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IS 14435 : 2013
(Reaffirmed 2018)
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Indian Standard
FIRE SAFETY IN EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS — CODE OF PRACTICE
( First Revision )

ICS 13.220.01;03.180

© BIS 2013
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

September 2013 Price Group 5

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Fire Safety Sectional Committee, CED 36

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Fire Safety Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
This Standard was first published in 1997. This revision has been based on useful information collected as a
result of research in the country and abroad over the past years. Further the provisions have been aligned with
National Building Code of India, 2005.
Functional need of educational building is different from other buildings. It therefore requires specific fire safety
measures suited to such type of building. The Committee therefore decided to formulate a separate standard on
fire safety requirements of school buildings.
The hazards of fire in educational buildings can be considerably lowered by adoption of certain pre-determined
fire safety measures with regard to proper planning of buildings, choice of proper materials and components,
electrical equipments and making suitable provisions for fire detection and suppression system.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex B.
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IS 14435 : 2013

Indian Standard
FIRE SAFETY IN EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS — CODE OF PRACTICE
( First Revision )
1 SCOPE constructed should not be used for classrooms or
laboratories/libraries and assembly halls.
This standard covers fire safety requirements in
educational institutions. 4.2 All educational buildings not of permanent nature,
may have constructions conforming to Type II or
2 REFERENCES Type III construction as per IS 1642. All such buildings
The standards listed in Annex A contains provisions shall be restricted to ground and one upper floor only
which, through reference in the text, constitute and the floor area not exceeding to 1 000 m2 on each
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, floor.
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are NOTE — In the case of temporary buildings/structures which
subject to revision and parties to agreements based on are utilized for educational purposes, the provisions of IS 8758
this standard are encouraged to investigate the shall apply.
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the 4.3 For buildings 15 m in height or above non-
standards given in Annex A. combustible materials should be used for construction
and the internal walls of staircase enclosures should
3 CLASSIFICATION be of brick work or reinforced concrete or any other
3.1 For the purpose of the standard, the classification material of construction with minimum of 2 h rating.
of educational buildings should be as given in 3.1.1. 4.4 The walls for the chimney shall be of Type I and
3.1.1 All buildings shall be classified according to the Type II construction depending on whether the gas
use or the character of occupancy and shall be in temperature is above 200° C or less.
accordance with IS 1641.
5 OCCUPANT LOAD
Buildings and structures under Group B shall be further
sub-divided as follows: Occupant load shall be in accordance with IS 1644.

a) Sub-division B-1 schools up to higher 6 ARRANGEMENT OF EXIT

secondary level — This sub-division shall 6.1 Exits from the upper floor should be so located that
include any building or a group of buildings no point in the floor is more than 22.5 m from the nearest
under single management which is used for exit, for the Type I, Type II and Type III construction.
students not less than 20 in number.
NOTE — Type IV construction is not allowed for construction
b) Sub-division B-2 all others/training of educational buildings.
institutions — This sub-division shall include
any building or a group of buildings under 6.2 Exits should be so arranged that at least two
single management which is used for students separate exits are available in every floor area. Exits
not less than 100 in number. shall be as remote from each other as practicable and
so arranged that there are no pockets or dead ends of
NOTE — If residential accommodation is provided in
the school/institutions, it should be classified as
appreciable size in which occupants may be trapped.
building in sub-division A-3.
6.3 Every room with a capacity of 45 persons or more
4 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION shall have at least two doorways. The total width of
each doorway shall be 1.5 m minimum.
4.1 All educational buildings of permanent nature shall
be of Type I construction having external shell and 6.4 Elevators, lifts and escalators shall not be counted
load bearing elements of 4 h fire resistance rating, while as exits.
internal/non-load bearing walls shall have 2 h fire 6.5 Fire escapes constitute only means of the required
resistance rating. Floors shall have same fire resistance exit and should not be taken into account in calculating
as that of external shells, and false ceiling, if any shall the evacuation time of the building. Fire escapes shall
have rating as laid down in IS 1642. Basements, if always be kept in sound operating conditions.

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IS 14435 : 2013

7 CORRIDORS AND PASSAGE WAYS 9.2.3 Staircase shall not be arranged around a lift shaft.
7.1 Exit corridors and passage ways shall be of width 9.2.4 No gas piping or electrical panels shall be allowed
not less than the aggregate required width of exit in the stairway. Ducting in stairway may be permitted,
doorways leading from them in the direction of travel if it is of 1 h fire resistance rating.
to the exterior.
9.2.5 Notwithstanding, the detailed provision for exits
7.2 Where stairways discharge through corridors and in the educational buildings, the width of staircase shall
passageways, the height of corridors and passageways not be less than 1.5 m up to a height of 30 m.
shall be not less than 2.4 m.
NOTE — Buildings above 30 m height are not permitted.
7.3 All internal staircases, lifts, lobbies and corridors
should be adequately ventilated and illuminated. 9.2.6 Minimum width of treads shall not be less than
300 mm. The treads should be constructed and
8 DOORWAYS maintained in a manner to prevent slipping.
8.1 No exit doorway shall be less than 1 m in width 9.2.7 Maximum height of riser shall not be more than
except assembly halls where door width should not be 150 mm and number shall be limited to 15 per flight.
less than 2 m.
9.2.8 Height of railing shall be more than 1 m. Gap
8.2 The height of door shall not be less than 2 m. between verticals should not exceed 200 mm. The gap
8.3 Every exit doorway shall open into an enclosed should be reduced to 150 mm, where small children
stairway or a horizontal exit of a corridor or passageway are likely to use the staircase.
providing continuous and protected means of egress. 9.2.9 The number of people in between floor landings
8.4 Exit doorways shall open outwards, that is, away in staircase shall not be less than the population on
from the room, but shall not obstruct the travel along each floor for the purpose of design of staircase.
any exit. No door, when opened, shall reduce the The other main parameters for the design of staircase
required width of stairway or landing to less than are as given below:
900 mm; overhead or sliding doors shall not be installed.
a) The minimum head room in a passage under
8.5 Exit door shall not open immediately upon a flight the landing of a staircase and under the
of stairs; a landing equal to at least the width of the staircase shall be 2.2 m.
door shall be provided in the stairway at each doorway; b) For building 15 m in height or more, access
the level of landing shall be the same as that of the to main staircase shall be through a fire smoke
floor which it serves. check door or 1 h fire resistance rating. Fire
8.6 Exit doorways shall be openable from the side resistance rating may be reduced to 30 min
which they serve without the use of a key. for residential buildings.
8.7 Mirrors shall not be placed in exit ways or exit c) No living space, store or other fire risk shall
doors to avoid confusion regarding the direction of exit. open directly into the staircase or staircases.
d) External exit door of staircase enclosure at
9 STAIRCASE ground level shall open directly to the open
9.1 Any building having area more than 500 m2 on spaces or through a draught lobby, if
each floor and 15 m or more in height shall have necessary.
minimum two staircases of enclosed type; at least one e) The main staircase and external staircase shall
of these shall be on external wall and shall directly be continuous from ground floor to the terrace
open to exterior, interior open space or to an open place level.
of safety. Further the provision or otherwise of f) No electrical shafts/AC ducts or gas pipe, etc,
alternative staircase shall be subject to the requirements shall pass through the staircases. Lift shall not
of travel distance being complied with. open in staircase mid landings.
g) No combustible material shall be used for
9.2 Internal Staircases decoration/wall panelling in the staircase.
9.2.1 Internal stairs shall be constructed of non- h) Beams/columns and other building feature
combustible materials throughout. Hollow combustible shall not reduce the head room/width of the
construction shall not be permitted. staircase.
9.2.2 Internal staircases shall be constructed as a self- j) The exit sign with arrow indicating the way
contained unit with an external wall constituting at least to the escape route shall be provided at a
one of its sides and shall be completely enclosed. suitable height from the floor level on the wall

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IS 14435 : 2013

and shall be illuminated by electric light occupant load and to a building not exceeding 9 m in
connected to corridor circuits. All exit way height.
marking signs shall be flush with the wall and
A spiral stair case shall be not less than 1 500 mm in
so designed that no mechanical damage shall
diameter and shall be designed to give minimum
occur to them due to moving of furniture or
headroom of 2.2 m.
other heavy equipments. Further, all landings
of floor shall have floor indicating boards Unprotected steel frame staircase shall not be accepted
prominently indicating the number of floor as means of escape. However, steel staircase in an
as per bye-laws. enclosed fire rated compartment of 2 h shall be
The floor indication board shall be placed on accepted as means of escape.
the wall immediately facing the flight of stairs 9.4 In case the educational building has got a mixed
and nearest to the landing. It shall be of size occupancy such as auditorium, etc, necessary
not less than 0.5 × 0.5 m. recommendations for exits as per the requirements as
k) Individual floors shall be prominently given in SP 7 shall be followed.
indicated on the wall facing the staircases.
m) In case of single staircase, it shall terminate 10 AIR CONDITIONING
at the ground floor level and the access to the In some educational institutions, a part of it may be
basement shall be by a separate staircase. having air conditioning arrangement. In case of room
However, the second staircase may lead to air conditioning, no extra precautions than laid down
basement levels provided the same is are required. In cases, like auditorium and laboratories
separated at ground level by ventilated lobby having central air conditioning system, the measures
with discharge points to two different ends as laid down in IS 1642 shall apply.
through enclosures.
11 CHIMNEYS
9.3 External Stairs
Where chimneys are used, the requirements shall be
An external staircase is desirable to be provided for as laid down in IS 1649.
high rise buildings. External stairs, when provided shall
always be kept in sound operable conditions. 12 RESTRICTION OF SPREAD OF FIRE AND
SMOKE
9.3.1 All external stairs shall be directly connected to
the ground. 12.1 The vertical shafts/ducts means for electrical
wiring, drainage pipes, etc, shall be effectively sealed
9.3.2 Entrance to the external staircases shall be
at all floor levels and shall be enclosed by 2 h fire
separate and remote from the internal staircase.
resistance enclosures. Wherever, inspection doors are
9.3.3 Care shall be taken to ensure that no wall openings required, these shall be of not less than 1 h fire
or window opens on to or close to external staircase. resistance.
9.3.4 The route to the external stairs shall be free from 12.2 The material chosen for other use shall be as far
obstructions at all times. as non-combustible and the wood/other material shall
be treated with fire retardant composition, if its use is
9.3.5 The external staircase shall be constructed of non-
unavoidable.
combustible materials, preferably of masonry and any
doorway leading to it should have the required fire 12.3 The laboratories which are likely to have highly
resistance. flammable material/chemicals, etc, should be located
in separate block and adequate precautions shall be
9.3.6 No external staircase, used as a fire escape, should
taken to have separate stores for keeping hazardous
be inclined at an angle greater than 45° to the
chemicals.
horizontal.
12.4 The adequate care shall be taken while using any
9.3.7 External stairs shall have straight flight not less
gas for burners, etc, in laboratory/kitchens and
than 1 m wide with 200 mm treads and risers not more
necessary precaution shall be taken for storage of gas
than 190 mm. The number of risers shall be limited to
in form of bullet, tanks, battery or cylinders, etc, as
15 per flight.
per rules.
9.3.8 Handrails shall be of a height not less than
1 000 mm and not exceeding 1 200 mm. There shall be 13 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND SAFETY
provisions of balusters with maximum gap of 150 mm. RULES

The use of spiral staircase shall be limited to low 13.1 Transformer building/HT and LT control panels

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IS 14435 : 2013

having aggregate oil capacity greater than 2 000 litre Emergency lighting luminaries and their fittings shall
shall be housed in separate rooms/enclosures 6 m away, be of non-flammable type.
properly fenced.
15.4 It is essential that the wiring and installations of
13.2 Staircases and corridors lighting shall have the emergency lighting system are of high quality so
separate circuits. as to ensure their perfect serviceability at all times.
13.3 Miniature circuit breakers/earth leakage circuit 15.5 Emergency lighting system shall be capable of
breakers shall be provided in the circuit. continuous operation for a minimum duration of
90 min even for smallest premises.
13.4 Earth connection shall be provided in building
which are 15 m or more in height. 15.6 It shall be ensured that the emergency lighting
system is well maintained by periodical inspections
13.5 The lighting protection system for the buildings and tests so as to ensure their perfect serviceability at
shall generally conform to IS 2309. all times.
14 FIRE SAFETY MEASURES 15.7 Escape lighting shall be capable of,
14.1 The requirements of fire fighting installations like a) indicating clearly and unambiguously the
wet riser, down comer installations and capacity of escape routes;
water storage tanks and fire pumps shall be as given in b) providing adequate illumination along such
Tables 1 and 2. routes to allow safe movement of persons
towards and through exit; and
14.2 Fire Detection and Alarm System
c) ensuring that fire alarm call point and fire
If automatic fire detection and alarm system is fighting equipments provided along the
employed, the installation shall conform to IS 2189. escape routes can be readily located.
The detectors, if provided, shall conform to IS 2175
The horizontal luminance at floor level on the centre
or IS 11360.
line of an escape route shall be not less than 10 lux .In
14.3 First aid fire fighting appliances shall be provided addition, for escape routes up to 2 m wide, 50 percent
and installed and maintained in accordance with of the route width shall be lit to a minimum of 5 lux.
IS 2190.
15.8 Escape lighting luminaries shall be sited to
15 EMERGENCY AND ESCAPE LIGHTING cover the following locations:

15.1 Emergency lighting shall be powered from a a) Near each intersection of corridors;
source independent of that supplying normal lighting. b) At each exit door;
c) Near each change of direction in the escape
15.2 Emergency lighting shall be provided to be put
route;
on within 5 s (preferably within 1 s) of the failure of
the normal lighting supply. d) Near each staircases so that each flight of stair
receives direct light;
15.3 Emergency lighting systems shall be designed to e) Near any other change of floor level;
ensure that a fault or failure in any one luminary does
f) Outside each final exit and close to it;
not further reduce the effectiveness of the system.
g) Near each fire alarm call point;
The luminaries shall be mounted as low as possible, h) Near fire-fighting equipment; and
but at least 2 m above the floor level. j) To illuminate exit and safety signs as required
Signs are required at all exits, emergency exits and by the enforcing authority.
escape routes, which should comply with the graphic NOTE — For the purpose of this clause ‘near’ is normally
requirements of the relevant Indian Standards. considered to be within 2 m measured horizontally.

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Table 1 Minimum Requirements for Fire Fighting Installations for Educational Buildings (B) (see Note 1)
(Clause 14)
Sl Type of Building Type of Installation Water Supply Pump Capacity
No. Occupancy
Fire Hose Dry Wet Down Yard Automatic Manually Operated Automatic Underground Terrace Pump Near Underground At the Terrace
Exting- Reel Riser Riser Comer Hydrant Sprinkler Electric Fire Detection and Static Water Tank Static Water Storage Tank Tank Level with
uisher (see System Alarm Systems Alarm System Storage Tank litre (Fire Pump) With Minimum
Note 2) litre Minimum Pressure of 3.5 Pressure of 2.0
kg/cm2 at Terrace Level kg/cm2
litre/min litre/min
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
i) Less than 15 m in
height:
a) Ground plus R NR NR NR NR NR R (see NR NR NR 5 000 NR 450
one storey Note 3) (see Note 4) (see Note 4)
b) Ground plus R R NR NR NR NR R (see NR NR NR 10 000 NR 450
two or more Note 3) (5 000) (450)
storeys (see Note 5) (see Note 5)
ii) 15 m and above R R NR NR R NR R (see R NR NR 25 000 NR 900
but not exceeding Note 3)
30 m in height
5

R — Required NR — Not Required

NOTES
1 Buildings above 30 m in height not to be permitted in Group B occupancies.
2 As per the requirement of local authority dry riser may be used in hilly areas, industrial areas or as required.
3 Required to be installed in basement, if area of basement exceeds 200 m2.
4 Required to be provided, if basement area exceeds 200 m2.
5 Additional value given in parenthesis shall be added, if basement area exceeds 200 m2.

IS 14435 : 2013
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IS 14435 : 2013
Table 2 Minimum Requirements for Residential Accomodation
(Clause 14)
Sl Type of Building Type of Installation Water Supply Pump Capacity
No. Occupancy

Fire Hose Dry Wet Riser Down Yard Automatic Manually Automatic Underground Terrace Pump Near Underground At the Terrace
Exting- Reel Riser (see Comer Hydrant Sprinkler Operated Detection Static Water Tank Tank Level Static Water Tank Level with
uisher Note 1) System Electric Fire and Alarm Storage Tank Storage Tank (Fire Pump) Minimum
Alarm Systems System With Minimum Pressure of Pressure of 2.0
2
3.5 kg/cm at Terrace kg/cm2
litre litre Level
litre/min litre/min
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
i) Less than 15 m in R R NR NR NR NR R (see NR NR NR 5 000 NR 450
height Note 2) (5 000) (450)
(see Note 3) (see Note 3)
ii) 15 m and above R R NR NR R NR R (see R NR NR 25 000 NR 900
but not exceeding Note 2)
30 m in height

R — Required NR — Not Required

6

NOTES
1 As per the requirement of local authority dry riser may be used in hilly areas, industrial areas or as required.
2 Required to be installed in basement, if area of basement exceeds 200 m2.
3 Additional values given in parenthesis shall be added, if basement area exceeds 200 m2.
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IS 14435 : 2013

ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

1641 : 2013 Code of practice for fire safety of maintenance of automatic fire
buildings (general): General detection and alarm system — Code
principles of fire grading and of practice (fourth revision)
classification (second revision) 2190 : 2010 Selection, installation and
1642 : 2013 Code of practice for fire safety of maintenance of first-aid fire
buildings (general): Details of extinguishers — Code of practice
construction (second revision) (fourth revision)
1644 : 2013 Code of practice for fire safety of
2309 : 1989 Code of practice for the protection
buildings (general): Exit require-
of buildings and allied structures
ments and personal hazard (second
against lightning (second revision)
revision)
1649 : 1962 Code of practice for design and 8758 : 2013 Code of practice for fire
construction of flues chimneys for precautionary measures in the
domestic heating appliances construction of temporary structures
(first revision) and pandals (second revision)
2175 : 1988 Specification for heat sensitive fire 11360 : 1985 Specification for smoke detectors for
detectors for use in automatic fire use in automatic electrical fire alarm
alarm system (second revision) system
2189 : 2008 Selection, installation and SP 7 : 2005 National Building Code of India

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IS 14435 : 2013

ANNEX B
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Fire Safety Sectional Committee, CED 36

Organization Representative(s)
Delhi Fire Services, New Delhi SHRI R. C. SHARMA (Chairman)
SHRI A. K. SHARMA (Alternate)
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai SHRI A. K. TANDLE
Builders Association of India, New Delhi REPRESENTATIVE
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee DR M. P. SINGH
DR SUVIR SINGH (Alternate)
Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi SHRI C. S. KASANA
SHRI P. C. KUREEL (Alternate)
Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata REPRESENTATIVE
Central Industrial Security Force, New Delhi DEPUTY INSPECTOR GENERAL (FIRE)
SHRI S. L. NAGARKAR (Alternate)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SHRI SATYA PRAKASH BARNWAL
SHRI ASHOK KUMAR GOEL (Alternate)
Centre for Fire & Explosive Environment Safety , New Delhi DIRECTOR
DR K. C. WADHWA (Alternate)
Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd, Chennai SHRI J. P. K. HEPAT
Controllerate of Quality Assurance, Pune LT COL B. T. MANJUNATH
SHRI M. B. PARADKAR (Alternate)
Council of Architecture, New Delhi SHRI A. R. RAMANATHAN
SHRI GIRISH MISHRA (Alternate)
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRIMATI TRIPTA KHURANA

Directorate General of Factory Advice Service & Labour SHRI A. K. GANGULY

Institute, Mumbai SHRI S. P. BANDOPADHYAYA (Alternate)
Electricity Consumer Grievances Redressal Forum, New Delhi SHRI HEMANT KUMAR
Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, New Delhi SHRI A. K. RAY
SHRI S. K. GUPTA (Alternate)
Engineering Industrial Technical Section, Ministry of Industry, SHRI P. K. SUNKARIA
New Delhi SHRI K. C. MATHUR (Alternate)
Engineers India Limited, New Delhi SHRI ARVIND KUMAR
MS ALPANA SRIVASTAVA (Alternate)
GAIL, New Delhi SHRI JAYANT CHAKRABORTY
Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Noida SHRI T. K. KUMAR
Institution of Fire Engineers, New Delhi PRESIDENT
GENERAL SECRETARY (Alternate)
Lloyd Insulations (India) Limited, New Delhi SHRI K. K. MITRA
SHRI SANJEEV ANGRA (Alternate)
Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi SHRI OM PRAKASH
SHRI D. K. SHAMI (Alternate)
Mumbai Fire Brigade, Mumbai CHIEF FIRE OFFICER
DEPUTY CHIEF FIRE OFFICER (Alternate)
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRI D. K. SURYANARAYAN
Oil Industry Safety Directorate, New Delhi SHRI S. C. GUPTA
SHRI B. R. GADEKAR (Alternate)
Reliance Refineries Limited, Jamnagar SHRI VARADENDRA KOTI
SHRI UMESH KHANDALKAR (Alternate)
Shriram Institute of Industrial Research, Delhi REPRESENTATIVE

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IS 14435 : 2013

Organization Representative(s)
State Bank of India, Mumbai SHRI J. S. GAHLAUT
In personal capacity, (P/4 Belgacuta, Kolkata) SHRI S. N. KUNDU
In personal capacity, (K-33-A Green Park, New Delhi) SHRI S. K. DHERI
In personal capacity (C-127 Kendriya Vihar, Noida) SHRI H. S. KAPARWAN
In personal capacity (305, SJR Verity, Amrita College Road SHRI T. R. A. KRISHNAN
Kasavanahalli, Bangalore)
BIS Directorate General SHRI A. K. SAINI, Scientist ‘F’ and Head (Civil Engg)
[Representing Director General(Ex-officio)]

Member Secretary
Shri S. Chaturvedi
Scientist ‘E’ (Civil Engg), BIS

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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
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Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 36 (7636).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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