

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3- Experiment Procedure
1- Build the signal divider circuit for the PT100 temperature sensor.
2- Use the sensor calibration curve to find the temperature resistance curve.
3- Determine the voltage to resistance relation.
4- Adjust the LabView code by entering the calibration relations.
5- Change the environment temperature, measure and record using the developed measurement
system hardware and software.
6- Submit a group technical report for the experiment. [objective, experiment setup picture and
explanation, results plots, data analysis, discussion]

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