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01 Probability

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01 Probability

Lllll

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mdraza4690
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Career Expert Bank Job Course 1

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Class No:07, Lec-01 , Sub: Math, Topics: Probability (m¤¢ve¨Zv)
‡Kvb NUbv NUvi m¤¢ebv‡K m¤¢ve¨Zv e‡j A_©vr †Kvb GKwU wbwÏó NUbv NUv ev bv NUvi Df‡qi wbðqZvi MvwYwZK
cwigvc‡K m¤¢¨ve¨Zv e‡j| ‡hgbt Avcwb wewmGm cixÿv_©x| Avcwb wewmGm K¨vWvi n‡ZI cv‡ib Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡ib|
 divwm †`kxq `yB weL¨vZ MwYZwe` (Blaise Pascal I Pierre de Fermat) mß`k kZvãx‡Z m¤¢ve¨Zvi ZË¡¸‡jv
cÖ_g cÖKvk K‡ib| G‡K P Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Kvib P G‡m‡Q Probablity †_‡K hvi A_© m¤¢ve¨Zv| †Kvb GKwU NUbvi
m¤¢ebv H NUbvi AbyK~j I †gvU djvd‡ji Ici wbf©ikxj|
 ‡Kvb wKQz NUv hw` Am¤¢e nq Z‡e, P = 0
‡hgbt †Kvb gvbyl g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡e bv GUv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e A_©vrm¤¢e¨Zv, P = 0
 ‡Kvb wKQz NUv hw` wbwðZ nq Z‡e m¤¢e¨Zv, P = 1 ‡hgbt me gvbyl g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡e GUv wbwðZ A_©vr m¤¢e¨Zv, P = 1
 ‡Kvb wKQz NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv 0 Ges 1 Gi ga¨eZ©x| m¤¢ve¨Zvi m‡e©v”P gvb 1 Ges me©wb¤œ gvb 0 |
 m¤¢ve¨Zvi gvb memgq cÖK…Z fMœvsk nq| †hgbt 5/42 (cÖK…Z fMœvskt †h fMœvs‡ki je †QvU Ges ni eo|)
m~Î: m¤¢e¨Zv (P)=

 eR©bkxj NUbv (Mutually Exclusive Events)t


hw` KZ¸‡jv NUbv Ggb nq †h, G‡`i †h †Kv‡bv GKwU NUbv NU‡j evwK¸‡jv NU‡e bv,Z‡e G‡`i‡K eR©bkxj NUbv e‡j|
eR©bkxj NUbvi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb mvaviY (Common) Dc`vb _v‡K bv|
1. ‡hgbt A= {1, 2, 3} Ges {4, 5, 6} ci¯úi eR©bkxj| KviY GLv‡b †Kvb mvaviY Dc`vb bvB| A_©vr A B =
2.GKwU gy`ªv wb‡ÿc Ki‡j †nW (Head) Avm‡j †Uj (Tail) Avm‡Z cv‡i bv|
m~Î: hw` A I B ci¯ci eR©bkxj `ywU NUbv nq
 AeR©bkxj NUbv/ci¯úi Awew”Qbœ NUbv (Not Mutually Exclusive Events)t
hw` `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK NUbv g‡a¨ mvaviY (Common) Dc`vb _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K AeR©bkxj NUbv e‡j|
‡hgbt A= {1, 2, 3} Ges {3, 5, 6} ci¯úi eR©bkxj| KviY GLv‡b †Kvb mvaviY Dc`vb bvB A_©vr A B=
m~Î: hw` A I B ci¯ci AeR©bkxj `ywU NUbv nq
 kZ©vaxb m¤¢ve¨Zv (Conditional Probablity) :
ci¯ci eR©bkxj `ywU NUbv nq Ges P(B) > 0 nq GKwU NU‡j Ab¨wU N‡U ZLb Zv‡K kZ©vaxb m¤^ve¨Zv e‡j|
m~Î: hw` A I B ci¯ci eR©bkxj `ywU NUbv nq Ges P(B) > 0 nq,
Z‡e B NUvi kZ©vax‡b A NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv, P(A/B) = P(A B) / P(B)
m~Î: hw` A I B ci¯ci eR©bkxj `ywU NUbv nq Ges P(A) > 0 nq,
Z‡e A NUvi kZ©vax‡b B NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv, P(B/A) = P(A B) / P(A)
 m¤¢ve¨Zvi ¸Yb wewa :
wewfbœ ¯^vaxb NUbv GK‡Î NUvi m¤¢ve¨Zv Zv‡`i c„_Kfv‡e NUvim¤¢ve¨Zvi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb | ‡hgb: hw` A I B `ywU ¯^vaxb
NUbv nq Z‡e, P(A B) = P(A).P(B)
De Morgan's laws
01.
02.
Career Expert Bank Job Course 2
Exercise
01. A dice is rolled , find the probability of getting an even number?
Soln: Total No of sides are {1,2,3,4,5,6}
The desired number is even and there are 3 even numbers {2,4,6}
Probability of getting even numbers = 3/6 = 1/2

02. A dice is rolled , find the probability of getting not an even number?
Soln: Total No of sides are {1,2,3,4,5,6}
The desired number is even and there are 3 even numbers {2,4,6}
Probability of getting even numbers = 3/6 = 1/2
Probability of getting not an even number = 1-1/2 = 1/2

03. An unbiased dice is tossed , find the probability of getting a multiple of 3 ?


Soln: Total No of sides are {1,2,3,4,5,6}
The desired number of getting a multiple of 3 {3,6}
Probability of getting a multiple of 3 = 2/6 = 1/3

04. An unbiased dice is tossed , find the probability of getting


i) a multiple of 3 or 2 , ii) a multiple of 3 and 2 ?
Soln: i) Total No of sides are {1,2,3,4,5,6}
The desired number of getting a multiple of 3 {3,6}
Probability of getting a multiple of 3 = 2/6 = 1/3
The desired number of getting a multiple of 2 {2,4,6}
Probability of getting a multiple of 3 or 2 = 1/3+1/2=5/6

ii) Total No of sides are {1,2,3,4,5,6}


The desired number of getting a multiple of 3 {3,6}
Probability of getting a multiple of 3 = 2/6 = 1/3
The desired number of getting a multiple of 2 {2,4,6}
Probability of getting a multiple of 3 and 2 = 1/3 1/2=1/6

05. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
i) exactly one head , ii) at least one tail , iii) no tail , iv) at most one head (Kgc‡ÿ)
Soln:When two coins are tossed the resuls are (HH,HT,TH,TT)
Total No opf outcomes = 4
i) exactly one head = only two cases (HT,TH )
Probability of getting exactly one head = 2/4 = 1/2

ii) at least one tail = only three cases (HT,TH,TT)


Probability of getting at least one tail = 3/4

iii) no tail = only one cases (HH)


Probability of getting no tail = 1/4
iv) at most one head = only three cases (HH,HT,TH) [Janata Bank , Officer-2023]
Probability of getting at most one head = 3/4
Career Expert Bank Job Course 3
06. X and Y have an interview scheduled for Monday. The probability of X clearing the interview is 1/4
and the probability of Y clearing the interview is 1/2. What is the probability that:
1. Both A and B will clear the interview
2. Either of them will clear the interview
3. Only Y will clear the interview
Solution: Probability of X clearing the interview = 1/4
Probability of Y clearing the interview = 1/2
1. Both will clear the interview = =
2. Either will clear the interview = 1/2 + 1/4 = 3/4
3. Only Y will clear the interview = 1/2 × (1- 1/4) = 1/2 ×3/4 = 3/8

07. There are 16 Girls and 12 Boys in a classroom. The teacher randomly calls out one of them.
What is the probability that the student called out is a girl?
Solution: Total number of students = 28
Girls in the classroom = 16
P(E) = 16/28 = 4/7

08. A drawer contains 4 Red, 7 Black, and 3 White pencils. If the pencils are taken out randomly,
then what is the probability that it is a White pencil?
Solution: Total number of Pencils = 4+7+3 = 14
Number of White Pencils = 3
P(E) = 3/14

09. Shreya throws the dice twice. What is the probability of her getting a total sum of 7 from both
throws?
Solution: Total number of outcomes = 6x6 = 216
Number of possible outcomes = (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2), (6,1) = 6
Probability = 6/36 = 1/6

10 A coin is tossed thrice. What is the probability that at least one head is obtained?
Solution: Total outcomes = {HHH, HTH, THH, HHT, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT} =8
Favorable outcomes = 7 So probability = 7/8

11. A card is drawn from a new pack of cards. What is the probability of getting a numbered card?
Solution: Total number of cards = 52
Numbered cards = 9 of each suit = 4×9 = 36
Probability = 36/52 = 9/13

12. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the
probability that the ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?
Solution: Here, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...., 19, 20}.
Let E = event of getting a multiple of 3 or 5 = {3, 6 , 9, 12, 15, 18, 5, 10, 20}.
P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 9/20.
Career Expert Bank Job Course 4
13. A bag contains 6 white and 4 black balls .2 balls are drawn at random. Find the probability that
they are of same colour.
Solution: Let S be the sample space
Then n(S) = no of ways of drawing 2 balls out of (6+4) =10C2
⇒10 =10*9/2*1 =45
Let E = event of getting both balls of same colour
Then,n(E) = no of ways (2 balls out of six) or (2 balls out of 4)
=6C2+4C2
= (6*5/2*1) + (4*3/2*1)
= 15+6 = 21
Therefore, P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 21/45 = 7/15
14. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards.what is the probability that either both
are black or both are queen?
Solution: We have n(s) =52C2 = 52*51/2*1 = 1326.
Let A = event of getting both black cards & B = event of getting both queens
A∩B = event of getting queen of black cards
n(A) = 52*51/2*1 = 26C2 = 325,
n(B) = 26*25/2*1 = 4*3/2*1= 6
n(A∩B) = 4C2 = 1
P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = 325/1326;
P(B) = n(B)/n(S) = 6/1326 and
P(A∩B) = n(A∩B)/n(S) = 1/1326
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B) = (325+6-1) / 1326 = 330/1326 = 55/221

15. A bag contains 4 white, 5 red and 6 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random from the bag.
The probability that all of them are red, is:
Solution: Let S be the sample space.
Then, n(S) = number of ways of drawing 3 balls out of 15 = 15C3= 455.
Let E = event of getting all the 3 red balls.
n(E) = 5C3 = 10.
=> P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 10/455 = 2/91.
16. Two dice are tossed. The probability that the total score is a prime number is:
Solution: Clearly, n(S) = 6 x 6 = 36.
Let, E = Event that the sum is a prime number.
Then E={ (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4,3),(5, 2), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 5}
n(E) = 15.
P(E) = n(E)/n(S)= 15/36 = 5/12.

17In a lottery, there are 10 prizes and 25 blanks. A lottery is drawn at random. What is the
probability of a) getting a prize? b) not getting a prize?
Solution: Total number of outcomes possible, = 10 + 25 = 35
`a) Total number of prizes = 10
Probability of getting a prize = 10/35=2/7
` b) Total number of prizes = 10
Probability of not getting a prize = 1-2/7 = 5/7

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