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SELENIUM with PROJECT

Module 1 : Selenium Components and Object Identification

Module 2 : Core Java with Examples

Module 3 : WebDriver with Project

Module 4 : Frameworks Designing and Implementation

Module 5 : Framework Integration with Third Party Tools

Module 6 : Fundamentals of RESTFUL services in java

Module 7 : Fundamentals of API Testing

Module 8 : Fundamentals of DataBase Testing

Module 9 : Fundamentals of Performance Testing

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Selenium with Project Lab CheckList

S.No Tasks Status Comments
1 Element Locators --- name , id ,class and Xpath
2 Element Locators --- Xpath in details
3 Java Program for example of class
4 Java Program for class ,Method Object
5 Java Program for Static method
6 Java Program for loops & cond
7 Arrays and Switch stmt
Java program for Providing the values in
8 Runtime
9 Oops Programs
10 WebDrier - Login and Logout Prgram
WebDriver - Verification and MouseOver
11 Program
12 WebDriver - Frames and Alerts
13 WebDriver - RobotClass and Dropdown
14 WebDriver - WaitMethod and File Upload
15 WebDriver – Windows Handler and JSE
16 Reading the data from WebTable and Excel
17 Modular Framework Implementation(2TC)
18 TestNG
19 WebDriver + TestNG
20 WebDriver + TestNG + TestSuite
21 WebDriver + TestNG + TestSuite + Log4j
WebDriver + TestNG + TestSuite + Log4J +
22 jenkins
WebDriver + TestNG + TestSuite + Log4J +
23 Jenkins + GitHub
24 POM FrameWork
25 Maven + Cucumber
26 SeleniumGRID
27 WebServices
28 Selenium Exam and Discussion on Answers

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What is Automation Testing ?
Manual Testing is performed by a human sitting in front of a computer carefully executing
the test steps.

Testing an application with third party Software help or Automation Tool is called
Automation testing. (OR)
Converting manual test cases into Automation Scripts (in form of code ) is called
Automation Tesing

Retesting and Regression Testing

What is Retesting?
Retesting of the application to verify whether defects have been fixed or not.
What is Regression testing?
1.It is Re=Execution of some or all the test cases of a testing activity for each build to verify
that changes or fixes made have not introduced new errors
2. Regression testing is done in three situations
i) One is after fixing the bug
ii) Second one is if a new change request will come from client
iii) Third one is when Enviromnent changes
Here we have to verify whether already existing functionality can getting defects (or) not.
The real use and purpose of automated test tools is to automate regression testing

Why to Start Test Automation?

 To Optimize the Speed & Efficiency
 To Increase the Quality and Decrease the Cost
 When there is a repetition or a need to run the test cases a lot number of times in a
test cycle.
 When there are number of test cases under one test-suite
 When there is a requirement of running the test cases in a defined order
 To Increase the Test Coverage
 When you need to run the same test cases on different machines at the same time
 When you need to test single functionality with multiple data sets.
 When you need to run Regression/Sanity/Smoke Test Suite
 Generation of Detailed Reports

Benefits of Automation Testing

1. Faster feedback: Automation of testing actually comes as a relief for development and
testing engineers during different phases of an app development life-cycle. It helps to
better the communication among coders, designers, product owners and rectifies the
potential glitches with no delay. It also increases the efficiency of the development team.
2. Saves time: Writing codes in manual testing is a tedious process especially when the
testers have to write long scripts while doing regression testing. The requirement of fast
bug free delivery of apps is not fulfilled and companies have to suffer business losses.
3. Early Bug Detection: Unlike manual testing, bugs can be detected early during the
development phase in an automated testing which saves a lot of time during Mobile app
development life-cycle for both developers and testers.

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4. Re-usability of Scripts: Testing automation makes the lives of the testers easy. The
scripts can be reused with no or minimal changes in the script. These scripts can be used
multiple times no matter if there are changes in the OS version of the device. The scripts
and steps are stored and it helps to repeat the test without skipping or forgetting any step.
5. Running tests anytime, anywhere: Automated testing help test engineers to run their
tests 24/7. If the test engineer has to leave early for the day, he can easily schedule the tests
and leave the office. The test results will be ready by the time he logs in again next
morning.
6. Distributed Test Execution: Automation testing cuts down complexities with its
distributed test execution feature. It helps the testers to run a test script on more than one
computer or shared network or servers simultaneously. So, only an automation testing tool
is the requirement rather than multiple tools.
7. Robust and simpler reporting: Automation testing gives us the benefit of tracking each
test script. All the test scripts executed will be visible in visual logs. The reports generated
can evidently show the number of test scripts already executed, scheduled, their reported
bugs or issues and the ways in which they have been fixed.
8. Testing Capabilities: Automated testing offers an unmatched and huge testing
capability. The mobile app needs to be tested on multiple devices, OS versions, screen sizes
etc. which can be efficiently done through automated testing and not by manual testing. In
fact, it is almost impossible to get perfect results through manual testing.
9. Better Test Coverage: Test automation can easily execute thousands of different complex
test cases during every test run providing coverage that is impossible with manual tests. It
can only be possible through automated testing as it can run test scripts on multiple
computers with varied configurations. It can look inside an application and see memory
contents, data tables, file contents, and internal program states to determine if the app is
functioning as expected.
10. Less Manual Effort: If an enterprise has implemented automation tools for testing, then
it can accelerate the process and reduce the manual effort multi-fold. Less number of
people will be required for a project and they can be utilized for different projects.
11. Improves Accuracy: We have been saying this time and again that automation testing
overcomes the shortcomings of manual testing. It has improved the accuracy to a great deal
by giving error-free results unlike manual testing where testing is error-prone, delays the
delivery and increases the cost. It is especially a boon in stress testing where getting error
free results in manual testing is almost impossible.
12. Return on Investment: One of the most important advantages of automation testing is
the return on investment to the organization. Every enterprise analyses the return it would
get out of its investment and then would go for creating a test automation framework.
Automated testing offers immense returns in terms of faster testing, error-free results, less
manual effort. If the enterprise has automated testing tool, then the testing would be more
efficient and accurate and easy.
13. Volume: You can run your tests on more than 500 devices in automation testing which
is impossible in manual testing.
Types of Testing Automation Tools
Open Source : Free of Cost.if we have interenet connection we can download from google
and then start working with the tools
Example: Selenium , Sikuli , Sahi , Ruby with Watir etc…

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Commercial : Licienced. We need to purchase the licience from that respective companies
and then need to start working with tool.
Example : QTP / UFT , Test Partner , TestComplete , RFT Silk etc …

Tool Evalutation Process

Success in any test automation depends on identifying the right tool for automation.
Selecting the “correct” Testing Tool for your project is one of the best ways to achieve the
project target.

Automation Testing Process

In my current project, Automation tool is evaluated based on below project features:
 Multiple Browser Support
 Language support
 Ease of Use
 Multiple Operating Systems
 Ajax Support
 Web Application support
 UI tests
 Scripting
 Record and play back
 Object recognition capability
 Customization of recorded code as per our requirements
 Synchronization issues
 Test Suite Creation
 Maintenance of scripts when features modified
 Central Object Repository
 APIs availability
 Database verification
 Vendor support
 Framework Creation
 Tool Performance
Based on initial evaluation on above project scenarios, Selenium and QTP or any
other automation tools are finalized after evaluation.
Clinet & management team are finalized SELENIUM tool to automate my Current
Project.

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SELENIUM QTP
Open source Paid Tool
Works on all OS (Windows, OS
Works only on Windows
X, Linux, Solaris,Mac)
Tests only Web applications Tests web and desktop applications
Works on almost all browsers(IE,
Works on Edge
Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Opera)
Code can be made in any one of
languages such as Java, C#, Ruby, VB Script
Python, pearl, php
Object Identification Options : Name Object Identification Options : Object
,Id , Xpath, CSS, Link text …etc properties, Repository objects
Selenium dose not have such built in
HP UFT comes with built in object
object repository, but object can be
repository. Object repository
managed by using UI element user
development and maintenance is quite
extension like Inspect option in All
easy in HP ALM
browsers
IDE sometimes does not record some
Recording is a little reliable
events
Set of Libraries, around 20MB (Need
Around 1.5GB
to include other supporting software)
Saucelabs.com, Element34 , Commerc
From HP
ial Support
Selenium History
In 2004 invented by Jason Huggins and team
Originally name is JavaScript Functional Tool (JSFT)
Open source browser based integration framework (Selenium RC )built originally by
Thought Works
Google, who has been a long time user of Selenium, had a developer named Simon
Stewart who developed WebDriver. This tool circumvented Selenium’s JavaScript
sandbox to allow it to communicate with the Browser and Operating System directly
using native methods
In 2008, Selenium and WebDriver merged technologies and intellectual intelligence
to provide the best possible test automation framework
100% JavaScript and HTML Web Testing Tool
What is Selenium?
Selenium is a free (open source) automated testing suite for web applications across
different browsers and platforms. It is quite similar to HP Quick Test Pro (QTP) only
that Selenium focuses on automating web-based applications.
Selenium is not just a single tool but a suite of softwares, each catering to different
testing needs of an organization. It has four components.
Selenium Components
Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) - Record & Play back
Selenium RC- 1.0 – Server /Client (Selenium. Start /Selenium. Stop)
Selenium 2.0/3.0 / 4.0/ Web Driver /Advanced Selenium
Selenium Grid – To Execute scripts in Multiple Browsers & Systems

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Selenium IDE
Introduction: The selenium IDE is the tool used to develop your selenium test cases by
using record and play back.
Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a tool that helps you develop your
Selenium test cases. It’s an easy-to-use Chrome and Firefox extension and is generally the
most reliable method to develop test cases. It records users’ actions in the browser for you,
using the existing Selenium commands, with parameters defined by the context of the web
element. This is not only a time-saver but also an excellent way of learning Selenium script
syntax. Previously known as Selenium Recorder, Selenium IDE was initially created by
Shinya Kasatani, of Japan and contributed to the Selenium project in 2006.
It was introduced as a Firefox plugin for faster creation of test cases. As it was a Firefox
extension, it could automate the browser through a record-and-play feature providing
autocompletion support and the ability to move commands around quickly.
Scripts are recorded in a special test scripting language called Selenese for Selenium.
Selenese comes up with commands for carrying out actions in a web browser and restoring
data from the resulting pages.
The advantage of Selenium IDE is that the tests recorded via the plugin can be exported in
different programming languages like Java, Ruby, Python, etc.

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Advantages
 It’s an easy –to-use
 It’s just Firefox plug in and is generally the most efficient way to develop test cases
 Very useful tool for beginners
 Firefox extension which allows record/Play testing paradigm
 Creates the simplest possible locator based on Selene's
 Look at various possible commands in the dropdown
 Records a test at HTML file
 We can export the test as Java /Ruby etc...
Disadvantages
 Selenium-IDE does not directly support:
 Condition statements & Iteration or looping
 Logging and reporting of test results
 Error handling, particularly unexpected errors
 Database testing
 Test case dependency
 Capture screenshots on test failures
 Results Report generations

Selenium RC (Remote Control)

Let me first tell you that Selenium Core was the first version. But with that version, testers
had to install both Selenium (a JavaScript program) and the webserver containing the web
application being tested on their local systems so that they would belong to the same
domain.
Then, another ThoughtWorks’ engineer, Paul Hammant decided to create a server that will

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act as an HTTP proxy to trick the browser into believing that Selenium Core and the web
application being tested belong to the same domain, thus making RC a two-component
tool.
 Selenium RC Server
 Selenium RC Client (Library containing the programming language code)
RC can support the following programming languages:
 Java
 C#
 PHP
 Python
 Perl
 Ruby

Selenium WebDriver
Founded by Simon Stewart in 2006, ThoughtWorks consultant in Australia. Selenium
WebDriver was the first cross-platform testing framework that would control the browser
at the OS level. Selenium WebDriver is a successor to Selenium RC. Selenium WebDriver
accepts commands (sent in Selenium or via a Client API) and sends them to a browser.
This is implemented through a browser-specific driver, which sends commands to a
browser and retrieves the results. Each driver launches and accesses a browser application.
Different WebDrivers are:
 Firefox Driver (Gecko Driver)
 Chrome Driver
 Internet Explorer Driver

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 MicroEdge
 Opera Driver
 Safari Driver
 HTML Unit Driver

Benefits of Selenium WebDriver

 Selenium WebDriver supports seven programming languages: Java, C#, PHP, Ruby,
Perl, Python, and .Net.
 It supports cross-browser interoperability that helps you perform testing on various
browsers like Firefox, Chrome, IE, Safari, etc.
 Tests can be performed on different operating systems: Windows, Mac, Linux,
Android, and iOS.
 Selenium WebDriver overcomes limitations of Selenium v1 like file upload,
download, pop-ups, and dialog barrier

Selenium Grid
Selenium Grid is a testing tool that lets you run your tests on various machines against
different browsers. It is part of the Selenium suite that specializes in running multiple tests
across different browsers, operating systems, and machines. You can connect to it with
Selenium Remote Control by stating the browser version, browser, and operating system as
per your choice. You will be able to specify these values through Selenium Remote Control
capabilities. With Selenium Grid, one server makes a move as a hub. Tests communicate to
the hub to get access to browser instances. The hub has a list of servers that provide access
to browser instances (WebDriver nodes) and lets tests use these instances.
Selenium Grid allows parallel testing and also allows managing different browser versions
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and browser configurations centrally (instead of in each individual test).
There are multiple online platforms that provide an online Selenium Grid that you can
access to run your Selenium automation scripts. For example, you can use LambdaTest.
Selenium Grid has more than 2,000 browser environments over which you can run your
tests and truly automate cross-browser testing.

Selenium–Locators / Object Indentification

What is Locator? -- The locator can be termed as an address that identifies a web element
uniquely within the webpage. Locators are the HTML properties of a web element. It is a
command that tells Selenium IDE which GUI elements like – Text Box, Buttons, Check
Boxes etc, it needs to operate on. Finding correct GUI elements is a prerequisite for creating
an automation script but, accurate identification of GUI elements is much more difficult
than it sounds. Sometimes, you might even end up working with incorrect GUI elements or
no elements at all! Hence, using the right locator ensures that the tests are faster, more
reliable or has lower maintenance over releases.
Selenium will identify the objects by using below locators
 Name - Select first element with the specified @name attribute.
 ID - Select element with the specified @id attribute.
 Class Name - Locate Element using a class Name .
 TagName - Locate Element using a Tag Name .
 LinkText - Select link (anchor tag) element which contains text matching the
specified link text
 Partial LinkText - Select link (anchor tag) element which contains text matching the
specified partial link text
 CssSelector - Css Select the element using css selectors. (Note : Prefered for IE
Browser)
 XPATH - Locate an element using an XPath expression. (Note : Prefered for Any
Browser)

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HTML TAG NAME ATTRIBUTE VALUE

<input name="txtUserName" type="text" class="loginText" tabindex="1">

ATTRIBUTE TYPE

*In any of the html code starting with < symbol is considered as HTML TAG name and
which is having = symbol considered as Attributes
Locating an Element By Name:
This is an effective way to locate element with a name attribute. With this strategy, the first
element with the value of the name attribute will be returned. If no element has a matching
name attribute, then a NoSuchElementException will be raised.
Example:
<input name="register" class="required" type="text"/>
WebElement ele= driver.findElement(By.name("register"));

Locating an Element By ID:

The most efficient way and preferred way to locate an element on a web page is By ID. ID
will be the unique on web page which can be easily identified.IDs are the safest and fastest
locator option.
Example
<input id="email" class="required" type="text"/>
WebElement ele = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));

Locating an Element By Class Name:

There may be multiple elements with the same name, if we just use
findElementByClassName,m make sure it is only one. If not the you need to extend using
the classname and its sub elements.
Example:
<input id="email" class="required" type="text"/>
WebElement ele =driver.findElement(By.className(“required”));

Locating an Element By tagName:

As the name specifies, this tagname locator in Selenium WebDriver is used to identify
elements with Tag names like div tag, a tag etc. A common example of this usage could be
locating all links on your homepage and verifying whether they are functional or broken.
Example:
driver.findElements(By.tagName(a));

Locating an Element By LinkText:

Finding an element with link text is very simple. But make sure, there is only one unique
link on the web page. If there are multiple links with the same link text (such as repeated
header and footer menu links), in such cases Selenium will perform action on the first
matching element with link.
Example:
<a href="http://www.seleniumhq.org">Downloads</a>
WebElement ele = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Downloads"));
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Locating an Element By PartialLinkText:
Locating element via Partial Link Text works similar to normal Link Text locator. The
reason of using the Partial Link Text locator in Selenium WebDriver over the Link Text
Locator is only due to the reason when you have a long linktext and you intent to use only
partial text to perform further actions on it. Sometimes the intent of using this can also be to
locate multiple links on a page with a common partial text.
Example:
<a href="seleniumhq.org">Download selenium server</a>
WebElement ele = driver.findElement(By.PartialLinkText("Download"));

Locating an Element By CSS:

CSS mainly used to provide style rules for the web pages and we can use for identifying
one or more elements in the web page using css.We can you use Css Selectors to make sure
scripts run with the same speed in IE browser. CSS selector is always the best possible way
to locate complex elements in the page.
Example:
WebElement ele = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector("input[id=email']"));
Locating an Element By Xpath:
What is Xpath – group of nodes
XPath is the language used when locating XML (Extensible Markup Language) nodes.
Since HTML can be thought of as an implementation of XML, we can also use XPath in
locating HTML elements.
Advantage: It can access almost any element, even those without class, name, or id
attributes.
Disadvantage: It is the most complicated method of identifying elements because of too
many different rules and considerations.
Diffirent Types of Xpath in SLEENIUM
1.Absolute Xpath
2.Relative Xpath

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Diffirent Ways of Xpath in Selenium
We have different ways to identify the object using Xpath
1.Absolute Xpath
2.Relative Xpath
Absolute Xpath : Any xpath started with html tag consider as Absolute Xpath.
Absolute Xpath prefixed with “/”.
Example:
Steps to get generate Relative Xpath:
1.Open application in chrome browser

2.Right click on any element and click on Inspect option

3.click on 3 doted lines on highlited html code and Navigate to copy option and then click
on Copy full xpath option

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4.paste in text file ,absolute xpath will be generated.
/html/body/form/table[1]/tbody/tr/td[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/t
d[2]/input
Relative Xpath: Any Xpath started with any unique attribute consider as Relative Xpath.
Relative Xpath prefixed with “//”.
Steps to get generate Relative Xpath:
1.Open application in chrome browser

2.Right click on any element and click on Inspect option

3.click on 3 doted lines on highlited html code and Navigate to copy option and then click
on Copy xpath option

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4.paste in text file ,relative xpath will be generated.
//*[@id="Table_01"]/tbody/tr[1]/td[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[2]/input
Or
We can write relative xpath manually by refering the html code with below syntax.
Syntax: //htmltagname[@attribute Type=‘attribute Value’]/all nodes info:
Note :
highlited line is consider ending point to stop grouping of the nodes.
From highlited node we need to refer upper level and start grouping the nodes from any
unique attribute.
In the below code <table id=”Table_01” consider as unique attribute so started grouping
the nodes from that step and ended at highlited line.

Example:
Relative xpath for above HTML code
//table[@id='Table_01']/tbody/tr[1]/td[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[2]/input
Another approach of Xpath is Attributes.
Xpath with attributes
Xpath with attributes will use attributes to identify the objects
1.Xpath with single attribute
Syntax: //htmltagname[@attribute Type=‘attribute Value’]
//input[@name=’txtUserName’]
2.Xpath with Multiple attribute
Syntax:
//htmltagname[@attributeType=‘attributeValue’][@attributeType=‘attributeValue’]
//input[@name=’txtUserName’][@type=’text’]
3.Xpath with text attribute
Syntax: //htmltagname[text()=’text details’]
4.Xpath with Contains
contains() can be used to find an element by specifying any partial value of the attribute.
This function comes handy when attribute value changes dynamically on page reload.
Syntax: //htmltagname[contains(@attributeType,’ attribute value’)]

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5.Xpath with Starts with
Starts-with() can be used to find an element by specifying a partial value (prefix) of the
attribute. This function comes handy when attribute value changes dynamically on page
reload.
Syntax: //htmltagname[starts-with(@attributeType, ‘attribute value’)]

Tools for Object Indentification in Selenium

1.Chrome Browser – Inspect Option(Right click on any element and select Inspect
option) ,OSpy
2.Firefox–InspectElement(Q)-(Right click on any element and select Inspect
option),Firebug ,Firepath
3.IE Browser– Developer Tools(Click on Tools and select Developer Tools option)

Assignment On - HRMS Project Object Identification

Identify the objects for the screens with help of below html code. -- Login Page :

Username Textbox

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single
attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple
attribute

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Password Textbox

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple
attribute
Login button

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single
attribute

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Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple
attribute
Clear button

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple attribute
Company General Info:

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Company Name Textbox

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple
attribute

Number of Employees

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple
attribute

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Phone number

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple attribute
Country

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Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple
attribute

Company Info Locations

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Add button

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple
attribute
Delete button

Relative Xpath
Xpath with Single
attribute
Xpath with Contains
Xpath with Starts-With
Xpath with Multiple
attribute

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Common Interview Questions on Selenium

1. What is Automation Testing
2. What are the benefits of Automation Testing
3. On which Testing phase automation will be started
4. what are the Pre-Requisites to start automation
5. Explain Tester Roles and Responsbilities
6. Why should Selenium be selected as a test tool
7. Write Xpath for Gmail Inbox(50) but after some time it will change to
Inbox(55)
8. What is Selenium? What are the different Selenium components?
9. What are the different types of locators in Selenium?
10. Explain Tester day to day activities
11. Difference between Relative Xpath and Absolute Xpath
12. What are the limitations of Selenium
13. Explain the syntax for Xpath with Contains and Startswith
14. Diffirence between Xpath with Contains and Startswith
15. Why should we hire you

Core Java
History of JAVA
JAVA is a distributed technology developed by James Gosling, Patric Naugton, etc.,
at Sun Micro System ((which has been acquired by Oracle Corporation)) has released
lot of rules for JAVA and those rules are implemented by JavaSoft Inc, USA (which is
the software division of Sun Micro System) in the year 1990. The original name of
JAVA is OAK (which is a tree name). In the year 1995, OAK was revised and
developed software called JAVA (which is a coffee seed name). The language
derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than
either of them.
JAVA released to the market in three categories J2SE (JAVA 2 Standard
Edition)[considered as Core Java], J2EE (JAVA 2 Enterprise Edition) and J2ME
(JAVA 2 Micro/Mobile Edition).
Java terminology:
Before we start learning Java, let’s get familiar with common java terms.
Java Development Kit(JDK)
While explaining JVM and bytecode, I have used the term JDK. Let’s discuss about
it. As the name suggests this is complete java development kit that includes JRE
(Java Runtime Environment), compilers and various tools like JavaDoc, Java
debugger etc.
In order to create, compile and run Java program you would need JDK installed on
your computer.
Java Runtime Environment(JRE)
JRE is a part of JDK which means that JDK includes JRE. When you have JRE
installed on your system, you can run a java program however you won’t be able to
compile it. JRE includes JVM, browser plugins and applets support. When you only
need to run a java program on your computer, you would only need JRE.

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Compiler(javac) converts source code (.java file) to the byte code(.class file). As
mentioned above, JVM executes the bytecode produced by compiler. This byte code
can run on any platform such as Windows, Linux, Mac OS etc. Which means a
program that is compiled on windows can run on Linux and vice-versa. Each
operating system has different JVM, however the output they produce after
execution of bytecode is same across all operating systems. That is why we call java
as platform independent language.

JAVA Installation Steps

Note: JRE will be installed automatically when you install JDK. You don’t have to do
anything extra to install JRE. Oracle has stopped providing JRE installer. Now JDK and JRE
is a part of Standard Edition (SE)

Go to link - https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-downloads.html and click

on JDK download based on your requirement.

JDK download Page will shows as below

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Scroll down and you will see the download options for windows which is an installer
(.exe).

Click on required jdk based on your operating system then - you will be asked to accept a
License agreement before the download begins. Accept the license to download the file.

You will be asked to login to start the download. If you don’t have an Oracle account, you
can create here

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Run the installer (.exe file)
Perform double click on the .exe executable installer java file that you have downloaded
from the official website.Then You will see the the following windows.

Click on next to continue and then you can change the installation directory if you want by
clicking on change. Click next to continue.

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Installation begins-Please wait for the process to complete.After sometime you will see
installation complete message.

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Click on close to complete the installation.

Note : if required perform environment varible setting based on the java path got installed.

Eclipse IDE Installation

EclipseIDE: Eclipse is an integrated development environment used in computer
programming, and is the most widely used Java IDE. It contains a base workspace
and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment and used to write
the Java code.
Step 0: Complete JDK Installation-To use Eclipse, you need to first install Java
Development Kit (JDK).
Step 1: Download Eclipse from http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/eclipse-
packages/. choose the Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers and click on 32-bit or 64-
bit link
Note: Eclipse will be downloaded as Zipfile.
Step 2: Simply extract the downloaded file into a directory of your choice (e.g.,
"d:\myproject").
There is no need to run any installer. Moreover, you can simply delete the entire
Eclipse directory when it is no longer needed (without running any un-installer).
You are free to move or rename the directory. You can install (unzip) multiple copies

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of Eclipse in the same machine.
Step 3: Since Eclipse IDE does not have any installer, there will be a file inside the
Eclipse folder named eclipse.exe. You can double click on the file to run Eclipse.
Note :( This step is not required, but it’s strongly recommended.) Right-click the
Eclipse Icon and press “Send To” -> “Desktop (Create Shortcut).” Now you will be
able to launch Eclipse from your desktop.

Step 4: Create a workspace folder where you will contain all the program files you
create. You can choose whatever place you want for your workspace, I like to choose
my own workplace location and will place all my projects under it.

Step 5 : Now you will be able to see the welcome screen ,you can close welcome
screen and then start writing the java code

About Java programs, it is very important to keep in mind the following points.
Case Sensitivity - Java is case sensitive which means identifier Hello and hello would
have different meaning in Java.
Class Names - For all class names the first letter should be in Upper Case.
If several words are used to form a name of the class each inner words first letter
should be in Upper Case. Example class MyFirstJavaClass
Method Names - All method names should start with a Lower Case letter.
If several words are used to form the name of the method, then each inner word's
first letter should be in Upper Case. Example public void myMethodName ()
Program File Name - Name of the program file should exactly match the class name.
Example: Assume 'MyFirstJavaProgram' is the class name. Then the file should be
saved as 'MyFirstJavaProgram.java'

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Steps To write First Java Program in Eclipse IDE :

1.Launch Eclipse
2.Create new Java Project(Navigation: FileNewProjectSelect Java Folder
Select Java Project optionClick on Next buttonProvide any Project Name and
click on Finish buttonProject will be created in eclipse as below.)

3.Create new Package (Navigation: Perform Right click on Created project

Navigate to New and click on package optionProvide any package
name(eg:examples) and click on Finish buttonPackage will be created as below)

4.Create new Class(Navigation : perform Right click on Created packageNavigate

to New and click on Class optionProvide any class name (Hello) and click on
Finish buttonclass will be created as below )

5.Create required methods /code

6. Run the program and able to see the output in eclipse console window.
Note : Any JAVA program if we want to develop then that should be developed
with respective class only i.e., without class there is no java program

Class: A class can be defined as a template/ blue print that describe the
behaviors/states that object of its type support. (or) “A class is a way of binding the
data and associated methods in a single unit. (or) A Class is a combination of
DataTypes and Data Variables
Syntax for defining a CLASS:
Class <clsname> {
Variable declaration;
Methods definition;
}
Class contains two parts namely variable declaration and method definitions.
Variable
Declaration represents what type of data members which we use as a part of the
class. Method definition represents the type of methods which we used as the path
of the class to perform an operation.By making use of the variables, which are
declared inside the class? Every operation in JAVA must be defined with in the class
only i.e. outside definition is not possible.
Note : We have diffirent types of classes for now we need to understand below
types

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1.Instance classes (Need to create object to access methods from this class)
2.Static class (No need of to create object to access methods from this class ,We can
access the method by using class name )

First Program in JAVA – To Print the statement as Welcome to JAVA

public class Hello{
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println ("Welcome to JAVA "); // prints Welcome to JAVA
}
Output : Welcome to JAVA
Description for above program
Public: This is access modifier keyword which tells compiler access to class. Various
values of access modifiers can be public, protected, private or default (no value).
Class: This keyword used to declare class. Name of class (Hello) followed by this
keyword.
“public static void main (String [ ] args)”: java program processing starts from the
main () method which is a mandatory part of every java program.
Its method (Function) named main with string array as argument.
public : Access Modifier
static: static is reserved keyword which means that a method is accessible and usable
even though no objects of the class exist.
void: This keyword declares nothing would be returned from method. Method can
return any primitive or object.
Method content inside curly braces. { }
System.out.println("Welcome to JAVA") : This statement is used to print any
information
System: It is name of Java utility class.
out: It is an object which belongs to System class.
println: It is utility method name which is used to send any String to console.

Write a Java program to print stmt as – “My target to get job is 2 months”

Method: A method is a program module that contains a series of statements that

carry out a task.Any class can contain an unlimited number of methods, and each
method can be called an unlimited number of times. The syntax to declare method is
given below.

public void methodname(){

//statements to print;
}
Eg: public void m1(){
System.out.println(“Method 1 executed”);
}

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There are two types of methods-
Builtin / Pre-Defined methods: Defined by the language
User-Defined : Defined by the user

Object - object is an instance of a class.Instance (instance is a mechanism of

allocating sufficient amount of memory space for dataMembers of a class)

Syntax-1 for defining an OBJECT:

<Clsname> objname = new <clsname ()>
Student so = new student ();

Sample program to create Class ,Method and Object

public class Hello {
Public void m1() {
System.out.println ("m1 method executed");
}
public void m2() {
System.out.println ("m2 method executed");
}
public void m3() {
System.out.println ("m3 method executed");
}
public static void main (String args []) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Selenium Training");
Hello m = new Hello();
m.m1 ();//Accessing method by using object
m.m2 ();
m.m3 ();
}
}

Create a class and methods to print below stmt by calling methods with object
Class name : SeleniumComponents
Method Name : seleniumIde – PerformRecord and Palyback
Method Name : seleniumWebdriver – To develop Automation Scripts
Method Name : seleniumGrid – To execute Scripts in Multipul Browsers and
Systems
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Data Types and Variables

Data Types :
Data type defines the values that a variable can take, for example if a variable has int
data type, it can only take integer values. In java we have two categories of data
types
1.Primitive Data Types
2.Reference/Object Data Types
Primitive Data Types –Byte ,Short ,int,long,float,double,boolean,char
Reference Data Types:
Reference variables are created using defined constructors of the classes. They are
used to access objects. These variables are declared to be of a specific type that
cannot be changed. For example, Employee, Puppy etc.
Class objects and various types of array variables come under reference data type.
Default value of any reference variable is null.
A reference variable can be used to refer to any object of the declared type or any
compatible type.
Example : Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe");
Java language supports few special escape sequences for String and char literals as
well.
Variables : A variable is a name which is associated with a value that can be
changed. For example when I write int i=10; here variable name is i which is
associated with value 10, int is a data type that represents that this variable can hold
integer values.
There are three kinds of variables in Java:
In Java, all variables must be declared before they can be used
Local variables – Defined with in the method and able to access with in that method
only
Instance variables – Defined outside the method and with in the class
Static/class variables –Need to use the keyword as Static
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This
means that when you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.
Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory and
decides what can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning
different data types to variables, you can store integers, decimals, or characters in
these variables.

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Sample program for - DataTypes , Variables and Static method
public class Dt_Var {
int b=20; //instance variables
static int empid = 101; //static variables
public void m1() {
int a = 10; //local variables
System.out.println("M1 Executed");
System.out.println("Local varible " + a );
}
public void m2() {
System.out.println("M2 Executed");
System.out.println("instance varible " + b);
System.out.println("Static varible " + empid);
}
public void m3() {
System.out.println("M3 Executed");
System.out.println("instance varible " + b);
System.out.println("Static varible " + empid);
}
public static void st() {
System.out.println("Static method executed");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Main methed executed");
Dt_Var m = new Dt_Var ();
m.m1();//Accessing method by using object
m.m3();
m.m2();
Dv.st();//no need of to create any object.Accessing method by using classname
} }

Java Access Modifiers : The Java language has a wide variety of modifiers, including
the following:
Java Access Modifiers & Non Access Modifiers
Java provides a number of access modifiers to set access levels for classes, variables,
methods and constructors. The four access levels are:
Visible to the package. The default. No modifiers are needed.
Visible to the class only (private).
Visible to the world (public).
Visible to the package and all subclasses (protected).
Java provides a number of non-access modifiers to achieve many other functionality.
The static modifier for creating class methods and variables
The final modifier for finalizing the implementations of classes, methods, and
variables.
The abstract modifier for creating abstract classes and methods.
The synchronized and volatile modifiers, which are used for threads.

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Let's understand the access modifiers in Java by a simple table.
Access within within outside package outside
Modifier class package by subclass only package

Private Y N N N

Default Y Y N N

Protected Y Y Y N

Public Y Y Y Y

Operators :Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. We can divide all
the Java operators into the following groups:
•Arithmetic Operators(- + * / % ++ --)
•Relational Operators (> < >= <= == !=)
•Bitwise Operators(& | ^ >> >>>)
•Logical Operators (&& || & |! ^)
•Assignment Operators( = , +=)
•Misc Operators (? :)
Arithmetic Operators

assignment operators

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Comparison Operators

Logical operators

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Conditions (or) Control Flow Statements

When we need to execute a set of statements based on a condition then we need to
use control flow statements. For example, if a number is greater than zero then we
want to print “Positive Number” but if it is less than zero then we want to print
“Negative Number”. In this case we have two print statements in the program, but
only one print statement executes at a time based on the input value. We will see
how to write such type of conditions in the java program using control statements.
we will use four types of control statements in java programs based on the
requirement:
a) if statement
b) if-else statement
c) if-else-if statement
d) nested if statement

The if Statement:
If statement consists a condition, followed by statement or a set of statements as
shown below:
if(condition){
Statement(s);
}
The statement gets executed only when the given condition is true. If the condition is
false then the statements inside if statement body are completely ignored.
Example1:
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
int x = 10;
if( x < 20 ){
System.out.print("This is if statement");
}
}
}
This would produce following result:
This is if statement

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Example2:Write a program to print Student result status : studentmarks=80

if...else Statement:
Syntax :
if(condition) {
Statement(s);
}
else {
Statement(s);
}
The statements inside “if” would execute if the condition is true, and the statements
inside “else” would execute if the condition is false.
Example: Write a program to print Student result status: totalMarks=35

public class ifelsestmt {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int totalMarks=35;
if(totalMarks>=36){
System.out.print("Student Passed");
}
else {
System.out.print("Student failed");
}
}
}
Example: Write a program to print status based on age details: age =10;
Example: Write a program to print voter eligibility : age =20;
Example: Write a program to print driving licience eligibility : age =20;
Example: Write a program to check a even number or Odd number : no=30;

else if Statement:
if-else-if statement is used when we need to check multiple conditions. In this
statement we have only one “if” and one “else”, however we can have multiple “else
if”. It is also known as if else if ladder. This is how it looks:
if(condition_1) {
//if condition_1 is true execute this
statement(s);
}
else if(condition_2) {
//execute this if condition_1 is not met and condition_2 is met
statement(s);
}
else if(condition_3) {
// execute this if condition_1 & condition_2 are not met and condition_3 is met
statement(s);

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}
else {
// if none of the condition is true then these statements gets executed
statement(s);
}
Note: The most important point to note here is that in if-else-if statement, as soon as
the condition is met, the corresponding set of statements get executed, rest gets
ignored. If none of the condition is met then the statements inside “else” gets
executed.
Example:
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
int x = 30;
if( x = = 10 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 10");
}else if( x = = 20 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 20");
}else if( x = = 30 ){
System.out.print("Value of X is 30");
}else{
System.out.print("This is else statement");
}
}
}
Example: Write a program to print Grade details based on student marks:
stdmarks=92
Example: Write a program to print status based on age details: age =10;

Nested if...else Statement:

When there is an if statement inside another if statement then it is called the nested if
statement.
The structure of nested if looks like this:

if(condition_1) {
Statement1(s);

if(condition_2) {
Statement2(s);
}
}
Statement1 would execute if the condition_1 is true. Statement2 would only execute
if both the conditions( condition_1 and condition_2) are true.

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Example:
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
int x = 30; int y = 10;
if( x = = 30 ){
if( y = = 10 ){
System.out.print("X = 30 and Y = 10");
}
}
}
This would produce following result: X = 30 and Y = 10

Loops:
Loops are used to execute a set of statements repeatedly until a particular condition
is satisfied. In Java we have three types of basic loops:
•while Loop
•do...while Loop
•for Loop
As of java 5 the enhanced foreach loop was introduced. This is mainly used for
Arrays.

How while Loop works?

In while loop, condition is evaluated first and if it returns true then the statements
inside while loop execute. When condition returns false, the control comes out of
loop and jumps to the next statement after while loop.

Note: The important point to note when using while loop is that we need to use
increment or decrement statement inside while loop so that the loop variable gets
changed on each iteration, and at some point condition returns false. This way we
can end the execution of while loop otherwise the loop would execute indefinitely.
The syntax of a while loop is:
while(condition)
{
//Statements
//increment or decrement
}
Example:
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
int x= 10;
while( x < 15 ){
System.out.println("value of x : " + x );
x++;
}
}
}

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This would produce following result:
value of x : 10
value of x : 11
value of x : 12
value of x : 13
value of x : 14
Example: write a program to print stmt for 10 times : “Java is very easy”

The do...while Loop:

do-while loop is similar to while loop, however there is a difference between them:
In while loop, condition is evaluated before the execution of loop’s body but in do-
while loop condition is evaluated after the execution of loop’s body.
Syntax:
do{
//Statements
//increment or decrement
}while(condition);
How do-while loop works?
First, the statements inside loop execute and then the condition gets evaluated, if the
condition returns true then the control gets transferred to the “do” else it jumps to
the next statement after do-while.
Example:
public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
int x= 10;
do{
System.out.println("value of x : " + x );
x++;
}while( x < =15 );
}
}
This would produce following result:
value of x : 10
value of x : 11
value of x : 12
value of x : 13
value of x : 14
value of x : 15
Example: write a program to print stmt for 10 times : “selenium is very very easy”

The for Loop:

A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop
that needs to execute a specific number of times.A for loop is useful when you know
how many times a task is to be repeated.

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Syntax:
for(initialization; condition ; increment/decrement)
{
statement(s);
}

For works as below:

First step: In for loop, initialization happens first and only one time, which means
that the initialization part of for loop only executes once.
Second step: Condition in for loop is evaluated on each iteration, if the condition is
true then the statements inside for loop body gets executed. Once the condition
returns false, the statements in for loop does not execute and the control gets
transferred to the next statement in the program after for loop.
Third step: After every execution of for loop’s body, the increment/decrement part
of for loop executes that updates the loop counter.
Fourth step: After third step, the control jumps to second step and condition is re-
evaluated.
Example: public class Test {
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int x = 10; x < 20; x ++){
System.out.println("value of x : " + x );
}
}
Example: write a program to print numbers from 1 to 20 by increment of 2

Break and Continue Keywords in JAVA

The break Keyword:
The break statement is usually used in following two scenarios:
a) Use break statement to come out of the loop instantly. Whenever a break
statement is encountered inside a loop, the control directly comes out of loop and the
loop gets terminated for rest of the iterations. It is used along with if statement,
whenever used inside loop so that the loop gets terminated for a particular
condition.
b) It is also used in switch case control. Generally all cases in switch case are
followed by a break statement so that whenever the program control jumps to a case,
it doesn’t execute subsequent cases. As soon as a break is encountered in switch-case
block, the control comes out of the switch-case body.
Syntax: The syntax of a break is a single statement inside any loop: break;
Example:
public class Br {
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=10; i<=15; i++) {
if(i==13)
break;
System.out.println(i);
}

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}
}
Outputshown as below
10
11
12

The continue Keyword:

Continue statement is mostly used inside loops. Whenever it is encountered inside a
loop, control directly jumps to the beginning of the loop for next iteration, skipping
the execution of statements inside loop’s body for the current iteration. This is
particularly useful when you want to continue the loop but do not want the rest of
the statements (after continue statement) in loop body to execute for that particular
iteration.
Syntax:
The syntax of continue is a single statement inside any loop: continue;
Example:
public class Cnt {
public static void main(String args[]){
for(int i=10; i<=15; i++) {
if(i==13)
continue;
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
Outputshown as below
10
11
12
14
15

Arrays in Java
Arrays: - Group of similar elements
Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential
collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data,
but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same
type.
Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and
number99, you declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0],
numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent individual variables.
Syntax : datatype array name = array values
Int myList[] = {5,6,4,5,3---11}
Example: Following statement declares an array variable, myList, creates an array of
10 elements of double type, and assigns its reference to myList.

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double[] myList = new double[10];
Following picture represents array myList. Here myList holds ten double values and
the indices are from 0 to 9.

Processing Arrays: When processing array elements, we often use either for loop or
foreach loop because all of the elements in an array are of the same type and the size
of the array is known.
Note: The array elements can be accessed with the help of the index,Accessing the
array with an index greater than or equal to the size of the array leads to
ArrayIndexOutofBound Exception.
The foreach Loops: For-each is another array traversing technique like for loop,
while loop, do-while loop introduced in Java5. It starts with the keyword for like a
normal for-loop.Instead of declaring and initializing a loop counter variable, you
declare a variable that is the same type as the base type of the array, followed by a
colon, which is then followed by the array name.In the loop body, you can use the
loop variable you created rather than using an indexed array element.It’s commonly
used to iterate over an array or a Collections class (eg, ArrayList)

Syntax: for (type var : array) {

statements using var;
}
Sample Program for Arrays & For Each Loop
public class Foreach1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int myList[] = {10, 20, 30, 40 ,50,60};
// Print all the array elements
for (int element: myList) {
System.out.println(element);
}
}
}
Example : write a program to print all the elements from below array.
// String data[] ={"selenium","training",”by”,"suresh”};

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ArrayList in Java
ArrayList is a part of collection framework and is present in java.util
package.ArrayList is initialized by a size; however the size can increase if collection
grows or shrunk if objects are removed from the collection.
Example:
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class ArrayListExp {
public static void main(String args[]) {
ArrayList<String> subjects = new ArrayList<String>();
subjects.add("Mat");
subjects.add("sci");
subjects.add("eng");
subjects.add("tel");
System.out.println(subjects);
subjects.add(2,"hin");
System.out.println(subjects);
}
}

Example: Create an arrayList with Selenium components details and print the same.

Java User Input (Scanner)

The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is found in the java.util
package.
To use the Scanner class, create an object of the class and use any of the
available methods found in the Scanner class

Program for taking the inputs from key board (or) accepting the values in run time
(Example: Addition of 2 numbers)
Import java.util.Scanner;
Class AddNumbers {
Public static void main (String args []) {
Int x, y, z;
System.out.println ("Enter two integers to calculate their sum ");
Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);
x = in.nextInt (); //nextInt is a pre-defined function which is used to accept only
integer values
y = in.nextInt ();
z = x + y;
System.out.println ("Sum of entered integers = "+z);
}
}
Outputshown as below:

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Enter two integers to calculate their sum
10
20
Sum of entered integers = 30
Example : Write a java program to perform substract two numbers by accepting the
values from keyboard

The switch Statement: Switch case statement is used when we have number of options (or
choices) and we may need to perform a different task for each choice.
Syntax : switch (variable or an integer expression) {
case constant:
//Java code
break;
case constant:
//Java code
break;
default:
//Java code ;
}
Break statement is optional in switch case but you would use it almost every time you deal
with switch case.
break keyword in default block :
The control would itself come out of the switch after default so I didn’t use it, however if
you still want to use the break after default then you can use it, there is no harm in doing
that.
Few points about Switch Case
1) Case doesn’t always need to have order 1, 2, 3 and so on. It can have any integer value
after case keyword. Also, case doesn’t need to be in an ascending order always, you can
specify them in any order based on the requirement.
2) You can also use characters in switch case.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class SwitchExp {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner sc= new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("1.Add");
System.out.println("2.sub");
System.out.println("3.mul");
System.out.println("4.div");
System.out.println("Enter first number");
int a = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter second number");
int b = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter your choice");
int ch = sc.nextInt();
switch(ch){

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case 1:
System.out.println(a+b);
break;
case 2:
System.out.println(a-b);
break;
case 3:
System.out.println(a*b);
break;
case 4:
System.out.println(a/b);
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid choice");
}
}
}

Sample Program: Reverse of the String –

public class StringRev {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String text = "suresh";
String reverse = "";
for(int i=text.length()-1; i>=0; i--) {
reverse = reverse + text.charAt(i);
}
System.out.println("Reversed string is:" + reverse );
System.out.println("reverse completed");
}
}
Sample program : multiplication table of given number
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Table {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int n, c;
System.out.println("Enter an integer to print it's multiplication table");
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
n = in.nextInt();
System.out.println("Multiplication table of " + n + " is : ");
for (c = 1; c <= 10; c++)
System.out.println(n + "*" + c + " = " + (n*c));
}
}

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What is OOP?
OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming.
Procedural programming is about writing procedures or methods that perform
operations on the data, while object-oriented programming is about creating objects
that contain both data and methods.
Object-oriented programming has several advantages over procedural
programming:
 OOP is faster and easier to execute
 OOP provides a clear structure for the programs
 OOP helps to keep the Java code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the
code easier to maintain, modify and debug
 OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less code and
shorter development time

Inheritance
The process by which one class acquires the properties (data members) and
functionalities (methods) of another class is called inheritance. The aim of
inheritance is to provide the reusability of code so that a class has to write only the
unique features and rest of the common properties and functionalities can be
extended from the another class.
Child Class: The class that extends the features of another class is known as child
class, sub class or derived class.

Parent Class: The class whose properties and functionalities are used(inherited) by
another class is known as parent class, super class or Base class.
Note: The biggest advantage of Inheritance is that the code that is already present in
base class need not be rewritten in the child class.This means that the data
members(instance variables) and methods of the parent class can be used in the child
class as.
Syntax: Inheritance in Java
To inherit a class we use extends keyword. Here class B is child class and class A is
parent class. The class B is inheriting the properties and methods of A class.
class B extends A
{

}
The following kinds of inheritance are there in java.
Single level Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance
multiple Inheritance(Java does not support)
Single Inheritance
When a class extends another one class only then we call it a single inheritance. The
below flow diagram shows that class B extends only one class which is A. Here A is
a parent class of B and B would be a child class of A.

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Example:
class A {
public void test () {
System.out.println ("Hai...");
System.out.println("parent class");
}
}
public class B extends A {
public static void main (String [] args){
B s= new B ();
s.test ();
}
}
Multilevel Inheritance : Multilevel inheritance refers - where one can inherit from a
derived class, thereby making this derived class the base class for the new class. As
you can see in below flow diagram C is subclass or child class of B and B is a child
class of A, Multilevel inheritance can go up to any number of levels.

class A {
int a=10;
int b=20;
public void selIDE(){
System.out.println("IDE");
}

}
class B extends A{
int x=30;
int y=40;
public void selWD(){
System.out.println("WD");
System.out.println(a+b); //accessing from class A
}

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}
public class C extends B{
public void selRC(){
System.out.println("RC");
System.out.println(x+y); //accessing from class B
System.out.println(a+b); //accessing from class A
}
public static void main(String args[]){
C obj = new C();
obj.selIDE(); //accessing methods of class A without creating object for class A
obj.selWD(); //accessing methods of class A without creating object for class B
obj.selRC();
}
}

Polymorphism in JAVA :
Polymorphism: It means one name with many forms.
These are 2 types:
Method Over loading
Method Over riding
Method Overloading
Writing two or more methods in the same class in such way that each method has
same name but with different method signatures
Method Overriding
Writing two or more methods in super and sub classes such that the methods have
same name and same signature
Method Overloading (Writing two or more methods in the same class in such way
that each method has same name but with different method signatures)
As we know that a method has its own signature which is known by method's name
and the parameter types. Java has a powerful feature which is known as method
overloading. With the help of this feature we can define two methods of same name
with different parameters. It allows the facility to define that how we perform the
same action on different type of parameter.
Example: public class OverLoad {
public void add(int a,int b){
System.out.println(a+b);
}
public void add(int a,int b ,int c){
System.out.println(a+b+c);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
OverLoad obj = new OverLoad();
obj.add(10, 20);
obj.add(10, 20, 30);
}
}

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Overriding (Writing two or more methods in super and sub classes such that the
methods have same name and same signature)
Method overriding in java means a subclass method overriding a super class
method. Super class method should be non-static. Subclass uses extends keyword to
extend the super class. In overriding methods of both subclass and super class
possess same signatures. Overriding is used in modifying the methods of the super
class.
Example:
public class OverRide {
public void add(int a,int b){
System.out.println(a+b);
}
}
//Create new class as OverRide1
public class OverRide1 extends OverRide{
public void add(int a,int b){
System.out.println(a-b);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
OverRide1 obj1 = new OverRide1();
obj1.add(10, 20);
OverRide obj = new OverRide();
obj.add(10, 20);
}
}

Encapsulation & Abstraction in JAVA

Encapsulation – Data Bind
Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that
operates on the data into a single entity. Eg: class
Example: class Person{
//variable - data
private String name = "Suresh";
private int age = 26;
//method
public void talk() {
System.out.println("Hello ,Iam"+name);
System.out.println("My age is"+age);
} public static void main(String args[]){
Person p = new Person();
p.talk();
}
}

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Abstraction: Data Hide
A class that is declared using “abstract” keyword is known as abstract class. It can
have abstract methods (methods without body) as well as concrete methods (regular
methods with body). A normal class (non-abstract class) cannot have abstract
methods.
“Data abstraction is a mechanism of retrieving the essential details without dealing
with background details”.
•To use use abstraction we need use abstract keyword in the class
•For abstracts method implementation will be available in other class
•We can’t create any object for abstract class.To get the access for abstract methods
will use inherit those abstract classes.
Summary of Abstract classes and Abstract methods :
 An abstract class is a class that is declared with abstract keyword.
 An abstract method is a method that is declared without an implementation.
 An abstract class may or may not have all abstract methods. Some of them can
be concrete methods
 A method defined abstract must always be redefined in the subclass,thus
making overriding compulsory OR either make subclass itself abstract.
 Any class that contains one or more abstract methods must also be declared
with abstract keyword.
 There can be no object of an abstract class.That is, an abstract class can not be
directly instantiated with the new operator.
 An abstract class can have parametrized constructors and default constructor
is always present in an abstract class.
Advantages of Abstraction
 It reduces the complexity of viewing the things.
 Avoids code duplication and increases reusability.
 Helps to increase security of an application or program as only important
details are provided to the user.

Example
abstract class Bank {
abstract void credit();
abstract void debit();
}
class HDFC extends Bank{
void credit() {
System.out.println("Amount credit from HDFC");
}
void debit() {
System.out.println("Amount debited from HDFC");
}
}
class ICICI extends Bank{
void credit() {
System.out.println("Amount credit from ICICI");

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}
void debit() {
System.out.println("Amount debited from ICICI");
}
}
public class TestBank{
public static void main(String args[]) {
HDFC h = new HDFC();
h.credit();
h.debit();
ICICI i = new ICICI();
i.credit();
i.debit();
}
}

Interface in JAVA
Interface : Interface looks like a class but it is not a class. An interface can have
methods and variables just like the class but the methods declared in interface are by
default abstract (only method signature, no body) the variables declared in an
interface are public, static & final by default.
An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract
methods only. The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve fully abstraction.
There can be only abstract methods in the java interface not method body. It is used
to achieve fully abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
Interface definition begins with a keyword interface.
An interface like that of an abstract class cannot be instantiated.
What is the use of interface in Java?
Interface is used for full abstraction. Since methods in interfaces do not have body,
they have to be implemented by the class before you can access them. The class that
implements interface must implement all the methods of that interface. Also, java
programming language does not allow you to extend more than one class, However
you can implement more than one interfaces in your class.

Example :
interface WebDriver{
public void openApplication();
public void closeApplication();
}
class FirefoxDriver implements WebDriver{
public void openApplication() {
System.out.println("Firefox Open");
}
public void closeApplication() {
System.out.println("Firefox Close");
}

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}
public class ChromeDriver implements WebDriver {
public void openApplication() {
System.out.println("Chrome Open");
}
public void closeApplication() {
System.out.println("Chrome Close");
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
//Creating object for ChromeDriver class directly
ChromeDriver ch = new ChromeDriver();
ch.openApplication();
ch.closeApplication();
//Creating object for WebDriver(interface) indirectly - with the reference of
ChromeDriver class
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.openApplication();
driver.closeApplication();
//Creating object for FirefoxDriver class directly
FirefoxDriver ff = new FirefoxDriver();
ff.openApplication();
ff.closeApplication();
//Creating object for WebDriver(interface) indirectly - with the reference of
FirefoxDriver class
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.openApplication();
driver.closeApplication();
}
}

Exception Handling in JAVA

What is an exception?
An Exception is an unwanted event that interrupts the normal flow of the program.
When an exception occurs program execution gets terminated. In such cases we get a
system generated error message. The good thing about exceptions is that they can be
handled in Java. By handling the exceptions we can provide a meaningful message
to the user about the issue rather than a system generated message, which may not
be understandable to a user.
Why an exception occurs?
There can be several reasons that can cause a program to throw exception. For
example: Opening a non-existing file in your program, Network connection
problem, bad input data provided by user etc.
Exception Hierarchy: All exception classes are subtypes of the java.lang.Exception
class.

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Example for Try & Catch Block

public class ExcepTest{
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
int b=10/0;
System.out.println(b);
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println( "Exception thrown :" + e);
}
System.out.println("Out of the block");
}
}
Example for Try & Catch & Finally Block
public class Final{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[] = {10,20,30,40};
try {
System.out.println("Access element three :" + a[2]);
System.out.println("Testing");
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception thrown123 :" + e);
}
finally {
System.out.println("First element value: " +a[1]);
System.out.println("The finally statement is executed");
}
}
}
Some More Details information on Exception Handling
An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program. An
exception can occur for many different reasons, including the following:
•A user has entered invalid data.
•A file that needs to be opened cannot be found.
•A network connection has been lost in the middle of communications, or the JVM
has run out of memory.
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Some of these exceptions are caused by user error, others by programmer error, and
others by physical resources that have failed in some manner.
To understand how exception handling works in Java, you need to understand the
three categories of exceptions:
Checked exceptions: A checked exception is an exception that is typically a user
error or a problem that cannot be foreseen by the programmer. For example, if a file
is to be opened, but the file cannot be found, an exception occurs. These exceptions
cannot simply be ignored at the time of compilation.
Runtime exceptions: A runtime exception is an exception that occurs that probably
could have been avoided by the programmer. As opposed to checked exceptions,
runtime exceptions are ignored at the time of compliation.
Errors: These are not exceptions at all, but problems that arise beyond the control of
the user or the programmer. Errors are typically ignored in your code because you
can rarely do anything about an error. For example, if a stack overflow occurs, an
error will arise. They are also ignored at the time of compilation.
Exception Hierarchy:
All exception classes are subtypes of the java.lang.Exception class. The exception
class is a subclass of the Throwable class. Other than the exception class there is
another subclass called Error which is derived from the Throwable class.
Errors are not normally trapped form the Java programs. These conditions normally
happen in case of severe failures, which are not handled by the java programs.
Errors are generated to indicate errors generated by the runtime environment.
Example: JVM is out of Memory. Normally programs cannot recover from errors.
The Exception class has two main subclasses: IOException class and
RuntimeException Class.
Catching Exceptions: A method catches an exception using a combination of the try
and catch keywords. A try/catch block is placed around the code that might
generate an exception. Code within a try/catch block is referred to as protected code,
and the syntax for using try/catch looks like the following:
try{
//Protected code
}catch(ExceptionName e1){
//Catch block
}
A catch statement involves declaring the type of exception you are trying to catch. If
an exception occurs in protected code, the catch block (or blocks) that follow the try
is checked. If the type of exception that occurred is listed in a catch block, the
exception is passed to the catch block much as an argument is passed into a method
parameter.
Example: The following is an array is declared with 2 elements. Then the code tries
to access the 3rd element of the array which throws an exception.
// File Name : ExcepTest.java
import java.io.*;
public class ExcepTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{

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int a[] = new int[2];
System.out.println("Access element three :" + a[3]);
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("Exception thrown :" + e);
}
System.out.println("Out of the block");
}
}
This would produce following result:
Exception thrown :java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 3
Out of the block
Multiple catch Blocks:A try block can be followed by multiple catch blocks. The
syntax for multiple catch blocks looks like the following:
try{
//Protected code
}catch(ExceptionType1 e1){
//Catch block
}catch(ExceptionType2 e2){
//Catch block
}catch(ExceptionType3 e3)
{
//Catch block
}
The previous statements demonstrate three catch blocks, but you can have any
number of them after a single try. If an exception occurs in the protected code, the
exception is thrown to the first catch block in the list. If the data type of the exception
thrown matches ExceptionType1, it gets caught there. If not, the exception passes
down to the second catch statement. This continues until the exception either is
caught or falls through all catches, in which case the current method stops execution
and the exception is thrown down to the previous method on the call stack.
Example: Here is code segment showing how to use multiple try/catch statements.
class ex{
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//open the files
System.out.println("open files");
//do some processing
int n = 0;
//System.out.println("n= "+ n);
int a = 45/n;
System.out.println("a= "+ a);
int b[] = {10,20,30};
b[50] = 100;
}
catch (ArithmeticException ae) {
//display the exception details

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System.out.println(ae);
//display any message to the user
System.out.println("Please pass data while running this program");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aie) {
//diaplay exception details
aie.printStackTrace();
//display a message to user
System.out.println("please see that the array index is within the range");
}

} }
The throws/throw Keywords: If a method does not handle a checked exception, the
method must declare it using the throws keyword. The throws keyword appears at
the end of a method's signature.
You can throw an exception, either a newly instantiated one or an exception that you
just caught, by using the throw keyword. Try to understand the different in throws
and throw keywords.
The following method declares that it throws a Remote Exception:
import java.io.*;
public class className{
public void deposit(double amount) throws RemoteException {
// Method implementation
throw new RemoteException();
}
//Remainder of class definition
}
A method can declare that it throws more than one exception, in which case the
exceptions are declared in a list separated by commas. For example, the following
method declares that it throws a Remote Exception and an
InsufficientFundsException:
Import java.io.*;
public class className{
public void withdraw(double amount) throws RemoteException,
InsufficientFundsException {
// Method implementation
}
//Remainder of class definition
}
The finally Keyword The finally keyword is used to create a block of code that
follows a try block. A finally block of code always executes, whether or not an
exception has occurred.
Using a finally block allows you to run any cleanup-type statements that you want
to execute, no matter what happens in the protected code.
A finally block appears at the end of the catch blocks and has the following syntax:
try{

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//Protected code
}catch(ExceptionType1 e1) {
//Catch block
}catch(ExceptionType2 e2) {
//Catch block
}catch(ExceptionType3 e3) {
//Catch block
}finally {
//The finally block always executes.
}
Example: public class Final{
public static void main(String args[]){
int a[] = new int[2];
try{
System.out.println("Access element three :" + a[3]);
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("Exception thrown :" + e);
}
finally{
a[0] = 6;
System.out.println("First element value: " +a[0]);
System.out.println("The finally statement is executed");
}
}
}
This would produce following result:
Exception thrown :java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 3
First element value: 6
The finally statement is executed
Note the followings:
•A catch clause cannot exist without a try statement.
•It is not compulsory to have finally clauses whenever a try/catch block is present.
•The try block cannot be present without either catch clause or finally clause.
•Any code cannot be present in between the try, catch, finally blocks.
Common Scenarios of Java Exceptions
1) A scenario where ArithmeticException occurs
If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an ArithmeticException.
int a=50/0;//ArithmeticException

2) A scenario where NullPointerException occurs

If we have a null value in any variable, performing any operation on the variable
throws a NullPointerException.
String s=null;
System.out.println(s.length());//NullPointerException

3) A scenario where NumberFormatException occurs

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The wrong formatting of any value may occur NumberFormatException. Suppose I
have a string variable that has characters, converting this variable into digit will
occur NumberFormatException.
String s="abc";
int i=Integer.parseInt(s);//NumberFormatException

4) A scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs

If you are inserting any value in the wrong index, it would result in
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException as shown below:
int a[]=new int[5];
a[10]=50; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

JAVA Assignment
Write a sample java program to Print the statement as – “ *** I have not failed. I've
just found 10,000 ways that won't work *** ”

Create One Class, three Methods and print below stmt.

Method1 - Failure is the key to success; each mistake teaches us something.
Method2 - Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress; working
together is success.
Method3 - In a day, when you don't come across any problems - you can be sure that
you are travelling in a wrong path

Create One Class, three static Methods and print below stmt.
Method1 – Daily I will practice selenium for 2 hours.
Method2 – Daily I will sleep only for 6 hours.
Method3 – Daily I will wake up at 6 clock

Write a Java program to find given number is - odd or even

Write a program to swap the two numbers

Write a program to print reverse of the number

Print below format using for loop

*
**
***
****
*****
Write a program to print the each element from the below array using for each loop
int arr[]={12,13,14,44};
String s1[]={“Suresh”,”selenium”,”project”,”training”}
Write a program to add list of element to array list and print the same- Selenium
,Training ,By ,Suresh.

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Write a program to Choose Day of the Week using switch stmt
Write any example for single level and multilevel inheritance
Write any example for Method Overload and Method Overriding
Write any example for abstraction
Write any example for encapsulation
Write any example for interface
Write any example for Exception handling

Selenium 3/4 / WebDriver

About Selenium WebDriver
Selenium WebDriver tool is used to automate web application testing to verify that it
works as expected. It supports many browsers such as Firefox, Chrome, IE, and
Safari. However, using the Selenium WebDriver, we can automate testing for web
applications only. It does not qualify for window-based applications. It also supports
different programming languages such as C#, Java, Perl, PHP and Ruby for writing
test scripts. Selenium Webdriver is platform-independent since the same code can be
used on different Operating Systems like Microsoft Windows, Apple OS and Linux.
It is one of the components of the selenium family, which also includes Selenium
IDE, Selenium Client API, Selenium Remote Control and Selenium Grid.

Selenium WebDriver does not handle window component, but this limitation can be
overcome by using external tools such as AUTO IT tool, Sikuli etc. It has different
location strategies as well such as ID, Name, Link text, Partial link text, Class name,
CSS selector and Xpath. It also has better support dynamic web pages like Ajax,
where elements of the web page may change without the page itself being reloaded.
By using different jar files, we can also test API, Database Test etc. using Selenium
WebDriver.

WebDriver – Introduction & Architecture

Web Driver is designed to providing a simpler, more concise programming interface
along with addressing some limitations in the Selenium-RC API.
Developed to better support dynamic web pages where elements of a page may
change without the page itself being reloaded
Makes direct calls to the browser using each browser’s native support for
automation.

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WebDriver is one Interface and its had below implementing classes
Implementing Classes
ChromeDriver,
EdgeDriver,
EventFiringWebDriver,
FirefoxDriver,
HtmlUnitDriver,
InternetExplorerDriver,
MarionetteDriver,
OperaDriver, RemoteWebDriver, SafariDriver

Diffirence between SeleniumRC and WebDriver

Selenium RC WebDriver
Workson almost all browsers.Does not Works on latest versions of almost all
work on latest version of Firefox/IE browsers - Firefox, IE(6,7,8), Opera,
Chrome
No Record and run No Record and run
Server is required to start No server required to start
Core engine is JavaScript based Interacts natively with browser
application
Its a simple and small API Complex and a bit large API as
compared to RC
Less Object oriented API Purely Object oriented API
Cannot move mouse with it Can move mouse cursor
Full xpaths have to be appended with No need to append 'xpath=\\'
'xapth=\\' syntax
No Listeners Implementation of Listeners is provided
Selenium RC Cannot be used to Test WebDriver can be used to Test iPhone
iPhone or Android Apps or Android Apps

General Example for SeleniumRC WebDriver

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Design of WebDriver interface:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

driver.get();
FirefoxDriver driver1 = new FirefoxDriver();
driver1.get();
From the above diagram driver object is related to webdriver interface and driver1
object related to FirefoxDriver class. But both objects can run method bodies in
FirefoxDriver class, because ChromeDriver is Concrete class for WebDriver
interface.
Because of this webdriver interface facility in feature if any new things need to get
added that will be introduced as one more new Driver class.

Selenium WebDriver installation

Download the latest version of Selenium WebDriver and Extract
1. Open https://www.selenium.dev/downloads/
2. Find the 'Selenium Client & WebDriver Language Bindings' section on the page
3. In the 'Selenium Client & WebDriver Language Bindings' section, click on the
'Download' link that is related to Java Programming language (As we are writing our tests
in Java language) as shown below:

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4. Ensure that selenium-java-X.XX.X.zip file got downloaded as shown below: (chances of

version will be changing from date to date)
5. Extract the downloaded selenium-java-X.XX.X.zip file as shown below: (perform right
click on folder and click on Extract All option)
6. Ensure that the zip file got extracted
7. Open the extracted folder and ensure that all the jar files shown got extracted:
Note : Before writing webdriver program all jar files[inside of lib folder jarfiles & outside of
lib folder jarfiles] need to added for java project.

Note: Before writing webdriver program makes sure that you added webdriver jar files
to project.
Steps to add Jar files to project
 Right click on created project
 Select Build path option and click on Configure build path option
 Click on libraries Tab

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 Click on Add external jar file button
 Locate the directory where you have downloaded the Selenium jar files, select the
respective jars and click on "Open" button.
 Repeat the same steps for the jars which are present under the "libs" folder.
 Open "libs" folder, select all of the respective jar files and click on "Open" button.
 Once you get all the Selenium jar files in your Libraries tab, click on Apply and
Close button.
[or]
Note : in case of Java is latest version in your system follow below steps to add jar files.
 Right click on created project
 Select Build path option and click on Configure build path option
 Click on libraries Tab
 Click on classpath option under libraries tab
 Click on Addextennal Jars button

 Locate the directory where you have downloaded the Selenium jar files, select the
respective jars and click on "Open" button.
 Repeat the same steps for the jars which are present under the "libs" folder.
 Open "libs" folder, select all of the respective jar files and click on "Open" button.
 Once you get all the Selenium jar files in your Libraries tab, click on Apply and
Close button.
By this we had successfully configured Selenium WebDriver with Eclipse IDE. Now, we
are ready to write our test scripts in Eclipse and run it .
Driver.exe file:
Selenium uses drivers, specific to each browser in order to establish a secure connection
with the browser without revealing the internal logic of browser's functionality.
Driver.exe are diffirent from browser to brower.
We need to download and extract required driver.exe files from respective websites based
on your browser version and need to save to local system. When we are writing selenium
program we need to provide this driver path as below.

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System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
FirefoxBrowser – geckodriver.exe (https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases)

ChromeBrowser- chromedriver.exe (https://chromedriver.chromium.org/downloads)

Open Chromedriver.exe related url and click on required option based on chromeBrowser
version.

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Eventhough your system is windows 64 bit download Chromedriver_win32.zip which will
support for both .

By this we completed setup of selenium now we are ready to write selenium program in
eclipse.

HRMS – Project Test Cases :

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TC-Example for FirefoxDriver(firefox browser)
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
public class TC001_Login_Logout {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
//To Launch Browser
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
//TestCase steps
//To Enter URL
driver.navigate.to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
//To Enter Data in Text Box
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='txtPassword']")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
//To perform click on Action on button
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
//This statement is used in Selenium Automation to pause the execution for the
specified time.
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
//To perform click on Action on Link
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
System.out.println("Logout completed");
//To Close Browser
driver.close();
}
}

TC-Example for ChromeDriver(chrome browser)

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class TC_101 {
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
System.setProperty(“webdriver.chrome.driver”,”E:\\chromedriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver=new ChromeDriver();
driver.navigate.to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(2000);
driver.findElement (By.linkText ("Logout")).click();
driver.close();
}
}

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Example to Verify the application title and calling test data by using variables
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
public class TC_Verify {
public static String un = "nareshit";
public static String pw = "nareshit";
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
//Test Case steps
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
//getTitle()—Pre-defined method in selenium to retrieve Current Page Title
//equals()--- its Java Pre-Defined method to compare expected result and actual
result
if(driver.getTitle().equals("OrangeHRM - New Level of HR Management")) {
System.out.println("Title matched");
}
else {
System.out.println("Title not matched and expected title is "+driver.getTitle());
}
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='txtUserName']")).sendKeys(un);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='txtPassword']")).sendKeys(pw);
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
System.out.println("logout completed");
driver.close();
}
}

Mouse Over Actions in WebDriver

What is Mouse Hover Action?
A mouse hover is also called as hover. Mouse hover action is basically an action
where a user places a mouse over a designated area like a hyperlink. It can cause
some event to get triggered.
For Example, moving the mouse over an element on web page displays some pop-
up windows or maybe description boxes.

To perform mouseover, first we identify the element to be hovered in the web page
and then we perform the action of movetoelement using Actions class provided in
WebDriver
mouse events are done using the Advanced User Interactions API. It contains
the Actions and the Action classes that are needed when executing these events.

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Syntax :
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("PIM"));
Actions action = new Actions(driver);
action.moveToElement(element).build().perform();
The 'build()' method is used to compile all the list of actions into a single step and
ready to be performed.
// Example to perform mouseover on PIM main menu and click on AddEmployee
link
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;
public class mainmenu_MouseOver{
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver =new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
Thread.sleep(3000L);
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys("suresh");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys("suresh123");
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
//mouseover on pim mainmenu
/* We have created an instance of Actions class i.e. “action” to access methods of
Actions class and used WebElement to locating “PIM - menu” link on the homepage
with the help of “linkText” locator and storing it in a WebElement “element”. */
// moveToElement(toElement) --- Moves the mouse to the middle of the element.
Actions action = new Actions(driver);
// We need use the perform() method when executing the Action object
action.moveToElement(driver.findElement(By.linkText("PIM"))).perform();
Thread.sleep(3000);
//clicking on addemployee submenu link
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Add Employee")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Clicked on submenu");
driver.close();
}
}

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For practice Test case steps:

What is Iframe?
A web page which is embedded in another web page or an HTML document
embedded inside another HTML document is known as a frame.
The IFrame is often used to insert content from another source, such as an
advertisement, into a Web page. The <iframe> tag specifies an inline frame.
How to identify the frame ?
Perform inspect Element and Search with the ‘frame’/ 'iframe', if you can find any
tag name with the ‘frame’/ 'iframe' then it is meaning to say the page consisting an
frame/ iframe.
Methods to handle frames
To Enter – driver.switchTo().frame(“framename/frameid/index”)
To Exit - driver.switchTo().defaultContent()

switchTo().frame(index)
 This method allows users to switch to a particular frame using the frame
index.The frame index is a zero-based value which means the first frame of
the web page has the index 0, the second frame has the index 1, and the third
frame has the index 3 and so on.
 This method throws NoSuchFrameException when the required frame is not
found on the current web page.
switchTo().frame(name)
 This method allows users to switch to a particular frame using the developer-
defined name of the frame.

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 Frame name needs to be enclosed within double quotes for it to be considered
as a String parameter.
 This method throws NoSuchFrameException when the required frame is not
found on the current web page.
switchTo().frame(id)
 This method allows users to switch to a particular frame using the developer-
defined id of the frame.
 Frame name needs to be enclosed within double quotes for it to be considered
as a String parameter.
 This method throws NoSuchFrameException when the required frame is not
found on the current web page.

//Example for Frames

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
public class AddEmp {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='text']")).sendKeys("suresh");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='password']")).sendKeys("suresh123");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='Submit']")).click();
Thread.sleep(5000L);
//Entering into frame
driver.switchTo().frame("rightMenu"); //Enter into Frame
//Clicking on Add Button
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='standardView']/div[3]/div[1]/input[1]")).click();
Thread.sleep(2000L);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='txtEmpLastName']")).sendKeys("suresh");
Thread.sleep(2000L);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@name='txtEmpFirstName']")).sendKeys("selenium");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='btnEdit']")).click();
Thread.sleep(2000L);
System.out.println("New Employee Added");
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); //Exit from Frame
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='option-menu']/li[3]/a")).click();
driver.close();
}
}

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Alerts in WebDriver
What is Alert?
Alert is a small message box which displays on-screen notification to give the user
some kind of information or ask for permission to perform certain kind of operation.
It may be also used for warning purpose.
In General There are two types of alerts:
 Windows-based alert pop-ups
 Web-based alert pop-ups
Selenium can't handle window based alerts.To handle those kind of scenarios need
to use some third-party tools like Sikuli or Auto-it.

In this example we will understand handling webbased alerts using selenium.

Here are few alert scenarios
1)Simple Alert --This simple alert displays some information or warning on the
screen.

2) Prompt Alert--This Prompt Alert asks some input from the user and selenium
webdriver can enter the text using sendkeys(" text to enter").

3) Confirmation Alert--This confirmation alert asks permission to do some type of

operation.

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Syntax :
import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
Alert is an interface. below are the methods that are used to handle the alerts
To Click on OK button. - alert.accept();
To click on Cancel button - alert.dismiss()
To get the text which is present on the Alert. - alert.getText();
To pass the text to the prompt popup - alert.sendkeys();
Example for alerts
import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class PopUp {
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver =new FirefoxDriver ();
driver.get ("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
System.out.println (driver.getTitle ());
driver.findElement (By.name ("txtUserName")).sendKeys ("suresh");
driver.findElement (By.name ("Submit")).click ();
Thread.sleep (2000L);
Alert a= driver.switchTo ().alert ();
//To Retrive data from Alert
System.out.println (a.getText ());
//To click on Ok button on Alert
a.accept ();
driver.findElement (By.name ("txtPassword")).sendKeys ("suresh123");
driver.findElement (By.name ("Submit")).click ();
Thread.sleep (2000);
System.out.println ("Login completed");
driver.findElement (By.linkText ("Logout")).click ();
driver.close ();
}
}

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Keyboard Actions – Robot Class

Robot Class in Selenium:
In certain Selenium Automation Tests, there is a need to control keyboard or mouse to
interact with OS windows like Download pop-up, Alerts, Print Pop-ups, etc. or native
Operation System applications like Notepad, Skype, Calculator, etc.

Selenium Webdriver cannot handle these OS pop-ups/applications.In genereal while

working with selenium to handle these kind of scenarios need to take the help of third
party tools like Sikuli or Auto-it.

Integrating these tools will be an extrs activity for the tester,So reather going with third
party tools we can go-ahead using Robot Class.
Advantages of Robot Class
 Robot Class can simulate Keyboard and Mouse Event
 Robot class can suppour webbased application and Windows based application
 Robot Class can help in upload/download of files when using selenium web
driver
 No need of to identify any object to perform repective action
 Robot Class can easily be integrated with automation framework
Java.awt.Robot class is used to take the control of mouse and keyboard. Once you get

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the control, you can do any type of operation related to mouse and keyboard through
your java code. This class is used generally for test automation.
KeyPress(): This method is called when you want to press any key
KeyRelease(): This method is used to release the pressed key on the keyboard
Eg:
import java.awt.Robot;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
Robot r = new Robot();
To press TAB key from keyboard
r.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_TAB);
r.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_TAB);
To Press ENTER Key from Keyboard
r.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
r.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
//Example to perform Keyboard activities using Robot Class
import java.awt.Robot;
import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class TC_Robotclass {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
//Test case steps
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
System.out.println("Application Opened");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='txtPassword']")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
//Perform TAB & Enter using KeyBoard actions
Robot r = new Robot();
r.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_TAB);
r.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_TAB);

r.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
r.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
Thread.sleep(3000L);
System.out.println("Login completed");
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
System.out.println("Logout completed");
driver.close();
}
}

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//Example to perform keyboard activities using WebDriver and Auto Complete
Feature
Keys: keys is a pre-defined class available in Selenium ,which is used to perform
keyboard action. Keys will support only webbased scenarios not able to handle
windows related scenaios.

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.Keys;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class AutoComplete{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("https://www.google.co.in");
Thread.sleep(3000);
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("selenium suresh");
Thread.sleep(5000);
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN);
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Firsttime down arrow pressed");
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN);
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Second time down arrow pressed");
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("clicked on Enter btn");
driver.close();
}
}

Dropdown , Navigate and checkbox Methods

DropDown & Multiple Select Operations works together and almost the same way.
To perform any action, the first task is to identify the element group.as DropDown
/Multiple Select is not a single element. They always have a single name or id but
and they contains one or more than one elements in them.
Select Class in Selenium
WebDriver’s support classes called “Select”, which provides useful methods for
interacting with select options. User can perform operations on a select dropdown
and also de-select operation using the below methods.
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;
Select lstbox = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id(“dropdownid")));
Method Name: selectByVisibleText
lstbox.selectByVisibleText(“Text");
Method Name: selectByIndex
lstbox.selectByIndex(index);

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Method Name: selectByValue
lstbox.selectByValue(value);
Method Name: deselectByIndex
lstbox.deselectByIndex(index);
Navigate Methods
To move back a single "item" in the web browser's history. And it will not perform
any action if you are on the first page viewed.
navigate().back()
To move a single "item" forward in the web browser's history. And it will not
perform any action if we are on the latest page viewed.
navigate().forword()
This methods Load a new web page in the current browser window. This is done
using an HTTP GET operation, and the method will block until the load is complete.
URL – It should be a fully qualified URL.
navigate().to(url)
It refreshes the current web page
navigate().refresh()
Checkbox
check box on/off is also done using the click() method
//Example to select single value & Multipul values from dropdown
package webDriverExamples;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

public class TC_DropDown {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"G:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
System.out.println(driver.getTitle());
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(4000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
//Enter frame
driver.switchTo().frame("rightMenu");
//Select the value from search by dropdown
Select st = new Select(driver.findElement(By.name("loc_code")));
st.selectByVisibleText("Emp. ID");
Thread.sleep(4000);
driver.findElement(By.name("loc_name")).sendKeys("0071");

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Thread.sleep(4000);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Search']")).click();
Thread.sleep(4000);
//Clicking on checkbox
driver.findElement(By.name("chkLocID[]")).click();
Thread.sleep(4000);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='Delete']")).click();
Thread.sleep(4000);
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
System.out.println("Logout competed");
driver.close();
}
}

21.click on logout
22.close application

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WaitMethods (or) Synchronization
It is a mechanism which involves more than one component to work parallel with Each
other.
Why do users need Selenium Wait?
Most web applications are developed with Ajax and Javascript. When a page loads on a
browser, the various web elements that someone wants to interact with may load at
various time intervals.
This obviously creates difficulty in identifying any element. On top of that, if an element is
not located then the “ElementNotVisibleException” appears. Selenium Wait commands
help resolve this issue.
Selenium WebDriver provides wait in tests.
 Implicit Wait
 Explicit Wait

Thread.sleep()
In this we just specify timeout value only. We will make the tool to wait until certain
amount of time and then proceed further.
Implicit Wait: WebDriver waits for an element if they are not immediately available. So,
WebDriver does not throw NoSuchElementException immediately.
Implicit Wait directs the Selenium WebDriver to wait for a certain measure of time before
throwing an exception. Once this time is set, WebDriver will wait for the element before the
exception occurs.
To add implicit waits in test scripts, import the following package.
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
Syntax : driver.manage.TimeOuts.implicitwait(10,Duration.ofSeconds(3));
Here we wait for 10 seconds, after that it gives NoSuchElementException. If the element
present in 5 second then it should not wait for another 10 seconds.
Explicit Wait: Using Explicit Wait, we can tell WebDriver to wait for a certain condition to
occur before proceeding further in the execution. We can use some of the prebuilt
ExpectedConditions to wait for elements to become clickable, visible, invisible, etc.
Setting Explicit Wait is important in cases where there are certain elements that naturally
take more time to load. If one sets an implicit wait command, then the browser will wait for
the same time frame before loading every web element. This causes an unnecessary delay
in executing the test script.
Explicit wait is more intelligent, but can only be applied for specified elements. However, it
is an improvement on implicit wait since it allows the program to pause for dynamically
loaded Ajax elements.
In order to declare explicit wait, one has to use “ExpectedConditions”.
To use Explicit Wait in test scripts, import the following packages into the script.
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait
Then, Initialize A Wait Object using WebDriverWait Class.
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,30);
Here, the reference variable is named <wait> for the <WebDriverWait> class. It is
instantiated using the WebDriver instance. The maximum wait time must be set for the
execution to layoff. Note that the wait time is measured in seconds.

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Syntax : WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(3));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.name(“name")));
Difference between Implicit and Explicit Wait
Implicit Wait Explicit Wait
Applies to all elements in a test script. Applies only to specific elements as intended
by the user.
No need to specify “ExpectedConditions” Must always specify “ExpectedConditions”
on the element to be located on the element to be located
Most effective when used in a test case in Most effective when used when the elements
which the elements are located with the are taking a long time to load. Also useful for
time frame specified in implicit wait verifying property of the element such
as visibilityOfElementLocated,
elementToBeClickable,elementToBeSelected
//Example for wait method in webdriver
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
public class Explicitwait{
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='text']")).sendKeys("suresh");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='password']")).sendKeys("suresh123");
//Explicit Wait for element to be clickable
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 15);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//input[@type='Submit']"
)));
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='Submit']")).click();
//Implicit wait
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println("Login completed");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='option-menu']/li[3]/a")).click();
driver.close();
} }

File upload using WebDriver

//Example to upload an image for AddNewEmployee Test case
WebElement fileInput =
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='file'][@name='photofile']"));
fileInput.sendKeys("C:\\Users\\Public\\Pictures\\Sample Pictures\\Desert.jpg");
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("File uploaded successfully");

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JavaScript Executer
What are JavaScript Executors?
JavascriptExecutor interface is a part of org.openqa.selenium and implements
java.lang.Object class. JavascriptExecutor presents the capabilities to execute JavaScript
directly within the web-browser. To be able to execute the JavaScript, certain
mechanisms in the form of methods along with a specific set of parameters are provided
in its implementation.

JavaScript Executors
While automating a test scenario, there are certain actions those become an inherent part
of test scripts.
These actions may be:
•Clicking a button, hyperlink etc.
•Typing in a text box
•Scrolling Vertically or Horizontally until the desired object is brought into view
•And many more
But what if the selenium commands don’t work?

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Yes, it is absolutely possible that the very basic and elementary Selenium Commands
don’t work in certain situations.
That said, to be able to troubleshoot such situation, we shoulder JavaScript executors
into the picture.
Methods
ExecuteScript (String script, args)
As the method name suggests, it executes the JavaScript within the current window,
alert, frame etc (the window that the WebDriver instance is currently focusing on)
ExecuteAsyncScript (String script, args)
As the method name suggests, it executes the JavaScript within the current window,
alert, frame etc (the window that the WebDriver instance is currently focusing on)
The parameters and import statement are common to both the executor methods.
Parameters
Script – the script to be executed
Argument – the parameters that the script requires for its execution (if any)
Import statement
To be able to use JavascriptExecutors in our test scripts, we need to import the package
using the following syntax:
import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;
Sample Code
#1) clicking a web element
/ Locating the web element using id
WebElement element = driver.findElement (By.id ("id of the webelement"));
// Instantiating JavascriptExecutor
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
// clicking the web element
js.executeScript ("arguments [0].click ();", element);
#2) Typing in a Text Box
//Instantiating JavascriptExecutor
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
// Typing the test data into Textbox
js.executeScript("document.getElementById(‘id of the element’).value=’test data’;”);
#3) Scrolling down until the web element is in the view
WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[contains(@value,'Save')]"));
// Instantiating the javascriptExecutor and scrolling into the view in the single test step
((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);",element);
Sample Program
import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
public class JavaScriptExe {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

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//test casse steps
driver.get("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
System.out.println(driver.getTitle());

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='txtUserName']")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
//using javascriptExecuter to click on login btn
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("Submit"));
JavascriptExecutor executor = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
executor.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", element);
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
// using javascriptExecuter to click on logout
WebElement logout = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout"));
JavascriptExecutor executor1 = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
executor1.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", logout);
System.out.println("Logout completed");
driver.close();
}
}

Windows Handelers :
Get Window Handles. The Get Window Handles command of the WebDriver API
returns a list of all WebWindow s. Each tab or window, depending on whether you
are using a tabbed browser, is associated by a window handle that is used as a
reference when switching to the window
Note : for the html file refer htmlfiles folder in onedrive.
import java.util.ArrayList;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class WindowHandels {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("file:///D:/Suresh_Selenium/HtmlFiles/multiplewindows.html");
driver.findElement(By.id("btn1")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
driver.findElement(By.id("btn2")).click();
ArrayList<String> wind=new
ArrayList<String>(driver.getWindowHandles());
driver.switchTo().window(wind.get(0));
Thread.sleep(3000);
driver.quit(); }
}

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Example for WebTable /HTML Table:

Now in above html table need to retrieve the row and coloumn count after that
retrieve the data from particular cell and whole webtable.
Note : for the html file refer htmlfiles folder in onedrive.
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class Table {
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver ();
driver.get("url");
//Count Details
int row =driver.findElements(By.xpath("//table[@id='idCourse']/tbody/tr")).size();
int col
=driver.findElements(By.xpath("//table[@id='idCourse']/tbody/tr[1]/td")).size();
int rowcol
=driver.findElements(By.xpath("//table[@id='idCourse']/tbody/tr/td")).size();
System.out.println(row);
System.out.println(col);
System.out.println(rowcol);
//To get Data from particular Cell
String data1 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//table [@id='idCourse']/tbody/tr
[2]/td[2]")).getText();
System.out.println (data1);
//To get Data from all rows
for (int i=1;i<=row;i++) {
//for (int j=1;j<=col;j++) {
String data = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//table [@id='idCourse']/tbody/tr
["+i+"]")).getText ();
System.out.println(data);
}
}
driver.close();
}
}
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Examples for Excel Activities

Example for Excel Sheets using JXL.jar file
Reading the single row from the excel sheet
Note: To work with JXL we need to add JXL.jar file to the project
ExcelFileName : 12345.xls
EmpID EmpName EmpSal
101 aaa 10000
102 bbb 20000
103 ccc 15000
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import jxl.*;
public class Excel {
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
FileInputStream f1=new FileInputStream ("E:\\Selenium\\ReadExcel.xls");
Workbook w1=Workbook.getWorkbook(f1);
Sheet s1=w1.getSheet("Sheet1");
System.out.println(s1.getName());
int i=2; //reading data from one particular row
String EmpID=s1.getCell(0, i).getContents ();
String EmpName=s1.getCell(1, i).getContents ();
String EmpSal=s1.getCell(2, i).getContents ();
System.out.println(EmpID);
System.out.println(EmpName);
System.out.println(EmpSal); }
}

Reading all the rows in Excel sheet

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import jxl.*;
public class Excelloop {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
FileInputStream f1=new FileInputStream("E:\\Selenium\\ReadExcel.xls");
Workbook objwb=Workbook.getWorkbook (f1);
Sheet s1=objwb.getSheet(0);
int rows = s1.getRows(); //to get row count
System.out.println(rows);
for (int i=1;i<rows;i++) {
String EmpID=s1.getCell(0, i).getContents ();
String EmpName=s1.getCell(1, i).getContents ();
String EmpSal=s1.getCell(2, i).getContents ();
System.out.println(EmpID);
System.out.println(EmpName);
System.out.println(EmpSal); }
}
}

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Example for Excel Sheets using POI.jar file

Reading the data from the excel sheet and writing the data in particular cell
Note: To Work with POI we need to add below POI.jar files to the project.

Excel File name: 123.xlsx

EmpNo EmpName
101 Hari
102 Naveen/Test123 2ndRow,1stcol
103 suresh
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFCell;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFRow;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFSheet;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFWorkbook;
public class WriteExcelData {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
FileInputStream fis = new
FileInputStream("D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\WriteData.xlsx");
XSSFWorkbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook(fis);
XSSFSheet sheet = workbook.getSheet("test");
System.out.println(sheet.getSheetName());
System.out.println(sheet.getLastRowNum());
System.out.println("Before updating Cell Data "+sheet.getRow(2).getCell(1));
// Write the data to excel file
XSSFCell cell = sheet.getRow(2).getCell(1);
cell.setCellValue("Test123");
fis.close();
FileOutputStream fileOut=new
FileOutputStream("D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\WriteData.xlsx");
workbook.write(fileOut);
System.out.println("Updated data after write is done " + cell.getStringCellValue());
fileOut.close();
}
}

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Example for - Taking screensot on failure in webDriver
Note: Before writing the this program download and Add commons.io.jar file to project for
the purpose of getting access for FileUtils class
import java.io.File;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;

public class ScreenShot {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"G:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
try {
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys("nareshit");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys("nareshit");
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("PIM"));
Actions action = new Actions(driver);
action.moveToElement(element).perform();
Thread.sleep(3000L);
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Add Employee123")).click();
Thread.sleep(4000);
System.out.println("Clicked on submenu");
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
}
catch(Exception e) {
File f1 = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(f1, new File("g:\\TestResults.png"));
}
driver.quit();
}
}

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Example for - Drag and Drop in WebDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;
// Note: Add testing.jar file for accessing assert statement
import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
public class TC_DragandDrop {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"G:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("https://jqueryui.com/droppable/");
Thread.sleep(4000);
//Verify the title using assert statement
/*Verifying title using assert statement. The common functionality of assert statement is
,in case of condition is true then it will continue the execution , in case of condition is
failed then it will stop the execution*/
assertEquals("Droppable | jQuery UI",driver.getTitle());
System.out.println("Title Matched");
//Enter into Frame
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
Actions ac = new Actions(driver);
ac.dragAndDrop(driver.findElement(By.id("draggable")),
driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"))).perform();
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("DragandDropCompleted");
//Exit from frame
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
driver.close();
}
}
Before Executing the program

After Executing the program

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1. Diffirence between get() & navigate.to() method

2. Diffirence between close() & quit() method
3. Write a syntax to type the data in Textbox
4. Write a syntax to perform click activity in Webdriver
5. Write a syntax to verify the Title in webdriver
6. Write a code to execute the programs in Chrome/IE browsers
7. Write a code to Verify Text in webdriver using Assert stmt
8. Explain Frames in WebDriver
9. Write a code to retrieve the data from TextBox
10. Write a code to Handle Alerts in WebDriver
11. Explain Wait methods in Webdriver
12. How to Perfrom Click action with out using Click method
13. Diffirence between close() and quit() methods
14. What are the Technical challenges you faced while working with Selenium
Automation
15. List the common errors you faced while working with Selenium
16. Write a code to perform MoverOver
17. Write a code to Select single value & Multipul values from dropdown
18. Write a code to read the data from Excel
19. Write a code to get Row count & Coloum count from WebTable & Write a
code TO retrive data from particular cell
20. Write a code to Click on Yes/OK btn in Alert.

Automation Frameworks
What an Automation Framework is?
A test automation framework is a set of assumptions, concepts and tools that provide
support for automated software testing. The main advantage of such a framework is
the low cost for maintenance. If there is change to any test case then only the test case
file needs to be updated and the Driver Script and Startup script will remain the
same. Ideally, there is no need to update the scripts in case of changes to the
application.
Utility of Test Automation Framework
Provides an Outline of overall Test Structure
Ensures Consistency of Testing
Minimizes the Amount of Code for Development - thereby Less Maintenance
Maximizes Reusability
Reduces Exposure of Non-Technical Testers to Code
Enables Test Automation using Data
How Many Types of Automation Frameworks are there?
Generally there are 4 Types:
Data Driven Automation Framework
Keyword Driven Automation Framework
Modular Automation Framework
Hybrid Automation Framework

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Modular Framework
Modular Framework is the approach where all the test cases are first analyzed to find
out the reusable flows. Then while scripting, all these reusable flows are created as
functions and stored in external files and called in the test scripts wherever required.
Enables creation of Small, Independent Scripts representing
Modules & Functions of the Application under Test (AUT)
Test Library Architecture Framework:
Enables creation of Library Files representing Modules & Functions of the
Application under Test (AUT)
Objects defined by parameterized code (i.e., regular expressions)
Custom functions used to enhance workflow capabilities

Advantages of Modular Framework

•Test Scripts can be created in relatively less time as the reusable functions need to be
created only once.
• Effort required to create test cases is also lesser due to code reuse.
•If there are any changes in the reusable functions, the changes need to be done in
only a single place. Hence script maintenance is easier.
Disadvantages of Modular Framework
•Since data is still hardcoded in the script, the same test case cannot be run for
multiple data values without changing data after each run.
•Additional time is spent in analyzing the test cases to identify with reusable flows.
•Good programming knowledge is required to create and maintain function
libraries.
Packages- Steps to Design the Modular FrameWork from the scratch.
A package is a group of classes.If we create on package in eclipse it will be
considered as one folder in your eclipse workspace.

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Design the modular framework in eclipse as below.

Write the below code in each and every file as mentioned.

Project Suresh_Modular_Framework
Package com.hrms.LIB
general.java Maintains all the reusable fundtions
related to your project.
Eg:
openBrowser()
closeBrowser()
login()
logout()
addemp()
delemp()
etc….
global.java Maintains all the varibles & objects
related your project
Eg:
WebDriver driver,
application url,
UserName,
Password,
etc …
==========Objects==========
txt_UserName = "txtUserName"
btn_Login = "Submit"
link_logout = "Logout"
etc…
Package com.hrms.testscripts All the actual test cases need to written
in this package only
TC_HRMS_101
TC_HRMS_102
TC_HRMS_103
=====create com.hrms.LIB package and in that create global.java file=========
package com.hrms.lib;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
public class Global {
//===================Varibles info======================
public WebDriver driver;
public String url = "http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php";
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public String un = " nareshit ";
public String pw = " nareshit ";
//=======================Objects=====================
public String txt_loginname = "txtUserName";
public String txt_password = "txtPassword";
public String btn_login = "Submit";
public String link_logout = "Logout";
}
===========create general.java file in same package=========
package com.hrms.lib;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class general extends Global {
public void openapplication(){
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to(url); }
public void closebrowser(){
driver.quit();
}
public void login() throws Exception{
driver.findElement(By.name(txt_loginname)).sendKeys(un);
driver.findElement(By.name(txt_password)).sendKeys(pw);
driver.findElement(By.name(btn_login)).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
}
public void logout(){
driver.findElement(By.linkText(link_logout)).click(); }
public void addemp(){
System.out.println("adding new emp"); }
public void delmp(){
System.out.println("delete emp"); }
}
=======create all automation test scripts under the package of –
com.hrms.testscripts=======
package com.hrms.testscripts;
import com.hrms.lib.*;
public class TC_hrms_101 {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
general g = new general();
//test case steps
g.openapplication();
g.login();
g.addemp();
g.delmp();
g.logout();

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g.closebrowser();
}
}

Automate Below Test cases based on FrameWork:

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Crate a testsuite (By using xml) to execute end to end flow and then run above 3
test test cases.
1.TC_101_VerifyLogin
2.TC_102_AddNewEmp
3.TC_103_DelEmp
Note: Create automation scripts for below scenarios.(Company Location Test cases)
1.TC_101_VerifyLogin
2.TC_102_Add New Company Location
3.TC_103_Search For newly Added company Location
4.TC_104_Delete company Location
Note: Create automation scripts for below scenarios.(Company Property Test cases)
1.TC_101_VerifyLogin
2.TC_102_Add New Company property
3.TC_103_Delete company property

TestNG (http://testng.org)
Introduction
TestNG is a testing framework that overcomes the limitations of another popular
testing framework called JUnit. The "NG" means "Next Generation". Most Selenium
users use this more than JUnit because of its advantages. There are so many features
of TestNG, but we will only focus on the most important ones that we can use in
Selenium.

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Advantages of TestNG over JUnit
There are three major advantages of TestNG over JUnit:
Annotations are easier to understand
Test cases can be grouped more easily
Parallel testing is possible
Annotations in TestNG are lines of code that can control how the method below
them will be executed. They are always preceded by the @ symbol.
Writing a test is typically a three-step process:
Write the business logic of your test and insert TestNG annotations in your code.
Add the information about your test (e.g. the class name, the groups you wish to
run, etc...) in a testng.xml file or in build.xml.
Run TestNG
Some Information on TestNG as follows:
A suite is represented by one XML file. It can contain one or more tests and is
defined by the <suite> tag.
A test is represented by <test> and can contain one or more TestNG classes.
A TestNG class is a Java class that contains at least one TestNG annotation. It is
represented by the <class> tag and can contain one or more test methods.
A test method is a Java method annotated by @Test in your source.
A TestNG test can be configured by @BeforeXXX and @AfterXXX annotations which
allows to perform some Java logic before and after a certain point, these points being
either of the items listed above.

Below are the List of TestNG Annotations

Configuration information for a TestNG class:

@BeforeSuite: The annotated method will be run before all

tests in this suite have run.
@AfterSuite: The annotated method will be run after all
tests in this suite have run.
@BeforeSuite @BeforeTest: The annotated method will be run before any
@AfterSuite test method belonging to the classes inside the <test> tag is
@BeforeTest run.
@AfterTest @AfterTest: The annotated method will be run after all the
@BeforeGroups test methods belonging to the classes inside the <test> tag
@AfterGroups have run.
@BeforeClass @BeforeGroups: The list of groups that this configuration
@AfterClass method will run before. This method is guaranteed to run
@BeforeMethod shortly before the first test method that belongs to any of
@AfterMethod these groups is invoked.
@AfterGroups: The list of groups that this configuration
method will run after. This method is guaranteed to run
shortly after the last test method that belongs to any of
these groups is invoked.
@BeforeClass: The annotated method will be run before
the first test method in the current class is invoked.

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@AfterClass: The annotated method will be run after all
the test methods in the current class have been run.
@BeforeMethod: The annotated method will be run before
each test method.
@AfterMethod: The annotated method will be run after
each test method.
For before methods (beforeSuite, beforeTest,
beforeTestClass and beforeTestMethod, but not
beforeGroups): If set to true, this configuration method
alwaysRun will be run regardless of what groups it belongs to.
For after methods (afterSuite, afterClass, ...): If set to true,
this configuration method will be run even if one or more
methods invoked previously failed or was skipped.
dependsOnGroups The list of groups this method depends on.
dependsOnMethods The list of methods this method depends on.
enabled Whether methods on this class/method are enabled.
groups The list of groups this class/method belongs to.
If true, this method will belong to groups specified in the
inheritGroups
@Test annotation at the class level.
Marks a method as supplying data for a test method. The
annotated method must return an Object[][] where each
Object[] can be assigned the parameter list of the test
@DataProvider
method. The @Test method that wants to receive data from
this DataProvider needs to use a dataProvider name equals
to the name of this annotation.
The name of this data provider. If it's not supplied, the
name name of this data provider will automatically be set to the
name of the method.
If set to true, tests generated using this data provider are
parallel
run in parallel. Default value is false.
Marks a method as a factory that returns objects that will
@Factory be used by TestNG as Test classes. The method must
return Object[].
@Listeners Defines listeners on a test class.
value An array of classes that extend org.testng.ITestNGListener.
@Parameters Describes how to pass parameters to a @Test method.
The list of variables used to fill the parameters of this
value
method.
@Test Marks a class or a method as part of the test.

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If set to true, this test method will always be run even if it
alwaysRun
depends on a method that failed.
dataProvider The name of the data provider for this test method.
The class where to look for the data provider. If not
specified, the data provider will be looked on the class of
dataProviderClass the current test method or one of its base classes. If this
attribute is specified, the data provider method needs to be
static on the specified class.
dependsOnGroups The list of groups this method depends on.
dependsOnMethods The list of methods this method depends on.
description The description for this method.
enabled Whether methods on this class/method are enabled.
The list of exceptions that a test method is expected to
expectedExceptions throw. If no exception or a different than one on this list is
thrown, this test will be marked a failure.
groups The list of groups this class/method belongs to.
invocationCount The number of times this method should be invoked.
The maximum number of milliseconds this test should
take for the cumulated time of all the invocationcounts.
invocationTimeOut
This attribute will be ignored if invocationCount is not
specified.
The priority for this test method. Lower priorities will be
priority
scheduled first.
successPercentage The percentage of success expected from this method
If set to true, all the methods on this test class are
guaranteed to run in the same thread, even if the tests are
currently being run with parallel="methods". This attribute
singleThreaded
can only be used at the class level and it will be ignored if
used at the method level. Note: this attribute used to be
called sequential (now deprecated).
The maximum number of milliseconds this test should
timeOut
take.
The size of the thread pool for this method. The method
will be invoked from multiple threads as specified by
threadPoolSize invocationCount.
Note: this attribute is ignored if invocationCount is not
specified

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Installing TestNG in Eclipse
Step 1
Launch Eclipse.
On the menu bar, click Help.
Choose the "Install New Software..." option.

Step 2
In the Install dialog box, click the Add button

Step 3
In "Name", type TestNG.
In "Location", type http://beust.com/eclipse.
Click OK

Step 4
Notice that "TestNG - http://beust.com/eclipse" was populated onto the "Work
with:" textbox.
Check the "TestNG" check box as shown below, then click Next.
Note: In the latest Eclipse (Kepler) you don't have a checkbox for TestNG, instead
you click on question mark (help) icon which will open up the form, and you can
select all and installation will continue as for the remaining instructions. Thanks Jana
for the tip!

Step 5
Click next again on the succeeding dialog box until you reach the License Agreement
dialog.

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Click "I accept the terms of the license agreement" then click Finish.

Step 6
Wait for the installation to finish

If you encounter a Security warning, just click OK

Step 7
When Eclipse prompts you for a restart, just click Yes.

Step 8
After the restart, verify if TestNG was indeed successfully installed. Click Window >
Preferences and see if TestNG is included on the Preferences list.

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OR
Installation:
Select help menu option in eclipse
Select eclipse market place option
Search for TestNG plugin
Click on install btutton
Click on Next
Accept license
Click on finish btn
Restart eclipse
Step 2: download and Add Testng .Jar file to project
Go to TestNG.org site
Click on downloads
Click on “You can download the current release version of TestNG here”.
Add the .jar files to the project
Example:.
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class TC_TestNG {
@Test
public void login(){
System.out.println("login completed");
}
@Test(dependsOnmethods="login")
public void logout(){
System.out.println("Logout completed");
}
}
Note: in above example logout method will get executed only in case of login
method got passed other it will skip the logout method

Example for TestNG annotations

import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class ExampleForTestNgAnnotations {
@BeforeClass / @BeforeMethod
public void login(){
System.out.println("login completed");
}
@AfterClass / @AfterMethod
public void logout(){
System.out.println("logout completed");
}

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@Test(priority=2)
public void addemp() {
System.out.println("Adding new emp");
}
@Test(priority=1)
public void delemp() {
System.out.println("delete emp");
}
}
Output for @BeforeClass & @AfterClass :Note- @BeforeClass & @AfterClass will
executed only one time for the whole program
login completed
delete emp
Adding new emp
logout completed
Output for @BeforeMethod & @AfterMethod:Note-@BeforeMethod &
@AfterMethod will executed for every @Test method

login completed
delete emp
logout completed
login completed
Adding new emp
logout completed

Example for - Webdriver with Testng

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.testng.Reporter;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class WebDriverTestng {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeClass
public void Startup(){
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
}
@Test (description="OrangeHRM Login")
public void Login() throws Exception{
Reporter.log("Test case steps");
driver.get("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
Reporter.log("1.Application opened");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys("suresh");

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Reporter.log("2.typing user name");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys("suresh123");
Reporter.log("3.Typing password");
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
Reporter.log("4.login completed");
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
}
@AfterClass
public void teardown(){
driver.quit();
}
}

TestNG Sample Report

Example for – Excel + Webdriver +TestNG

Reading the username and password from excelsheet and inputing these values in
application using webdriver program and generating the Report with TestNG.
LoginExcel.xls
UserName Password
nareshit nareshit
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import jxl.Sheet;
import jxl.Workbook;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.testng.Reporter;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class TC_Excel_WD_TestNG {
public WebDriver driver;
@BeforeClass
public void Startup(){

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System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
}
@AfterClass
public void teardown(){
driver.quit();
}
@Test
public void login() throws Exception{
//Reading username and password from excel and assigning to variables
FileInputStream f1 = new FileInputStream("E:\\Selenium\\LoginExcel.xls");
Workbook w = Workbook.getWorkbook(f1);
Sheet s = w.getSheet(0);
String un = s.getCell(0,1).getContents();
String pw = s.getCell(1,1).getContents();
//Typing username and password from Excel file
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys(un);
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys(pw);
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
Reporter.log("Login completed");
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
Reporter.log("Logout completed");
}
}

Parallel Execution : Running the testcases with multipul browsers using WebDriver
with TestNG
This program will open the two browsers - one is Chrome and another is Firefox and it will
execute the test scrips parallel.
============= TC_101 =============
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver;
import org.testng.Reporter;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Parameters;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class TC_101 {
WebDriver driver;
@Test

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public void openFF() throws Exception {
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
Reporter.log("Opened HRMS application in Firefox Browser");
Thread.sleep(5000L);
}
@Parameters({"browser"})
@BeforeMethod
public void setUp(String browser) {
if(browser.equals("Firefox")) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
driver=new FirefoxDriver();
}
else if(browser.equals("IE")) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.ie.driver","E:\\Selenium\\WebDriver\\chromedri
ver_win32\\IEDriverServer.exe");
driver=new InternetExplorerDriver();
}
else if(browser.equals("Chrome")) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
driver=new ChromeDriver();
}
}
@AfterMethod
public void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
============= TC_102 =============
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver;
import org.testng.Reporter;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.Parameters;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
public class TC_102 {
WebDriver driver;
@Test
public void openChrome() throws Exception {
driver.navigate().to("http://www.google.com");
Thread.sleep(20000);
Reporter.log("Opened google page in Chrome Browser");

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Thread.sleep(20000);
}
@Parameters({"browser"})
@BeforeMethod
public void setUp(String browser) {
if(browser.equals("Firefox")) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
driver=new FirefoxDriver(); }
else if(browser.equals("IE")) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.ie.driver","E:\\Selenium\\IEDriverServer.exe");
driver=new InternetExplorerDriver(); }
else if(browser.equals("Chrome")) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
driver=new ChromeDriver(); }
}
@AfterMethod
public void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
======browser.xml============
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<suite name="parallel Suites" parallel="tests">
<test name="Test in GC">
<parameter name="browser" value="Chrome"/>
<classes>
<class name="com.hrms.parallel.TC_102"/>
</classes>
</test>
<test name="Test in FF">
<parameter name="browser" value="Firefox"/>
<classes>
<class name="com.hrms.parallel.TC_101"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

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WebDriver with TestNG Framework:
Steps to Integreate TestNg with our Existing Framework.(WebDriver + TestNG)
Design Framework structure as below in Eclipse

1.First make sure Framework is working fine with WebDriver

2.Intall TestNg in Eclispe
3.Add testng annotation in Actual Automation Sctips
4.Exeute Test Scripts using TestNg by that we need to need be able to see testNg/Html
reports to be generated
Framework code need to write as below.
Global.java (Not required any changes in this file)
package com.hrms.lib;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
public class Global {
//var
public WebDriver driver;
public String url = "http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php";
public String un= " nareshit";
public String pw= " nareshit";
//obj
public String txt_loginname= "txtUserName";
public String txt_password = "//input[@name='txtPassword']";
public String btn_login = "Submit";
public String link_logout = "Logout";
}
General.java(Not required any changes in this file)
package com.hrms.lib;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class General extends Global{

//re-fun
public void openApplication() {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to(url);

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System.out.println("Application Opened");
}
public void closeApplication() {
driver.quit();
System.out.println("Application closed");
}
public void login() throws Exception{
driver.findElement(By.name(txt_loginname)).sendKeys(un);
driver.findElement(By.xpath(txt_password)).sendKeys(pw);
driver.findElement(By.name(btn_login)).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
}
public void logout() {
driver.findElement(By.linkText(link_logout)).click();
System.out.println("Logout completed");
}
public void addEmp() {
System.out.println("Adding new emp");
}
public void delEMp() {
System.out.println("Delete emp");
}
}
TC_101(Remove main method and in place of that write any other method and add
@Test to invoke testNG)
package com.hrms.testscripts;
import com.hrms.lib.*;
public class TC_101 {
//public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
@Test
Public void tc101() throws Exception{
//Test case steps
General obj = new General();
obj.openApplication();
obj.login();
obj.logout();
obj.closeApplication();
}
}
TC_102(Remove main method and in place of that write any other method and add
@Test to invoke testNG)
package com.hrms.testscripts;
import com.hrms.lib.*;
public class TC_102 {
//public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{

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@Test
Public void tc102() throws Exception{
//test case steps
General obj = new General();
obj.openApplication();
obj.login();
obj.addEmp();
obj.delEMp();
obj.logout();
obj.closeApplication();
}
}
Sample html report shown as below:

Steps to Integreate TestSuite with our Existing Framework.

(WebDriver + TestNG+TestSuite)
1.Make Sure existing framework is working fine with WebDriver and TestNG
2.Create .xml for project(xml file name we can provide any thing for now I mentioned as
testng.xml)
3.Write required xml code in testng.xml file based on test case execution requirement
4.Right click on testng.xml and select the option as – Run as Testng Suite option to start
the test suite execution.
Design Framework structure as belwo in Eclipse

Framework code need to write as below

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Global.java(Not required any changes in this file)
package com.hrms.lib;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
public class Global {
//var
public WebDriver driver;
public String url = "http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php";
public String un = "nareshit";
public String pw = " nareshit";
//obj
public String txt_loginname = "txtUserName";
public String txt_password = "//input[@name='txtPassword']";
public String btn_login = "Submit";
public String link_logout = "Logout";
}
General.java - (Not required any changes in this file)
package com.hrms.lib;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class General extends Global{

//re-fun
public void openApplication() {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to(url);
System.out.println("Application Opened");
}
public void closeApplication() {
driver.quit();
System.out.println("Application closed");
}
public void login() throws Exception{
driver.findElement(By.name(txt_loginname)).sendKeys(un);
driver.findElement(By.xpath(txt_password)).sendKeys(pw);
driver.findElement(By.name(btn_login)).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
}
public void logout() {
driver.findElement(By.linkText(link_logout)).click();
System.out.println("Logout completed");
}
public void addEmp() {

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System.out.println("Adding new emp");
}
public void delEMp() {
System.out.println("Delete emp");
}
}
TC_101 - (Not required any changes in this file)
package com.hrms.testscripts;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import com.hrms.lib.*;
public class TC_101 {
//public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
@Test
public void tc101() throws Exception
{
//Test case steps
General obj = new General();
obj.openApplication();
obj.login();
obj.logout();
obj.closeApplication();
}
}
TC_102 - (Not required any changes in this file)
package com.hrms.testscripts;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import com.hrms.lib.*;
public class TC_102 {
//public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
@Test
public void tc102() throws Exception{
//test case steps
General obj = new General();
obj.openApplication();
obj.login();
obj.addEmp();
obj.delEMp();
obj.logout();
obj.closeApplication();
}
}
Testng.xml – code -- <classes code need to modify based on your execution >
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "http://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Default suite">
<test verbose="2" name="Default test">

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<classes>
<class name="com.hrms.testscripts.TC_101"/>
<class name="com.hrms.testscripts.TC_102"/>
</classes>
</test> <!-- Default test -->
</suite> <!-- Default suite -->
Sample TestNg results shown as below:

Hybrid Framework
Hybrid Framework is a framework that is created by combining different features of any of
the frameworks. Based upon your requirements, you can combine the features of any of the
frameworks to come up with your own version of Hybrid Framework.
It is a Combination of the Three Types of Frameworks described before
It has an Ability of Evolving Itself Over a Passage of Time and Over Many Projects
Advantages
The main advantage of this approach is that you can use the best features from all the types
of frameworks to create your own.
Disadvantages
The framework is highly complex and needs very good programming expertise and
experience to build a Hybrid Framework from scratch.
Design Project structure as below in Eclipse:
(WebDriver + TestNG+TestSuite+Log4j+Jenkins+Github)

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Note: While working with Selenium we had an option to implement Log4j also .In
below will discuss in detail to implement Log4j with our Framework.
Log4j-Logger
Selenium with Logs (Log4j)
Sometimes logging is considered to be an overhead upon the existing script creation
mechanism but experts considers it to be one of the best practices if used in the
accurate proportion because of the following advantages:
Advantages of Logging in Selenium Scripts:
Grants a complete understanding of test suites execution
Log messages can be stored in external files for post execution scrutiny
Logs are an exceptional assistant in debugging the program execution issues and
failures
Logs can also be reviewed to ascertain the application’s health by the stakeholders
Log4j – A Java based Logging API
Moving on to the technical details about logging, let us discuss the origin of the API
that we would be using throughout the log4j to generate logs. Log4j was a result of
collaborative efforts of people at Secure Electronic Marketplace for Europe to
develop a utility that would help us generating logs and hence the log4j came into
limelight in the year 1996. Log4j is an open source tool and licensed under IBM
Public License.
There are three main components that constitute the implementation of log4j. These
components represent the details about the log level, formats of the log message in
which they would be rendered and their saving mechanisms.
Constituents of Log4j
Loggers
Appenders

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Layouts
#1) Loggers
The following steps need to done in order to implement loggers in the project.
Step 1: Creating an instance of Logger class
Step 2: Defining the log level
Logger Class – It is a java based utility that has got all the generic methods already
implemented so that we are enabled to use log4j.
Log levels – Log levels are popularly known as printing methods. These are used for
printing the log messages. There are primarily five kinds of log levels.
error()
warn()
info()
debug()
log()
Thus, to be able to generate logs, all we need to do is to call any of the printing
method over the logger instance. We will have a broader look into it during the
implementation phase.
#2) Appenders
Now that we know how to generate these logs, the next thing that should pop up
into our minds is that where do I get to view the logs? The answer to this question
lies in the definition of “Appenders”.
Appenders are consistently used to specify the data source/medium where the logs
should be generated. The scope of data sources stretches from various external
mediums like console, GUI, text files etc.
#3) Layouts
At times, user wishes certain information to be pre – pended or appended with each
log statement. For example I wish to a print a timestamp along with my log
statement. Thus, such requirements can be accomplished by “Layouts”.
Layouts are a utility that allows the user to opt for a desired format in which the logs
would be rendered. Appenders and Layout have a tight coupling between them.
Thus, we are required to map each of the appender with a specific layout.
Take a note that user is leveraged to define multiple appenders, each mapped with a
distinct layout

Follow below Steps to Implement Log4j in our TestNG framework

Note: Make sure your project is working fine upto test suite and then implement
log4j by adding below steps.
1.Create one New Package as com.hrms.utility
2.Create one New Class with Class Name as Log.java
3.Create info() method in Log.java
4.Download log4j.jar (http://logging.apache.org/) file and add log4j.jar file to our
Project
5.Create one new Xml file and Name as log4j.xml
6.Copy the required the xml code to log4j.xml
7.Call Log.info() method in required functions on General.java file
8.Finally call and configure log4j.xml in Each and every TestCase

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Log.java – write code as below.

package com.hrms.utility;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
public class Log {
//Initialize Log4j logs
private static Logger Log = Logger.getLogger(Log.class.getName());
// Need to create these methods, so that they can be called
public static void info(String message) {
Log.info(message);
}
public static void error(String message) {
Log.error(message);
}
}
Log4j.xml --- copy below code in log4j.xml and not required any changes in .xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE log4j:configuration SYSTEM "log4j.dtd">
<log4j:configuration xmlns:log4j="http://jakarta.apache.org/log4j/" debug="false">
<appender name="fileAppender" class="org.apache.log4j.FileAppender">
<param name="Threshold" value="INFO" />
<param name="Append" value="true" />
<param name="File" value="logfile.log"/>
<layout class="org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout">
<param name="ConversionPattern" value="%d %-5p [%c{1}] %m %n" />
</layout>
</appender>
<root>
<level value="INFO"/>
<appender-ref ref="fileAppender"/>
</root>
</log4j:configuration>

Global.java – not required any changes in this file

package com.hrms.lib;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
public class Global {
//var
public WebDriver driver;
public String url = "http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php";
public String un = "nareshit";
public String pw = "nareshit";
//obj
public String txt_loginname = "txtUserName";
public String txt_password = "//input[@name='txtPassword']";

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public String btn_login = "Submit";
public String link_logout = "Logout";
}
General.java –Add Log.info() method in all required functions

package com.hrms.lib;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.testng.Reporter;
import com.hrms.utility.Log;
public class General extends Global{
//re-fun
public void openApplication() {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to(url);
System.out.println("Application Opened");
Reporter.log("Application Opened");
Log.info("Application Opened");
}
public void closeApplication() {
driver.quit();
System.out.println("Application closed");
Log.info("Application closed");
}
public void login() throws Exception{
driver.findElement(By.name(txt_loginname)).sendKeys(un);
driver.findElement(By.xpath(txt_password)).sendKeys(pw);
driver.findElement(By.name(btn_login)).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
Log.info("Login completed");
}
public void logout() {
driver.findElement(By.linkText(link_logout)).click();
System.out.println("Logout completed");
Log.info("Logout completed");
}
public void addEmp() {
System.out.println("Adding new emp");
Log.info("Add new emp");
}
public void delEMp() {
System.out.println("Delete emp");
Log.info("Del emp");

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}
}
TC_101 – configure log4j.xml in each and every test script
package com.hrms.testscripts;
import org.apache.log4j.xml.DOMConfigurator;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import com.hrms.lib.*;
public class TC_101 {
//public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
@Test
public void tc101() throws Exception
{
//Test case steps
DOMConfigurator.configure("log4j.xml");
General obj = new General();
obj.openApplication();
obj.login();
obj.logout();
obj.closeApplication();
}
}

TC_102 – configure log4j.xml

package com.hrms.testscripts;
import org.apache.log4j.xml.DOMConfigurator;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import com.hrms.lib.*;
public class TC_102 {
//public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
@Test
public void tc102() throws Exception{
//test case steps
DOMConfigurator.configure("log4j.xml");
General obj = new General();
obj.openApplication();
obj.login();
obj.addEmp();
obj.delEMp();
obj.logout();
obj.closeApplication();
}
}

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testng.xml --- update <classes code based on test case execution requirement>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "http://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Default suite">
<test verbose="2" name="Default test">
<classes>
<class name="com.hrms.testscripts.TC_101"/>
<class name="com.hrms.testscripts.TC_102"/>
</classes>
</test> <!-- Default test -->
</suite> <!-- Default suite -->

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now execute the test case, once execution had completed its need be generate logfile
as below.

Jenkins
Jenkins - History
2005 - Hudson was first release by Kohsuke Kawaguchi of Sun Microsystems
2010 – Oracle bought Sun Microsystems
Due to a naming dispute, Hudson was renamed to Jenkins
Oracle continued development of Hudson (as a branch of the original)
About Jenkins
Jenkins is an open source tool written in Java.
Jenkins is CI (Continuous Integration) tool which will help you to run test in easy manner.
Jenkins is a self-contained, open source automation server which can be used to automate
all sorts of tasks related to building, testing, and delivering or deploying software.
Steps to configure Jenkins with Selenium
1.Generate batch file
2.Download Jenkins .exe file and Install the same
3.Configure pre-defined settings(JDK path and Email Configuration)
4.Create a job Schedule
Steps to Generate bacth file
Create lib folder in project root directory

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Copy all the required jar files to run the project in to created lib folder

Create new notepad file and provide the code as below.(Note: project location will be your
project path of workspace)
set projectLocation=D:\seleniumTrg_ws\Day_MFW_105
cd %projectLocation%
set classpath=%projectLocation%\bin;%projectLocation%\lib\*
java org.testng.TestNG %projectLocation%\testng.xml

Save the file as run.bat ,by then batch file will be created

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Perform double click on run.bat , by that you should be able to see that scripts are running.
Once scripts are running then we can confirm batch file created successfully.
Steps to Install Jenkins
Got to https://jenkins.io/download/ and select the platform. In my system working with
Windows

Unzip the file to a folder and double click on the Jenkins.exe file

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Click “Next” to start the installation.

Click the “Change…” button if you want to install Jenkins in another folder. In this
example I will keep the default option and click on the “Next” button.

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Click the “Install” button to start the installation process.

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The installation is processing.

When done, click the “Finish” button to complete the installation process.

During the installation process an info panel may pop-up to inform the user that for a
complete setup, the system should be rebooted at the end of the current installation. Click
on OK button when the Info panel is popping-up:

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You will automatically be redirected to a local Jenkins page, or you can paste the URL
http://localhost:8080 in a browser.

To unlock Jenkins, copy the password from the file at C:\Program Files
(x86)\Jenkins\secrets\initialAdminPassword and paste it in the Administrator password
field. Then, click the “Continue” button.

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You can install either the suggested plugins or selected plugins you choose. To keep it
simple, we will install the suggested plugins.

Wait until the plugins are completely installed.

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The next thing we should do is create an admin user for Jenkins. Put in your details and
click “Save and Continue”.

Click “Save and Finish” to complete the Jenkins installation.

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Now, click “Start using Jenkins” to start Jenkins.

Finally, Jenkins page shown as below.

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Configure pre-defined settings(JDK path and Email Configuration)

In Jenkins HomePage click on Manage Jenkins option

Now click on Global Tool Configuration option

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Now, set the JDK path. – Click on JDK installation button or Add JDK button.

Provide JDK Name as JAVA_HOME and JAVA_HOME (JDK path installed in your
system) ,make sure you Uncheck the install automatically check box

Click on Apply and Save buton

Next again Goto Manage Jenkins page and click on Configure System option to configure
E-mail notification details

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Provide required details as below,username and password will be yours gmail id and that
gmail password need to be entered.

Next click on SAVE and APPLY button

Create a job Schedule – To Execute Selenium TestScripts with Jenkins

In Jenkins HomePage click on New Item
- Select FreeStyle Project, as selected in the image
- Provide any job a name by writing it in Item Name text box
- Now, click on OK

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Click on Advanced button

Click on use custom workspace checkbox and give your Selenium script project workspace
path – (provide path including java project name)

Then go to Build and Select – Execute Windows batch command option from the drop-
down box.

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Provide the batch file name which you created in project workspace

To run build automatically provide schedule details by clicking on Build periodically check
box opion[This setting is optional]

Select E-mail notification option from Post-build Actions option(Note : selecting this option
is Optional) ,Provide email id to whom jekins need to be send an e-mail notification of
build status

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Now click on Apply button after that click on save button.

Then goto homepage - created job will be shown

To execute the script from Jenkins(manually) now click on created job and select BuildNow
option by that it will execute the program will provide the results

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Now you will be able to see build is executing and status shown as below

Click on build which u excuted to see the execution log information and then click on
Console output option, then it will shows the execution log information

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Git HUB(https://github.com/)
Github is a repository on web, which support all the feature of revision control and source
code management
Steps to Integreate GitHub with Selenium Project in Eclipse:
Create an account in github with your valid email and other information.
Login to github account and create new repository

Specify the name of the repository, description and click on create repository.

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Copy new generated URL of your repository and save in textfile to use in futher steps

Note : Create github password token and Save the password in text file to use in further
steps
https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/keeping-your-account-and-data-
secure/creating-a-personal-access-token

Now open Eclipse and Select project which we want to upload on github.
Perform right click on project and Go to team section and Select share project.

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Select checkbox and click on Create Repository button

Click on Finish button

Perform right click on created project.
Navigate to Team option and click on Commit option

Select the required files to upload from Unstaged Changes box and click on + symbol, by
that those files will be moved to Staged Chnages box.

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Selected file got moved to Staged Changes box

Provide commit message ,author and committer details and click on commit button

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Perform right click on project and navigate to Team Remote Push

Provide your Git url whih you created with valid login details(password is github token)

Click on Next button and then click on Add all branches Spec button

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Click on Force Update checkbox and then click on Finish button

Once we are getting this window we completed to push the code to git reposity.
To confirm we can goto git repository and check either code is moved to repository or not

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Note: if required we can download this code into another team member system and then
we can make required modifications.

POM - PageObjectModel
Why POM --- The main advantage of Page Object Model is that if the UI changes
for any page, it don’t require us to change any tests, we just need to change only the
code within the page objects (Only at one place). Many other tools which are using
selenium are following the page object model.
What is POM?
Page Object Model is a design pattern to create Object Repository for web UI
elements.
Under this model, for each web page in the application there should be
corresponding page class.
This Page class will find the WebElements of that web page and also contains Page
methods which perform operations on those WebElements.
Name of these methods should be given as per the task they are performing
Advantages of POM :
Page Object Patten says operations and flows in the UI should be separated from
verification. This concept makes our code cleaner and easy to understand.
Second benefit is the object repository is independent of testcases, so we can use the
same object repository for a different purpose with different tools. For example, we
can integrate POM with TestNG/JUnit for functional testing and at the same time
with JBehave/Cucumber for acceptance testing.
Code becomes less and optimized because of the reusable page methods in the POM
classes.
Methods get more realistic names which can be easily mapped with the operation
happening in UI.

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Try with POM framework as below structure –

Write the code as below :

BaseClass.java –
package com.hrms.utility;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.testng.Reporter;

public class BaseClass {

public static WebDriver driver;
public static void openApplication() {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"D:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
Reporter.log("Application Opened");
}
public static void closeApplication() {
driver.quit();
Reporter.log("Application closed");
}
}

LoginPage.java--
package com.hrms.pages;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.testng.Reporter;

import com.hrms.utility.*;

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public class LoginPage extends BaseClass{
//obj
static By txt_loginname = By.name("txtUserName");
static By txt_password = By.name("txtPassword");
static By btn_login = By.name("Submit");
//fun
public static void login(String un,String pw) throws Exception{
driver.findElement(txt_loginname).sendKeys(un);
driver.findElement(txt_password).sendKeys(pw);
driver.findElement(btn_login).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
Reporter.log("Login completed");
}
}

LogoutPage.java –
package com.hrms.pages;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.testng.Reporter;

import com.hrms.utility.*;
public class LogoutPage extends BaseClass{
//obj
static By link_logout = By.linkText("Logout");
//fun
public static void logout() {
driver.findElement(link_logout).click();
Reporter.log("Logout completed");
}
}
VerifyPage.java
package com.hrms.pages;
import org.testng.Reporter;

import com.hrms.utility.*;
public class VerifyPage extends BaseClass{
public static void verifyTitle(String title) {
if(driver.getTitle().equals(title)) {
Reporter.log("Title matched");
}
else {
Reporter.log("Title not matched and expected title is " + driver.getTitle());
}
}
}

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TC_101.java –
package com.hrms.testscripts;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import com.hrms.pages.LoginPage;
import com.hrms.pages.LogoutPage;
import com.hrms.pages.VerifyPage;
import com.hrms.utility.BaseClass;

public class TC_101 {

//test case steps
@Test
public static void tc101() throws Exception{
BaseClass.openApplication();
VerifyPage.verifyTitle("HRMS");
LoginPage.login("nareshit", "nareshit");
VerifyPage.verifyTitle("OrangeHRM");
LogoutPage.logout();
BaseClass.closeApplication();
}
}
Based on project requiremt we can continue implementing in remaining features
too.

Apache-MAVEN
MAVEN INTRODUCTION
Apache Maven, an open source build framework that can be used to build projects
and it provides developers a complete build life-cycle framework.
Originally Maven was designed to simplify building processes in Jakarta Turbine
project.
The Main Objectives of Maven are:
•It follows the best practices and standards which helps new developers coming into
a project
•It provides quality information of the project like test reports, dependency list etc.
•It provides a uniform build system with its project object Model.
Maven is a project management tool, provides concept of a project object model
(POM) file to manage project’s build, dependency and documentation. The most
powerful feature is able to download the project dependency libraries
automatically
Let see how to configure eclipse with maven for selenium: (assuming eclipse is
already there or you can go to
http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/packages/release/juno/sr2)
Launch the Eclipse IDE.
Create a new project by selecting File |New | Other from Eclipse Main Menu.
On the New dialog, select Maven |Maven Project as shown in the following
screenshot:

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Next, the New Maven Project dialog will be displayed. Select the Create a
simple project (skip archetype selection) check-box and set everything to default and
click on the Next button as shown in the following screenshot:

On the New Maven Project dialog box, enter base package name (like
com.myproject.app) in Group Id and project name (like myproject) in Artifact Id
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textboxes. You can also add a name and description. Set everything to default and
click on the Finish button as shown in the following screenshot:

Eclipse will create the project with a structure (in Package Explorer) similar to the
one shown in the following screenshot:

Right-click on JRE System Library [J2SE-1.5] and select the Properties option
from the menu.
On the Properties for JRE System Library [J2SE-1.5] dialog box, make sure
Workspace default JRE (jre7) is selected. If this option is not selected by default,
select this option.
Note: The JRE version might change based on the Java version installed on your
machine.

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Click on the OK button to save the change as shown in the following screenshot:

Select pom.xml from Package Explorer. This will open the pom.xml file in the
editor area with the Overview tab open. Select the pom.xml tab instead.
Add the WebDriver and testng dependencies highlighted in the following code
snippet, to pom.xml in the <project> node:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.myproject.app</groupId>
<artifactId>myproject</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>3.12.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.testng</groupId>
<artifactId>testng</artifactId>
<version>6.8.0</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>

Cucumber
What are the benefits?
1. It is helpful to involve business stakeholders who can't easily read code
2. Cucumber focuses on end-user experience
3. Style of writing tests allow for easier reuse of code in the tests
4. Quick and easy set up and execution
5. Efficient tool for testing
Introduction
Cucumber introduces the notion of “features” which describe the behavior you wish
to test. The Feature is then broken down into a number of different “scenarios”
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which comprise the test you wish to execute which will subsequently validate the
feature. Each scenario is further broken down into a number of “steps” which
describe the execution path of each scenario. Typically, these follow a strict “given-
when-then” format which aids consistency and provides a clear Template for writing
acceptance tests.
Testing with Cucumber
Cucumber is a testing framework that helps to bridge the gap between software
developers and business managers. Tests are written in plain language based on
the behavior-driven development (BDD) style of Given, When, Then, which any
layperson can understand. Test cases are then placed into feature files that cover one
or more test scenarios. Cucumber interprets the tests into the specified programming
language and uses Selenium to drive the test cases in a browser. Our tests are
translated into Java code.
The Given, When, Then syntax is designed to be intuitive. Consider the syntax
elements:
Given provides context for the test scenario about to be executed, such as the point
in your application that the test occurs as well as any prerequisite data.
When specifies the set of actions that triggers the test, such as user or subsystem
actions.
Then specifies the expected result of the test.

Steps to install Cucumber plugin installation in Eclipse :

1. Open Eclipse IDE then go to Help menu, and click "Install New Software".

2. After clicking "Install New Software", a window will be prompted, on this window,
click the "Add" button.

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3. After clicking the "Add" button, give the Name in the in the text box as per your
choice. We provided "Cucumber".
Now, in the Location text box type "http://cucumber.github.com/cucumber-
eclipse/update-site" [OR] "http://cucumber.github.io/cucumber-eclipse/update-
site"as location and then click OK.

4. Now, you will come back on the previous window, but this time you will see
"Cucumber Eclipse Plugin" in the software list. Just click "Check Box" and then the
"Next" button.

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5. Now, click on the "Next" button.

6. Click the check box "I accept the terms of the license agreement" on the license
window then click Finish.

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7. Now, the installation will be started. It can take some time to be completed.

8. If you encounter a Security warning, just click OK. Or In case of runanyway button
displayed then click on runanyway button

9. The installation has been completed, now just click "Yes" button.

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By this we are completing installing cucumber plugin in eclipse.

Steps to implement Selenium with Cucumber

1. Getting started - Open Eclipse and create a new Maven project
2. Add Maven dependencies
In your pom.xml, add the following dependencies:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>hrms</groupId>
<artifactId>Cuc_hrms</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>3.12.0</version>
</dependency>

<dependency>
<groupId>info.cukes</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-java</artifactId>
<version>1.2.5</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>

<dependency>
<groupId>info.cukes</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-junit</artifactId>
<version>1.2.5</version>
</dependency>

</dependencies>
</project>
Note : In case of JAVA Project download below jarfiles & Add to project & Make sure that
core, java and junit files all need to be the same file version

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3. Create a feature file as “hrms.feature” . This file contain below scenario.

@Application
Feature: Verify Title

Scenario: Verify Title

Given Open Application
When Verify Title
Then Close Application

4. Now need to create step definition file for above scenario and implement webdriver
automation code. So Create a java file “TC001.java” and write below code:
package com.hrms;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;
import cucumber.api.java.en.When;

public class TC001 {

public WebDriver driver;
@Given("^Open Application$")
public void openbrowser(){
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"G:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
System.out.println("Application opened");
}
@When("^Verify Title$")
public void verifyTitle() {
System.out.println("Verifying the Title");
}

@Then("^Close Application$")

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public void closebrowser() {
driver.quit();
System.out.println("Login page should be shown");
}
}

5.Now create “TestRun.java” which defines cucumber-jvm configuration and write

below code
package com.hrms;

import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import cucumber.api.CucumberOptions;
import cucumber.api.junit.Cucumber;

@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(format={"pretty","html:target/cucumber-html-
report"},tags={"@Application"})

public class TestRun {

6. Now you can exeute the program by using two option one is feature file and another
one is TestRun
Rightclick on hrms.feature file and Select Run as Cucumbe feature. Or Right click on
TestRun file and Select Run as JunitTest
Results log need to shown as below

Html Results shown in the target folder as below as below.

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Project structure shown as below.

Steps to execute Group of Scenarios using Cucumber

1. Getting started - Open Eclipse and create a new Maven project
2. Add Maven dependencies
In your pom.xml, add the following dependencies:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>hrms</groupId>
<artifactId>Cuc_hrms</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>3.12.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>info.cukes</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-java</artifactId>
<version>1.2.5</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>info.cukes</groupId>
<artifactId>cucumber-junit</artifactId>
<version>1.2.5</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>

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3. Create a feature file as “hrms.feature” and provide scenarios details as below.

@Application
Feature: Verify Title

Scenario: Verify Title

Given Open Application
When Verify Title
Then Close Application

@LoginLogout
Scenario: LoginandLogout
Given Open Application
When Type username and password and click on Login button
When Click on Logout
Then Close Application
4. Now need to create step definition file for above scenarios and implement webdriver
automation code. So Create a java file “TC001.java” and write below code:
package com.hrms;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Given;
import cucumber.api.java.en.Then;
import cucumber.api.java.en.When;

public class TC001 {

public WebDriver driver;
@Given("^Open Application$")
public void openbrowser(){
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"G:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
System.out.println("Application opened");
}
@When("^Verify Title$")
public void verifyTitle() {
System.out.println("Verifying the Title");
}
@When("^Type username and password and click on Login button$")
public void login() {
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
System.out.println("Login completed");
}
@When("^Click on Logout$")
public void logout() {

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driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
System.out.println("Logout Completed");
}
@Then("^Close Application$")
public void closebrowser() {
driver.quit();
System.out.println("Login page should be shown");
}
}
5.Now create “TestRun.java” which defines cucumber-jvm configuration and write
below code
package com.hrms;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import cucumber.api.CucumberOptions;
import cucumber.api.junit.Cucumber;

@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(format={"pretty","html:target/cucumber-html-
report"},tags={"@Application,@LoginLogout"})

public class TestRun {

6. Now you can exeute the program by using TestRun file

Rightclick on hrms.feature file and Select Run as Cucumbe feature. Or Right click on
TestRun file and Select Run as JunitTest
Results log need to shown as below

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Html Results shown in the target folder as below as below.

-In Eclipse Project Structure shown as below.

Sikuli Automation Tool

Introduction
Sikuli is a tool to automate graphical user interfaces (GUI) using “Visual Image
Match” method. In Sikuli, all the web elements should be taken as an image and
stored inside the project. Sikuli will trigger GUI interactions based on the image
visual match, the image which we have passed as the parameter along with all
methods.
Sikuli can be very much useful to automate flash objects (which do not have ID or
name). It can be useful in the situation, where we have a stable GUI (i.e. GUI
components not changing).
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Even Window based applications can also be automated using Sikuli. Sikuli
provides very friendly Sikuli-script.jar, which can be easily used together with
Selenium WebDriver. We can even automate Adobe Video/Audio player, Flash
Games on website using Sikuli. With simple API, it makes coding easier.
Practical Uses

Sikuli can be used to automate Flash Objects / Flash Websites.

It can be useful to automate Window based application. We can automate what we
are seeing on the screen.
It provides, simple API. i.e. all methods can be accessed using screen class object.
It can be easily integrated with Selenium and all other tools.
Using Sikuli we can automate desktop applications.
Most of the automation testing tools will not support flash object automation (E.g.
Selenium). Sikuli provides extensive support to automate flash objects.
It uses powerful “Visual Match” mechanism to automate desktop & flash objects.
Benefits

Open source Tool.

One of the biggest advantages of Sikuli is that, it can easily automate Flash objects.
It makes easy to automate windows application.
When you’re testing an application under development and you don’t know the
ID/name of the elements, then you can go with Sikuli. It will check the appearance
of the image and if match found, it will interact with the image accordingly.

Prerequisites:
Before getting started, we need to download and install the following software:
Any screenshot capturing tool (E.g. DuckCapture, or qSnap or Snipping Tool)

DownLoad and Add Sikuli Jarfile to java project and continue writing the sikuli
program.

Example for - SIKULI + SELENIUM WEBDRIVER

import org.junit.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.sikuli.script.App;
import org.sikuli.script.FindFailed;
import org.sikuli.script.Pattern;
import org.sikuli.script.Screen;
public class sikuliFirstTest {
@Test
public void functionName() throws FindFailed {
// Create a new instance of the Firefox driver

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System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
// And now use this to visit Google
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
//Create and initialize an instance of Screen object
Screen screen = new Screen();
//Add image path
Pattern image = new Pattern("C:\\searchButton.png");
//Wait 10ms for image
screen.wait(image, 10);
//Click on the image
screen.click(image);
}
}

Example for - TC_adding new emp –Clicking on browse button and selecting an file to
upload an image using WebDriver with Sikuli
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.sikuli.script.Pattern;
import org.sikuli.script.Screen;
public class WinPopup {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
System.setProperty(“webdriver.gecko.driver”,”E:\\geckodriver.exe”);
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='text']")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='password']")).sendKeys(“nareshit”);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='Submit']")).click();
Thread.sleep(5000L);
//Selecting the frame
driver.switchTo().frame("rightMenu");
//Clicking on Add Button
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='standardView']/div[3]/div[1]/input[1]")).click();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='txtEmpLastName']")).sendKeys("aaa");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@name='txtEmpFirstName']")).sendKeys("bbb");
try {
//Create and initialize an instance of Screen object
Screen screen = new Screen();
//Add image path
Pattern browse = new Pattern("C:\\Images\\Browse.png");
Pattern pictures = new Pattern("C:\\images\\pictures.png");
Pattern samplepictures = new Pattern("C:\\images\\samplepictures.png");

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Pattern Desertimage = new Pattern("C:\\images\\Desertimage.png");
Pattern Openbtn = new Pattern("C:\\images\\Openbtn.png");
//Wait 10ms for image
screen.wait(browse, 10);
//Click on the image
screen.click(browse);
screen.wait(pictures, 10);
screen.click(pictures);
screen.wait(samplepictures, 10);
screen.click(samplepictures);
screen.wait(Desertimage, 10);
screen.click(Desertimage);
screen.wait(Openbtn, 10);
screen.click(Openbtn);
}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='btnEdit']")).click();
Thread.sleep(2000L);
System.out.println("New Employee Added");
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='option-menu']/li[3]/a")).click();
driver.quit();
}
}

Selenium GRID
What is need of Selenium Grid?
Selenium Grid– A distributed test execution environment to speed up the execution
of a test pass.
Here are few problems with such a setup:
What if you want to execute your test cases for different Operating Systems?
How to run your test cases in different version of same browser?
How to run your test cases for multiple browsers?
Why a scenario should wait for execution of other test cases even if it does not
depend upon any test cases?
All these problems are addressed in Selenium GRID.
How we can overcome to these problems
Basically Grid architecture is based on master slave architecture. Master machine
distributes test cases to different slave machines.
There are 2 versions of Grid available. Selenium Grid 2.0 is the latest from Selenium.
Selenium 1.0 was the earlier version. Most of the Selenium experts prefer using
Selenium Grid 2.0 as it is packed with new features. Selenium Grid 2.0 supports both
Selenium RC and Selenium WebDriver scripts.
Benefits of Selenium Grid:

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Selenium Grid gives the flexibility to distribute your test cases for execution.
Reduces batch processing time.
Can perform multi browser testing.
Can perform multi OS testing.
Basic terminology of Selenium Grid:
Hub: Hub is central point to the entire GRID Architecture which receives all
requests. There is only one hub in the selenium grid. Hub distributes the test cases
across each node.
Node: There can be multiple nodes in Grid. Tests will run in nodes. Each node
communicates with the Hub and performs test assigned to it.

Install Selenium GRID

Step 1: Download Selenium Server jar file from Selenium’s official website which is
formerly known as Selenium RC Server and save it at any location on the local disk.
URL of selenium HQ: http://www.seleniumhq.org/download/
Step 2: Open command prompt and navigate to folder where the server is located.
Run the server by using below command
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-3.12.0.jar -role hub
http://localhost:4444/grid/console --- To check the node status
The hub will use the port 4444 by default. This port can be changed by passing the
different port number in command prompt provided the port is open and has not
been assigned a task.
Status can be checked by using the web interface:
Step 3: Go to the other machine where you intend to setup Nodes. Open the
command prompt and and navigate to folder where the server is located and then
run the below line.
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-3.12.0.jar -role node -hub
http://localhost:4444/grid/register -port 5556
{OR}
java -Dwebdriver.gecko.driver= D:\Suresh_Selenium\Drivers\geckodriver.exe -
jar selenium-server-standalone-3.12.0.jar -role node -hub
http://localhost:4444/grid/register -port 5556
Note : Once hub and node started successfully then you can start the executing
webdriver program.

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Sample program for Grid
package com.hrms.parallel;
import java.net.URL;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.Platform;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
public class TC_Grid {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
"G:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\geckodriver.exe");
DesiredCapabilities caps = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
//FirefoxOptions ff = new FIREFOX_OPTIONS().
//caps.setVersion("20");
caps.setPlatform(Platform.WINDOWS);
URL urlHub = null;
urlHub = new URL("http://localhost:5556/wd/hub");
RemoteWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(urlHub, caps);
driver.navigate().to("http://183.82.125.5/nareshit/login.php ");
//driver.navigate().to("http://www.google.com/");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println(driver.getTitle());
System.out.println("Application opned");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys("nareshit");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='txtPassword']")).sendKeys("nareshit");
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
System.out.println("Logout completed");
driver.close();

}
}

Some other examples - For Instance if you want to use only IE you can start the
node by using below command:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.41.0.jar -role webdriver -hub
http://localhost:4444/grid/register -port 5556 -browser browserName=iexplore
Verify the browser Type along with other details in GRID Console by clicking
on view config.

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Similarly for Firefox:

java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.41.0.jar -role webdriver -hub
http://localhost:4444/grid/register -port 5556 -browser browserName=firefox

For Chrome:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.41.0.jar -role webdriver -hub
http://localhost:4444/grid/register -port 5556 -browser browserName=chrome

There are few scenarios where you may need browser from each type i.e.: IE,
Chrome and Firefox.
For instance you may need to use 1 IE and 1 Firefox and 1 Chrome browser
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.41.0.jar -role webdriver -hub
http://localhost:4444/grid/register -port 5556 -browser browserName=iexplore
-browser browserName=firefox -browser browserName=chrome

Grid Program Example – for WebDriver with TestNG

Prerequisite: Create Hub and nodes as explained earlier and TestNG should be
configured in eclipse.
public class GridExample {

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@Test
public void mailTest() throws MalformedURLException{
DesiredCapabilities dr=null;
if(browserType.equals("firefox")){
dr=DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
dr.setBrowserName("firefox");
dr.setPlatform(Platform.WINDOWS);
}else{
dr=DesiredCapabilities.internetExplorer();
dr.setBrowserName("iexplore");
dr.setPlatform(Platform.WINDOWS);
}
RemoteWebDriver driver=new RemoteWebDriver(new
URL("http://localhost:4444/wd/hub"),dr);
driver.navigate().to("http://gmail.com");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='Email']")) .sendKeys("username");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='Passwd']")) .sendKeys("password");
driver.close();
}
As in the example you have to use RemoteWebDriver if you are using GRID and you
have to provide capabilities to the browser. You have to set the browser and
platform as above.
In this example I have used platform as WINDOWS. You can use any platform as
per your requirement.
Version of browser can also be set by using dr.setVersion(“version”)

Serially Execution in multiple browsers

For Instance you need to run this test serially in multiple browsers you have to
configure your testng.xml .Below is the testng.xml suite for above test to run your
test serially.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<suite name="GRID SAMPLE TEST" thread-count="2">
<test name="GRID TEST WITH SERIAL EXECTION WITH BROWSER IE">
<parameter name ="browserType" value="IE"/>
<classes>
<class name ="GridExample"/>
</classes>
</test>
<test name="GRID TEST WITH SERIAL EXECTION WITH BROWSER FF ">
<parameter name ="browserType" value="firefox"/>
<classes>
<class name ="GridExample"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
To run the test parallel, you have to change your testng.xml like below.

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<suite name="GRID SAMPLE TEST" parllel="tests" thread-count="3">
<test name="GRID TEST WITH SERIAL EXECTION WITH BROWSER FF">
<parameter name ="browserType" value="firefox"/>
<classes>
<class name ="GridExample"/>
</classes>
</test>
<test name="GRID TEST WITH SERIAL EXECTION WITH BROWSER IE">
<parameter name ="browserType" value="IE"/>
<classes>
<class name ="GridExample"/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
Here in the testng.xml you have to specify parameter asparllel=“tests” and thread-
count=“3” describes the maximum number of threads to be executed in parallel.

WHAT IS WEB SERVICE?

A Web Service is a way to establish communication between two data sources over
world wide web (WWW), irrespective of their architecture, technology, and
behavior. The exchange of information takes place through XML or JSON files.
WHAT IS THE PROTOCOL USED IN WEB SERVICES?
Generally, the exchanges of information take place over HTTP or HTTPS protocol
at the application layer between two computers. One computer sends the request
and other responds with XML or JSON data.
Here there are no dependencies on OS, application or the programming
languages. One application which is built on .Net language may request data from
another application which is built on Java. All the data transfer would take place
either in XML or JSON format.

FEATURES OF WEB SERVICES

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Services will be available on the internet, intranet, VPN or cloud
It is platform independent services and OS and programming independent as well
This basically uses standard XML message
This service is triggered with simple URL available over the internet
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF WEB SERVICES?
The basics of the following components are XML data parsing and
communication using HTTP or HTTPS protocol.
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)
WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration)
REST (Representational State Transfer)

RESTful API Response Codes

Status Code Description
200 OK Successful.
201 Created Created.
400 Bad Request Bad input parameter. Error message should indicate which
one and why.
401 Unauthorized The client passed in the invalid Auth token. Client should
refresh the token and then try again.
403 Forbidden * Customer does not exist. * Application not registered. *
Application try to access to properties not belong to an App.
* Application try to trash/purge root node. * Application try
to update content Properties. * Operation is blocked (for
third-party apps). * Customer account over quota.
404 Not Found Resource not found.
405 Method Not The resource does not support the specified HTTP verb.
Allowed
409 Conflict Conflict.
411 Length The Content-Length header was not specified.
Required
412 Precondition Precondition failed.
Failed
429 Too Many Too many request for rate limiting.
Requests
500 Internal Server Servers are not working as expected. The request is probably
Error valid but needs to be requested again later.
503 Service Service Unavailable.
Unavailable

HTTP methods
Commonly used in REST based architecture.
GET − Provides a read only access to a resource.
POST − Used to create a new resource.
DELETE − Used to remove a resource.
PUT − Used to update existing resource or create a new resource.
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PostMan – Tool
What is Postman?
Postman is a collaboration platform for API development. It is a popular API client and it
enables you to design, build, share, test, and document APIs.

Using the Postman tool, we can send HTTP/s requests to a service, as well as get their
responses. By doing this we can make sure that the service is up and running.

Being originally a Chrome browser plugin, Postman now extends their solution with the
native version for both Mac and Windows.
Introduction to Postman
 Postman is a standalone software testing API (Application Programming Interface)
platform to build, test, design, modify, and document APIs. It is a simple Graphic
User Interface for sending and viewing HTTP requests and responses.
 While using Postman, for testing purposes, one doesn't need to write any HTTP
client network code. Instead, we build test suites called collections and let Postman
interact with the API.
 This tool has the ability to make various types of HTTP requests like GET, POST,
PUT, PATCH etc …
Postman Tool Overview :

1. New: It is to create a new request, collection, or environment.

2. Import: It is to import a collection or environment. You can also find other options such
as import from file, folder, link, or paste raw test.
3. Runner: We can execute automation tests using Collection Runner.
4. Open New: We can open Postman Window or Runner Window
5. My Workspace: It is your workspace. You can create a new workspace using this. A
workspace is a shared context for building and consuming APIs. It allows real-time
collaboration within and between teams.
6. Invite: It is to invite your team members to collaborate on a workspace.
7. History: Automatic saving of requests and responses in history which helps you track
your past actions easily.
8. Collections: It is to organize and keep track of related requests.
9. Request tab: Title of the request you are working on. By default it is named as ‘Untitled
Request’.
10. HTTP Request: You can see requests like GET, POST, COPY, DELETE, etc.
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11. Request URL: Here we mention the link to where the API will communicate with. It is
also known as endpoint.
12. Save: To save the request or to update the existing request.
13. Params: We mention the parameters (key values) needed for a request.
14. Authorization: APIs use authorization to ensure that client requests access data
securely. We mention authorization details like username, password, bearer token etc.,
here.
15. Headers: Some APIs require you to send particular headers such as JSON, JavaScript
etc., along with requests, typically to provide additional metadata about the operation you
are performing. You can set these up here
16. Body: It allows you to specify the data you need to send with a request. You can send
various different types of body data to suit your API.
17. Pre-request Script: Pre-request scripts are written in JavaScript, and are run before the
request is sent. This is perfect for use-cases like including the timestamp in the request
headers or sending a random alphanumeric string in the URL parameters.
18. Tests: Tests are the scripts executed during the request. Tests allow you to ensure that
your API is working as expected, to establish that integrations between services are
functioning reliably, and to verify that new developments haven’t broken any existing
functionality.

sample url to test api :

https://reqres.in

Get Requests:
We have to use GET request to retrieve information from the given URL. With Get
requests, there wont be any affect in the endpoint.
Steps to Perform GET request :
 Make a collection in Postman — To make a collection in Postman, click on New-
>Collection->CollectionDemo(Any Collection Name you wish)->Create
 Make a Request — To make a request, click on New->Request->GetUser(Any request
name you wish)->Select the Collection you wish to save request in(Present in bottom
of dialog box)->Save to Collection Demo
 By now, we have created our first request, now we need to pass different parameters
in the request to get the expected response.
 In the “Enter Request URL” text box type : https://reqres.in/api/users?page=1
 Click on “Send” Button
Result shown as below:

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POST Requests
Now, suppose we need to create a user into a application that means we are sending data
or feeding data to an application. For these type of requests we use POST request. In POST
request we send data/parameter in the body of the request, and in response to that, API
returns some data to us which validates the user has been created. The response can either
be a success message or the id of the new user created and time when the user was created.
Steps to Perform POST request :
POST Request — To make a POST request, click on New->Request->CreateUser(Any
request name you wish)->Select the Collection you wish to save request in(Present in
bottom of dialog box)->Save to Collection Demo

From the Dropdown select POST

In the “Enter Request URL” text box, type : https://reqres.in/api/users
Click on Body Tab and select “Raw” radio button
In the text box, paste :
{
"name": "suresh",
"job": "trainer"
}
5. Click on Send button
6. User should see the below response:
7. Also, check for correct status code, in this case you should get : ‘Status:201 Created’

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PUT Request :
PUT method is used to primarily update the resource information,on successfull of put
method it should status code as 200
Steps to Perform PUT request :
PUT Request — To make a PUT request, click on New->Request->CreateUser(Any request
name you wish)->Select the Collection you wish to save request in(Present in bottom of
dialog box)->Save to Collection Demo

From the Dropdown select PUT

In the “Enter Request URL” text box, type : https://reqres.in/api/users
Click on Body Tab and select “Raw” radio button
In the text box, paste :
{
"name": "suresh",
"job": "trainer"
“email”:”[email protected]”
}
5. Click on Send button
6. User should see the below response:
7. Also, check for correct status code, in this case you should get : ‘Status:200’

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PATCH Request :
The PATCH request method is used to partially modify a resource on the server. To send a
PATCH request to the server, you need to use the HTTP PATCH method and include the
request data in the body of the HTTP message. The Content-Type request header must
indicate the data type in the body.
Steps to Perform PATCH request :
PATCH Request — To make a PUT request, click on New->Request->CreateUser(Any
request name you wish)->Select the Collection you wish to save request in(Present in
bottom of dialog box)->Save to Collection Demo

From the Dropdown select PATCH

In the “Enter Request URL” text box, type : https://reqres.in/api/users
Click on Body Tab and select “Raw” radio button
In the text box, paste :
{
"name": "suresh",
"job": "softwaretrainer"
“email”:”[email protected]”
}
5. Click on Send button
6. User should see the below response:
7. Also, check for correct status code, in this case you should get : ‘Status:200’

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DELETE Request :
An HTTP DELETE method is used to delete an existing resource from collection of
resources. The DELETE method requests the origin server to delete the resource identified
by the Request-URI. On successful deletion of resource, it returns 200 (OK) and 204 (No
Content) status code.
Steps to Perform DELETE request :
DELETE Request — To make a DELETE request, click on New->Request->CreateUser(Any
request name you wish)->Select the Collection you wish to save request in(Present in
bottom of dialog box)->Save to Collection Demo

From the Dropdown select DELETE

In the “Enter Request URL” text box, type : https://reqres.in/api/users/2
Click on Send button
User should see the below response:
Also, check for correct status code, in this case you should get : ‘204 no content’

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REST Assured Java Library - API Testing
REST Assured is an open-source (free) Java library available for testing primarily the
RESTful web services. REST Assured is a Java domain-specific language (DSL) for
simplifying testing of REST-based web services built on top of HTTP. It supports most
commonly used HTTP verbs like GET, POST, PUT/PATCH DELETE, OPTIONS, HEAD
which can be used to validate & verify the response of these requests.
Steps to Install Rest assured plug-in for chrome Browser:
1.Launch browser
2.Open google page
3.Type rest assured for chrome
4.click on first url(https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/advanced-rest-
client/hgmloofddffdnphfgcellkdfbfbjeloo)
5.click on add extension
6.click on install button
7.click on Launch app button
8.Rest assured ui shown as below

Sample program to run using Rest api jarFiles :

Note: Download and add rest assured jars to the respective project.

package Test;
import io.restassured.RestAssured;
import io.restassured.response.Response;
public class WebServ {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("***Started******");
//Sending the request and getting the response from the server
Response rep =
RestAssured.get("http://samples.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=London,uk&
appid=b6907d289e10d714a6e88b30761fae22");
int code = rep.statusCode();
System.out.println(code);

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//Printing response time
System.out.println(rep.getTime());
//printing the details in JSON format
Response repst =
RestAssured.get("http://samples.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=London,uk&
appid=b6907d289e10d714a6e88b30761fae22");
String data = repst.asString();
System.out.println(data);
System.out.println("***Completed*****");
}
}

DataBase Concepts using SQL

What is Database?
A database is an organized collection of data, so that it can be easily accessed and
managed.
What is SQL :
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard data-oriented language which is primarily
used to store, retrieve and manipulate data using simple code snippets, called queries.

Install OracleDataBaseXE & SQL Developer To practice SQL query :

Steps to install Oracle DataBaseXE :
Before you can start the installation, you will have to download the Oracle Database 18c
XE Windows installer zip file. Open url -
https://www.oracle.com/in/database/technologies/xe-downloads.html

Click on Oracel Database 18c Express Edition for Windows x64 link and click on “Accept
License Agreement” and download the “Oracle Database 18c Express Edition for Windows
x64” zip file.

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Login to Oracle accout if oracle account is there then create new account and do the login

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After login Zip file be downloaded then Extract Zip file into any path of your System

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Go into the extracted Oracle 18c XE Installer directory and double-click on setup.exe.
Important: Do not double-click on Oracle Database 18c Express Edition.msi.

Click “Yes” when Windows asks you whether you want to allow this app to make
changes to your device.

The installer will start up now, click “Next“.

Read the license agreement and click “I accept the terms in the license agreement“. Then
click “Next“.

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Choose a destination folder for where Oracle 18c XE should be installed into, or accept
the default location. Then click “Next“.

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Specify and confirm a database password. This is the password that will be set for the
SYS, SYSTEM and PDBADMIN accounts, which you will later use to connect to the
database directly. Then click “Next“.

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On the next screen you will see the summary and confirmation of the destination folders
for Oracle Database 18c XE. Click “Install“.

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Now 18c XE is being installed, this can take several minutes.

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If you have the Windows Defender Firewall activated, you will be asked to allow
network access to the Java Platform SE binary. Check the checkboxes to allow access to the
networks of your choice and click the “Allow access” button. Note: If you do not allow
network access for Java, some features of Oracle Database 18c XE might not work correctly.

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The installation will proceed. Once it is finished, you will be presented with a “Oracle
Database Installed Successfully” summary screen that also lists the container database,
pluggable database and Enterprise Manager Express connection details. Click on “Finish“.

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Steps to Open SQL Developer :

Note : Make sure JDK has installed in the system.
 SQL Developer does not require any installation on your system. You simply have
to extract the files and execute the SQL Developer and start working.
 To download the SQL Developer first Goto url -
https://www.oracle.com/tools/downloads/sqldev-downloads.html
 need to accept the “License agreement” and then choose the SQL Developer version
according to your operating system architecture. You will also need to sign-in into
your free oracle account to download the desired files.

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 All the SQL Developer software contents are downloaded as zipped files. To start
working with SQL Developer you need to first un-zip the content of your download.

 After that go to the folder SQL Developer which you just un-zipped and find the
executable file with the name“SQLDeveloper.exe” then double click and execute it.
This will launch the SQL Developer software.

SQL Developer will start Openining

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Below is the Home Page of SQL Developer

Data Types :
The data type is a guideline for SQL to understand what type of data is expected inside of
each column, and it also identifies how SQL will interact with the stored data.

Data types mainly classified into three categories for every database.
 String Data types-CHAR ,VARCHAR,
 Numeric Data types-INT ,FLOAT
 Date and time Data types-DATE ,DATETIME ,TIME
DataType Description
CHAR(size) A FIXED length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special
characters)
VARCHAR(size) A VARIABLE length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special
characters).

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INT(size) Integervalues
FLOAT(p) A floating point number.
DATE A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD.
DATETIME A date and time combination.
TIMESTAMP A timestamp.

SQL Keywords

Keyword Description

ADD Adds a column in an existing table

ADD CONSTRAINT Adds a constraint after a table is already created

ALTER Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table, or changes the

data type of a column in a table

ALTER COLUMN Changes the data type of a column in a table

ALTER TABLE Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table

ALL Returns true if all of the subquery values meet the condition

AND Only includes rows where both conditions is true

ANY Returns true if any of the subquery values meet the condition

AS Renames a column or table with an alias

ASC Sorts the result set in ascending order

BACKUP Creates a back up of an existing database

DATABASE

BETWEEN Selects values within a given range

CASE Creates different outputs based on conditions

CHECK A constraint that limits the value that can be placed in a

column

COLUMN Changes the data type of a column or deletes a column in a

table

CONSTRAINT Adds or deletes a constraint

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CREATE Creates a database, index, view, table, or procedure

CREATE DATABASE Creates a new SQL database

CREATE INDEX Creates an index on a table (allows duplicate values)

CREATE OR Updates a view

REPLACE VIEW

CREATE TABLE Creates a new table in the database

CREATE Creates a stored procedure

PROCEDURE

CREATE UNIQUE Creates a unique index on a table (no duplicate values)

INDEX

CREATE VIEW Creates a view based on the result set of a SELECT statement

DATABASE Creates or deletes an SQL database

DEFAULT A constraint that provides a default value for a column

DELETE Deletes rows from a table

DESC Sorts the result set in descending order

DISTINCT Selects only distinct (different) values

DROP Deletes a column, constraint, database, index, table, or view

DROP COLUMN Deletes a column in a table

DROP Deletes a UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, or

CONSTRAINT CHECK constraint

DROP DATABASE Deletes an existing SQL database

DROP DEFAULT Deletes a DEFAULT constraint

DROP INDEX Deletes an index in a table

DROP TABLE Deletes an existing table in the database

DROP VIEW Deletes a view

EXEC Executes a stored procedure

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EXISTS Tests for the existence of any record in a subquery

FOREIGN KEY A constraint that is a key used to link two tables together

FROM Specifies which table to select or delete data from

FULL OUTER JOIN Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table or
right table

GROUP BY Groups the result set (used with aggregate functions: COUNT,
MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG)

HAVING Used instead of WHERE with aggregate functions

IN Allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause

INDEX Creates or deletes an index in a table

INNER JOIN Returns rows that have matching values in both tables

INSERT INTO Inserts new rows in a table

INSERT INTO Copies data from one table into another table
SELECT

IS NULL Tests for empty values

IS NOT NULL Tests for non-empty values

JOIN Joins tables

LEFT JOIN Returns all rows from the left table, and the matching rows
from the right table

LIKE Searches for a specified pattern in a column

LIMIT Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

NOT Only includes rows where a condition is not true

NOT NULL A constraint that enforces a column to not accept NULL values

OR Includes rows where either condition is true

ORDER BY Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order

OUTER JOIN Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table or
right table

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PRIMARY KEY A constraint that uniquely identifies each record in a database
table

PROCEDURE A stored procedure

RIGHT JOIN Returns all rows from the right table, and the matching rows
from the left table

ROWNUM Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

SELECT Selects data from a database

SELECT DISTINCT Selects only distinct (different) values

SELECT INTO Copies data from one table into a new table

SELECT TOP Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

SET Specifies which columns and values that should be updated in

a table

TABLE Creates a table, or adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table,

or deletes a table or data inside a table

TOP Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

TRUNCATE TABLE Deletes the data inside a table, but not the table itself

UNION Combines the result set of two or more SELECT statements

(only distinct values)

UNION ALL Combines the result set of two or more SELECT statements
(allows duplicate values)

UNIQUE A constraint that ensures that all values in a column are unique

UPDATE Updates existing rows in a table

VALUES Specifies the values of an INSERT INTO statement

VIEW Creates, updates, or deletes a view

WHERE Filters a result set to include only records that fulfill a specified
condition

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Creating New Table :

Syntax :
Create table tablename(col1 datatype , col2 datatype,col3 datatype )
Example:
To Create a table with the name of employee
create table employee(
empid INT,
empname VARCHAR(50),
jobtitle VARCHAR(50),
empstatus VARCHAR(40),
subdiv VARCHAR(30),
supervisor VARCHAR(50)
)

Insert Data into Table

INSERT is used to fill the data in to mentioned table
Option 1
Syntax:
Insert into tablename(col1,col2,col3,col4) values(‘col1data’,’ col2data’,’ col3data’,’ col4data’)
Example:
INSERT INTO employee(empid,empname,jobtitle,empstatus,subdiv,supervisor)
values('101','naveen','softwaretester','active','testing','testlead');
Option 2
Syntax:
Insert into tablename values(‘col1data’,’col2data’,’col3data’)
Example:
INSERT into employee values('102','hari','lead','active','testing','manager')

Get the Data from table

Syntax: select * from tablename
Example:
select * from employee

adding column to table

ALTER is used to add new column to existing table
Syntax: Alter table tablename add colname datatype
Example:
ALTER table employee add salary INT

Update the data based on condition

Syntax: update tablename SET colname = ‘data’ where colname=data
Example:
update employee SET salary = '1000' WHERE empid=101

Get the Data from whole table

Syntax: select * from tablename

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Example
select * from employee
output shown as table:

Delete the row data

Syntax: Delete from tablename where colname=data
Example:
DELETE from employee where empid=106

Delete all records

Syntax: Delete from tablename
Example:
Delete from employee

SELECT statement
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from the data tables.
 Get data from multipul coloumns
Syntax : select col1,col2 from tablename
Example :
select empid,empname from employee

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 Get data from any one coloumn

Syntax: select col1 from tablename
Example :
select empid from employee

 To get the data from whole table(The asterisk (*) sign defines all columns of the table.)
Syntax: select * from tablename
Example :

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select * from employee

WHERE Clause
WHERE clause is used to filter the data according to specified conditions. After the
WHERE clause, we must define the filtering condition.

 To get data of where salary is greater than 2000

Syntax: select * from tablename where condition
Example :
select * from employee where salary>2000

LIKE
LIKE operator is a logical operator that provides to apply a special filtering pattern to
WHERE condition in SQL queries. Percentage sign (%) is the main wildcard to use as a
conjunction with the LIKE operator.

 Get the data of where names starts with S

Syntax: select * from tablename where colname like ‘%’

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Example :
select * from employee WHERE empname LIKE 's%'

IN
IN operator enables us to apply multiple value filters to WHERE clause.

 Get the data where matching with lead & testlead

Syntax: select * from tablename where in (‘data’,’data’)
Example :
select * from employee where supervisor in ('lead','testlead')

BETWEEN
The BETWEEN operator filters the data that falls into the defined begin and end value.

 Data to get where salary between 1000 & 2000

Syntax: select * from tablename where between data AND data
Example :
select * from employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 1000 AND 2000

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ORDER BY
ORDER BY statement helps us to sort the data according to the specified column. The
result set of the data can be sorted either ascending or descending. ASC keyword sorts the
data in ascending order and the DESC keyword sorts the data in descending order.

 print in descending order of salary

Syntax: select * from tablename Order By col1 desc
Example :
select * FROM employee ORDER BY salary desc

DISTINCT
The DISTINCT clause is used to eliminate duplicate data from the specified columns so the
result set is populated only with the distinct (different) values.

 Get the data of where salary >2000

Syntax: select DISTINCT col from tablename
Example :
select DISTINCT salary from employee

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Date:
To Print current Date
Syntax: select SYSDATE from tablename
Example :
select SYSDATE from emp004

To Print current Date & Time Stamp

Sysntax: select current_timestamp tablename
Example:
select current_timestamp from emp004

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Printing further date by adding Days

Syntax : select sysdate+days tobe added from tablename
Example:
select sysdate+5 from emp004

Adding month to current date

Syntax: select add_months(‘currentdate’,’numberof months to add’) from tablename
Example:
SELECT add_months('1-Oct-2021',1) from emp

Round function
Syntax: select round(SysDate,’month’) from tablename
Example:
select round(SYSDATE,'month') from emp004

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select round(SYSDATE,'day') from emp004

select round(SYSDATE,'year') from emp004

Joins :
A Join is a Query that combines data from multiple tables
Multiple tables are specified in the From Clause
For two tables to be joined in a sensible manner, they need to have data in common
Types of Joins :
(INNER) JOIN: Returns dataset that have matching values in both tables
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table and matched records from the
right s
RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table and the matched records
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from the left
Sample Data of Two Tables to practice joins :

Inner Join :
Syntax : SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Example :
select empid from employee INNER JOIN emp004 on employee.empid = emp004.empno

RIGHT Join :
Syntax : SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Example :
select empid from employee RIGHT JOIN emp004 on employee.empid = emp004.empno

LEFT Join :
Syntax : SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;
Example :
select empid from employee LEFT JOIN emp004 on employee.empid = emp004.empno

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Inner Join :
Example 2:
select employee.empid,employee.empname,emp004.empname from employee INNER
JOIN emp004 on employee.empid = emp004.empno

Right Join :
Example 2:
select employee.empid,employee.empname,emp004.empname from employee RIGHT
JOIN emp004 on employee.empid = emp004.empno

Right Join :
Example 2:

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select employee.empid,employee.empname,emp004.empname from employee LEFT JOIN
emp004 on employee.empid = emp004.empno

Data Base with Selenium :

Reading the Data from Database and applying on Application .

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Example :
package WebDriverExamples;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

public class Database_Selenium {

public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
String dbUrl = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe";
String username = "system"; //Database Username
String password = "nareshit";//Database Password
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");//LoadDriver
Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(dbUrl,username,password);
Statement st=con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("select * from login");
while(rs.next()) {
String un = rs.getString(1);
String pw = rs.getString(2);
System.out.println(un);
System.out.println(pw);
//TestCase Steps
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver",
"G:\\Suresh_Selenium\\Drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.navigate().to("http://127.0.0.1/orangehrm-2.6/login.php");
Thread.sleep(3000);//wait stmt
System.out.println("Application Opened");
driver.findElement(By.name("txtUserName")).sendKeys(un);
driver.findElement(By.name("txtPassword")).sendKeys(pw);
driver.findElement(By.name("Submit")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Login completed");
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Logout")).click();
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("Logout completed");
driver.close();
}
rs.close();
st.close();
con.close();

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}
catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error:"+e);
}
}
}

Performance Testing

What is performance Testing ?

It is a testing method performed to determine the system performance in terms of speed,
reliability and stability under varying workload. Performance testing is also known as Perf
Testing.

Performance Testing Attributes:

Response time: Response time is the time taken by the server to respond to the client's
request.
Load: when N-number of users using the application simultaneously or sending the
request to the server at a time.
Speed: It determines whether the software product responds rapidly.
Scalability: It determines amount of load the software product can handle at a time.
Stability: It determines whether the software product is stable in case of varying
workloads.
Reliability: It determines whether the software product is secure or not.

Types of Performance Testing:

Load testing: It checks the product’s ability to perform under anticipated user loads. The
objective is to identify performance congestion before the software product is launched in
market.
Stress testing: It involves testing a product under extreme workloads to see whether it
handles high traffic or not. The objective is to identify the breaking point of a software
product.
Endurance testing: It is performed to ensure the software can handle the expected load
over a long period of time.
Spike testing: It tests the product’s reaction to sudden large spikes in the load generated by
users.
Volume testing: In volume testing large number of data is saved in a database and the
overall software system’s behavior is observed. The objective is to check product’s
performance under varying database volumes.
Scalability testing: In scalability testing, software application’s effectiveness is determined
in scaling up to support an increase in user load. It helps in planning capacity addition to
your software system.

Performance Testing Tools:

 Apache Jmeter

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 Open STA
 Load Runner
 Web Load
 LoadUI
 LoadView
 NeoLoad

Performance Testing using JMeter :

JMeter is the most popular open-source load testing tool.jMeter is designed to cover
various categories of tests such as load testing, functional testing, performance testing,
regression testing, etc.

JMeter installation Steps :

1.download & install JDK
2.download & copy Apache JMeter
 Download the JMeter binary – “apache-jmeter-{version}.zip” from Apache JMeter
Official Website - https://jmeter.apache.org/download_jmeter.cgi

 Extract the JMeter binary to a directory where we want JMeter to be installed.

 Now we can launch JMeter by double clicking the jmeter.bat file inside the bin
folder.

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 On successful running, the below JMeter GUI will launched-

Elements of JMeter
The different components of JMeter are called Elements. Each Element is designed for a
specific purpose. Some of the main elements are :
 JMeter Test Plan
 Thread Group
 Samplers
 Listeners
 Assertions

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*Steps to do performance Testing :

*JMeter Test Plan: A test plan describes a series of steps JMeter will execute when run. A
complete test plan will consist of one or more Thread Groups, Logic Controllers, Sample
Generating Controllers, Listeners, Timers, Assertions, and Configuration Elements.
ThreadGroup : Threads mean number of Virtual Users in a JMeter.
For example, if you set the number of threads as 100; JMeter will create and simulate 100
user requests to the server under test

Steps add ThreadGroup: Right Click on Test Plan-> Hover over Threads(Users)-> Click
Thread Group

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Number Of Threads: It represents the total number of virtual users performing the test
script execution.
Ramp-Up Period (in seconds): It tells JMeter how long it takes to reach the full number of
threads. For example, if you have 100 users with a ramp-up period of 50 seconds, JMeter
will take 50 seconds to get all 100 threads running, adding 2 threads per second.
Loop Count: It is the number of executions for the script. For example, if the loop count is 2
and the number of threads is 100 then the script will run 200 times. If the loop count is set
“forever” then new threads will keep starting until the tests are stopped.

*Samplers : Samplers in JMeter allows JMeter to send different types of requests to a

server.
Steps to add Samplers: Right Click on Thread Group -> Hover over Add -> Hover Over
Sampler -> Click on the required Sampler

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Name: Any logical name in order to distinguish your request.

Protocol: It mentions the protocol used for example HTTP or HTTPS.
Server Name: This is the domain name of the server
Method: Any of the methods such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, etc may be selected from
the drop-down
Path: This is the path of the resource. For example “nareshit/login.php”.
Parameters: Any parameters that are required to be passed will be added in this section.
Body Data: This comes into picture if any JSON, XML, etc needs to be passed in the
request. That is added to Body Data.

*Listeners : Shows the results of the test execution. They can show results in a different
format such as a tree, table, graph or log file
Listeners can be added anywhere in the test, including directly under the test plan. They
will collect data only from elements at or below their level.

For example, if we add a Listener to a Thread Group, they only collect information specific
to that Thread Group. If you have 3 Thread Groups and a listener attached to each one,
those three listeners will show three different sets of data.
Steps to add a Listener: Right Click on Test plan -> Hover over Add -> Hover Over
Listener -> Click on the required Listener

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*Steps to perform Stress Testing :

1.Create TestPlan

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2. Insert a Thread Group(Right Click on Created TestPlanAddThreadsThread

Group)

3.Add an HTTP request(Right Click on Created Thread GroupAddSamplerHttp

Request) with the server name of your website on which you want to perform stress
testing.

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4. Add a listener (Right Click on Created Thread GroupAddListenerView Results

Tree)to view the test results. It will show the status of the test that has taken place.

5 .Add a response assertion((Right Click on Created Thread

GroupAddAssertionResponse Assertion) inside your thread group. Response code
200 represents the success of your HTTP request. If you change the value from 200 to any
other number, the status of the test will change to unsuccessful.

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6.Add a number of users or threads and increase the loop count. So this will increase the
stress on your server.
7. view results in order to check the status of your website under a certain amount of stress.

Performance Testing for Recorded Test :

*Steps to Record Test in Blaze meter and Test in JMeter
1.Install blaze meter plug-in for chrome browser

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click on required link

click on Add to chrome button

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click on Add extension

plug-in got installed successfully

Open blaze master and complete Registration process
Recording the steps in Blaze master and access in JMeter
Launch blaze master in chrome browser and Provide Test name .

click on Record button and record the required steps and save as .jmx file. File will be
downloaded as below

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Open this file(Batch_Rec.jmx) in JMeter and any Listener

Add required thread group and run the performance test

sample results shown as below

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Frequently Selenium interview questions and answers:
1) What is test automation or automation testing?
Automation testing uses automation tools to write and execute test cases, no manual
involvement is necessary for executing an automated test suite. Testers prefer
automation tools to write test scripts and test cases and then group into test suites.

Automation testing enables the use of specialized tools to automate the execution of
manually designed test cases without any human intervention. Automation testing
tools can access the test data, controls the execution of tests and compares the actual
result against the expected result. Consequently, generating detailed test reports of
the system under test.
2) What are the benefits of Automation Testing?
Benefits of Automation testing are as follows.

It allows execution of repeated test cases

It enables parallel execution
Automation Testing encourages unattended execution
It improves accuracy. Thus, it reduces human-generated errors
It saves time and money.
3. What is Selenium?
Ans. Selenium is a robust test automation suite that is used for automating web-based
applications. It supports multiple browsers, programming languages, and platforms.
4. What are the different forms of Selenium?
Ans. Selenium comes in four forms-

Selenium WebDriver – Selenium WebDriver is used to automate web applications

using the browser’s native methods.
Selenium IDE – A firefox plugin that works on record and playback principle.
Selenium RC – Selenium Remote Control(RC) is officially deprecated by selenium and
it used to work on javascript to automate the web applications.
Selenium Grid – Allows selenium tests to run in parallel across multiple machines.
5. What are some advantages of Selenium?
Ans. Following are the advantages of Selenium-

Selenium is open source and free to use without any licensing cost.
It supports multiple languages like java, ruby, python, etc.
It supports multi-browser testing.
It has a good amount of resources and helping community over the internet.
Using Selenium IDE component, non-programmers can also write automation scripts
Using the selenium grid component, distributed testing can be carried out on remote
machines.
6. What are some limitations of Selenium?
Ans. Following are the limitations of Selenium-

We cannot test desktop applications using Selenium.

We cannot test web services using Selenium.

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For creating robust scripts in Selenium Webdriver, programming language
knowledge is required.
We have to rely on external libraries and tools for performing tasks like –
logging(log4J), testing framework-(TestNG, JUnit), reading from external files(POI for
excels), etc.
7. Which browsers/drivers are supported by Selenium Webdriver?
Ans. Some commonly used browsers supported by Selenium are-

Google Chrome – ChromeDriver

Firefox – FireFoxDriver
Internet Explorer – InternetExplorerDriver
Safari – SafariDriver
HtmlUnit (Headless browser) – HtmlUnitDriver
Android – Selendroid/Appium
IOS – ios-driver/Appium
8. Can we test APIs or web services using Selenium Webdriver?
Ans. No Selenium WebDriver uses the browser’s native method to automate the web
applications. Since web services are headless, so we cannot automate web services
using selenium WebDriver.
9. What is the testing type supported by Selenium WebDriver?
Ans. Selenium Webdriver can be used for performing automated functional and
regression testing.
10. What are the various ways of locating an element in Selenium?
Ans. The different locators in Selenium are-
 Id
 XPath
 CSS selector
 className
 tagName
 name
 link text
 partialLinkText
11.What is an XPath?
Ans. Xpath or XML path is a query language for selecting nodes from XML
documents. XPath is one of the locators supported by Selenium Webdriver.
12. What is an absolute XPath?
Ans. An absolute XPath is a way of locating an element using an XML expression
beginning from root node i.e. HTML node in case of web pages. The main
disadvantage of absolute XPath is that even with the slightest change in the UI or any
element the whole absolute XPath fails.
Example – html/body/div/div[2]/div/div/div/div[1]/div/input
13. What is a relative XPath?
Ans. A relative XPath is a way of locating an element using an XML expression
beginning from anywhere in the HTML document. There are different ways of
creating relative XPaths which are used for creating robust XPaths (unaffected by
changes in other UI elements).

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Example – //input[@id=’username’]
14. What is the difference between single slash(/) and double slash(//) in XPath?
Ans. In XPath a single slash is used for creating XPaths with absolute paths beginning
from the root node.
Whereas double slash is used for creating relative XPaths.
15) How many types of WebDriver API's are available in Selenium?
The list of WebDriver API's which are used to automate browser include:

 AndroidDriver
 ChromeDriver
 EventFiringWebDriver
 FirefoxDriver
 HtmlUnitDriver
 InternetExplorerDriver
 iPhoneDriver
 iPhoneSimulatorDriver
 RemoteWebDriver
16) Explain the difference between assert and verify commands?
Assert: Assert command checks if the given condition is true or false. If the condition
is true, the program control will execute the next phase of testing, and if the condition
is false, execution will stop, and nothing will be executed.

Verify: Verify command also checks if the given condition is true or false. It doesn't
halt program execution, i.e., any failure during verification would not stop the
execution, and all the test phases would be executed.
17) What is the difference between findElement() and findElements()?
findElement(): It is used to find the first element within the current page using the
given "locating mechanism". It returns a single WebElement.

findElements(): It uses the given "locating mechanism" to find all the elements within
the current page. It returns a list of web elements.
How can we launch different browsers in Selenium WebDriver?
Ans. By creating an instance of driver of a particular browser-

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

18. How can we clear a text written in a textbox?
Ans. Using a clear() method we can delete the text written in a textbox.

driver.findElement(By.id("elementLocator")).clear();
19. Explain the difference between close and quit command.
Ans. driver.close() – Used to close the current browser having a focus
driver.quit() – Used to close all the browser instances
20. How to switch between multiple windows in selenium?
Ans. Selenium has driver.getWindowHandles() and
driver.switchTo().window(“{windowHandleName}”) commands to work with
multiple windows. The getWindowHandles() command returns a list of ids

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corresponding to each window and on passing a particular window handle to
driver.switchTo().window(“{windowHandleName}”) command we can switch
control/focus to that particular window.
for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
21. What is the difference between driver.getWindowHandle() and
driver.getWindowHandles() in selenium?
Ans. driver.getWindowHandle() returns a handle of the current page (a unique
identifier)
Whereas driver.getWindowHandles() returns a set of handles of the all the pages
available.
22. How can we move to a particular frame in selenium?
Ans. The driver.switchTo() commands can be used for switching to frames.

driver.switchTo().frame("{frameIndex/frameId/frameName}");
For locating a frame we can either use the index (starting from 0), its name or Id.
23.Can we move back and forward in the browser using selenium?
Ans. Yes, using driver.navigate().back() and driver.navigate().forward() commands
we can move backward and forward in a browser.
24. Is there a way to refresh the browser using selenium?
Ans. There a multiple ways to refresh a page in selenium-

Using driver.navigate().refresh() command

Using sendKeys(Keys.F5) on any textbox on the webpage
Using driver.get(“URL”) on the current URL or using driver.getCurrentUrl()
Using driver.navigate().to(“URL”) on the current URL or
driver.navigate().to(driver.getCurrentUrl());
25. How can we maximize the browser window in selenium?
Ans. We can maximize browser window in selenium using the following command-

driver.manage().window().maximize();
26. How to delete cookies in selenium?
Ans. Using deleteAllCookies() method-

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
27. What is an implicit wait in Selenium?
Ans. An implicit wait is a type of wait that waits for a specified time while locating an
element before throwing NoSuchElementException. By default, selenium tries to find
elements immediately when required without any wait. So, it is good to use implicit
wait. This wait is applied to all the elements of the current driver instance.

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
28. What is an explicit wait in Selenium?
Ans. An explicit wait is a type of wait that is applied to a particular web element until
the expected condition specified is met.

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WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);

WebElement element =
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickble(By.id("elementId")));
29. Write the code to double click an element in selenium?
Ans. Code to double click an element in selenium-

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
action.doubleClick(element).perform();
30. Write the code to right-click an element in selenium?
Code to right-click an element in selenium-

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
action.contextClick(element).perform();
31. How to mouse hover an element in selenium?
Ans. Code to mouse hover over an element in selenium-

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
action.moveToElement(element).perform();
32. How to fetch the current page URL in selenium?
Ans. Using getCurrentURL() command we can fetch the current page URL-

driver.getCurrentUrl();
33. How can we find all the links on a web page?
Ans. All the links are of anchor tag ‘a’. So by locating elements of tagName ‘a’ we can
find all the links on a webpage.

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

34. What are some commonly encountered exceptions in selenium?
Ans. Some of the commonly seen exceptions in Selenium are-

NoSuchElementException – When no element could be located from the locator

provided.
ElementNotVisibleException – When an element is present in the dom but is not
visible.
NoAlertPresentException – When we try to switch to an alert but the targetted alert is
not present.
NoSuchFrameException – When we try to switch to a frame but the targetted frame is
not present.
NoSuchWindowException – When we try to switch to a window but the targetted
window is not present.
UnexpectedAlertPresentException – When an unexpected alert blocks the normal

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interaction of the driver.
TimeoutException – When a command execution gets a timeout.
InvalidElementStateException – When the state of an element is not appropriate for
the desired action.
NoSuchAttributeException – When we are trying to fetch an attribute’s value but the
attribute is not correct
WebDriverException – When there is some issue with driver instance preventing it
from getting launched.
35.How can we capture screenshots in selenium?
Ans. Using the getScreenshotAs method of TakesScreenshot interface, we can take the
screenshots in selenium.

File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("D:\\testScreenShot.jpg"));
36. How to handle dropdowns in selenium?
Ans. Using Select class-

Select countriesDropDown = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("countries")));

dropdown.selectByVisibleText("India");

//or using index of the option starting from 0

dropdown.selectByIndex(1);

//or using its value attribute

dropdown.selectByValue("Ind");
37. How can we check if an element is getting displayed on a web page?
Ans. Using the isDisplayed() method we can check if an element is getting displayed
on a web page.

driver.findElement(By locator).isDisplayed();
38. What is Robot API?
Ans. Robot API is used for handling Keyboard or mouse events. It is generally used to
upload files to the server in selenium automation.

Robot robot = new Robot();

//Simulate enter key action

robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
39. How to do file upload in selenium?
Ans. File upload action can be performed in multiple ways-

Using element.sendKeys(“path of file”) on the webElement of input tag and type file
i.e. the elements should be like –
<input type=”file” name=”fileUpload”>
Using Robot API.
Using the AutoIT API.

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How to do drag and drop in Selenium?
Using Action class, drag and drop can be performed in selenium. Sample code-

Actions builder = new Actions(driver);

Action dragAndDrop = builder.clickAndHold(SourceElement)
.moveToElement(TargetElement)
.release(TargetElement)
.build();
dragAndDrop.perform();
40. How to handle alerts in Selenium?
Ans. In order to accept or dismiss an alert box, the alert class is used. This requires
first switching to the alert box and then using accept() or dismiss() command as the
case may be.

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

//To accept the alert
alert.accept();

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

//To cancel the alert box
alert.dismiss();
41. What is Selenium Grid?
Ans. Selenium grid is a tool that helps in the distributed running of test scripts across
different machines having different browsers, browser versions, platforms, etc in
parallel. In the selenium grid, there is a hub that is a central server managing all the
distributed machines known as nodes.
42. What are some advantages of the Selenium grid?
Ans. The advantages of the Selenium grid are-

It allows running test cases in parallel thereby saving test execution time.
Multi-browser testing is possible using the Selenium grid by running the test on
machines having different browsers.
It allows multi-platform testing by configuring nodes having different operating
systems.
43. What is TestNG?
Ans. TestNG(NG for Next Generation) is a testing framework that can be integrated
with selenium or any other automation tool to provide multiple capabilities like
assertions, reporting, parallel test execution, etc.
44. What are some advantages of TestNG?
Ans. Following are the advantages of TestNG-

TestNG provides different assertions that help in checking the expected and actual
results.
It provides parallel execution of test methods.
We can define the dependency of one test method over others in TestNG.
We can assign priority to test methods in selenium.

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It allows grouping of test methods into test groups.
It allows data-driven testing using @DataProvider annotation.
It has inherent support for reporting.
It has support for parameterizing test cases using @Parameters annotation.
45. What is the use of the testng.xml file?
Ans. testng.xml file is used for configuring the whole test suite. In the testng.xml file,
we can create a test suite, create test groups, mark tests for parallel execution, add
listeners and pass parameters to test scripts. Later this testng.xml file can be used for
triggering the test suite.
46) What is POM (Page Object Model)? What are its advantages?
Page Object Model is a design pattern for creating an Object directory for web UI
elements. Each web page is required to have its page class. The page class is
responsible for finding the WebElements in web pages and then perform operations
on WebElements.

The benefits of using POM are as follows.

It facilitates with separate operations and flows in the UI from Verification - improves
code readability
Multiple tests can use the same Object Repository because the Object Repository is
independent of Test Cases.
Reusability of code
47. What is Page Factory?
Page Factory gives an optimized way to implement Page Object Model. When we say
it is optimized, it refers to the fact that the memory utilization is very good and also
the implementation is done in an object oriented manner.

Page Factory is used to initialize the elements of the Page Object or instantiate the
Page Objects itself. Annotations for elements can also be created (and recommended)
as the describing properties may not always be descriptive enough to differentiate one
object from the other.

The concept of separating the Page Object Repository and Test Methods is followed
here also. Instead of having to use ‘FindElements’, we use annotations like: @FindBy
to find WebElement, and initElements method to initialize web elements from the
Page Factory class. @FindBy can accept tagName, partialLinkText, name, linkText, id,
css, className & xpath as attributes.

48.What are the Selenium Tools, and Testing framework that you are using in your
Current Project?
Ans: We are using,
Selenium WebDriver for Creating Test Cases.
Java Programming for Enhancing Test cases.
TestNG Testing Framework for Grouping Test cases, executing Test batches and
generating Test reports. Also used,
Inscept , Firebug and Firepath for inspecting elements.
IE Browser driver, Chrome browser driver for Cross Browser testing.

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49.What is your project domain and Application Environment?
Ans: Our project is Banking Application, Our AUT (Application Under Test)
developed using Java Technology and Database is Oracle.
50.What are the major challenges in Functional Test Automation?
Ans:Object Identification.
wait statement
Debugging Issues. etc…
51.How you conducted Batch Testing in your project?
Ans: We conducted Batch Testing using TestNG Testing Framework.
52.How you conducted Cross-browser testing in your project?
Ans: Using Mozilla Firefox, IE and Google Chrome browsers(Downloaded IE and
Google Chrome Browser drivers). we executed Test cases.
53.How you handled duplicate Elements in your project?
Ans: Using the index property of Elements we handled duplicate objects.
54.How many Test cases you wrote for your Project/Module?
Ans: I prepared around 120 Test cases in my Module.
55.How many defects you detected and give one example?
Ans: I detected nearly 20 Defects in which 5 defects are Severe defects.
56.How you selected Test cases for Regression Testing?
Ans: We selected Test cases for Regression Testing based on Defect effected Test cases
and from defect dependent Test cases.
57.Did you create any reusable components?
Ans: Yes, We created some reusable components in our project for Login
Functionality, Registration Functionality, etc.
58.Did you find any Test Scenarios that not to be automated in your project using
Selenium?
Ans: Yes, We find some Some Test Scenarios in our Current project, Functionalities
that require more user interaction, Functionalities that require Dynamic test data
submission.
59.What Defect management / Test management tool you used in your project?
Ans: We are using Jira Test Management tool in our project with Selenium.
60.Did you involve in the Selenium Test environment Setup?
Ans: Yes, I involved in Selenium Environment Setup in my Current Project. As per my
project, we selected Java, Selenium WebDriver and TestNG Framework.

We Downloaded Eclipse IDE and Extracted.

Downloaded Java Software and Installed.
Environment Variable path setup.
Downloaded Selenium WebDriver Java language bindings(jar files) and added to Java
Project in Eclipse.
Downloaded and Installed TestNG Framework from Eclipse IDE.
61. How do you handle Ajax dropdowns?
With help of Selenium Sync commands like ImplicitWait, WebDriverWait or
FluentWait.
62. What is the default port for Selenium Grid?
4444
63. How to find broken images in a page using Selenium Web driver.
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Get xpath and then using tag name 'a'; get all the links in the page
Use HttpURLConnector class and sent method GET
Get the response code for each link and verify if it is 404/500

List links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

for (int i = 0; i < links.size(); i++) {
WebElement element = links.get(i);
// By using "href" attribute, we could get the url of the requried link
String url = element.getAttribute("href");
//System.out.println(url);
URL link = new URL(url);
// Create a connection using URL object (i.e., link)
HttpURLConnection httpConn = (HttpURLConnection) link.openConnection();
// Set the timeout for 2 seconds
httpConn.setConnectTimeout(2000);
// connect using connect method
httpConn.connect();
// use getResponseCode() to get the response code.
if (httpConn.getResponseCode() >= 400) {
System.out.println(url + " - " + "is Broken Link");
} else {
System.out.println(url + " - " + "is valid Link");
}
64. Write down scenarios which we can't automate?
Barcode Reader, Captcha etc.
65. How do you manage the code versions in your project?
Using SVN, GitHub or other versioning tools
66. How to count total no of hyperlinks in a page?
Listalllinks=driver.finElements(By.tagname("a");
System.out.println(alllinks.size());
67. What type of tests have you automated?
Our main focus is to automate test cases to do Regression testing, Smoke testing, and
Sanity testing. Sometimes based on the project and the test time estimation, we do
focus on End to End testing.
68. How many test cases you have automated per day?
It depends on Test case scenario complexity and length.
I did automate 2-5 test scenarios per day when the complexity is limited.
Sometimes just 1 or fewer test scenarios in a day when the complexity is high.
69. When do you use Selenium Grid?
Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on multiple
platforms and browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution.
70. What are the advantages of Selenium Grid?
 It allows running test cases in parallel thereby saving test execution time.
 It allows multi-browser testing
 It allows us to execute test cases on multi-platform
71.How would you make sure that a page is loaded using Selenium and Webdriver?

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Ans. In Selenium, you can use the below lines of code to check for the successful
loading of a web page. The best approach is by selecting an element from the page &
stand by until it becomes clickable.
selenium.waitForPageToLoad("5000");
// Or
while (!(selenium.isElementPresent("any page element ")==true)) {
selenium.setSpeed("5");
Thread.sleep(5);
}
or
Below is the Webdriver specific code to achieve the same objective.
WebDriverWait check = new WebDriverWait(driver, 100);
check.until(ExpectedConditions.anyElement(By.id(id)));
72.How would you fill a text field without calling the sendKeys()?
Ans. It's a bit slower than the sendKeys() method but we do have means to type in a
text field. See the Java code given below.
JavascriptExecutor JS = (JavascriptExecutor)webdriver;
JS.executeScript("document.getElementById(User').value='[email protected]'");
JS.executeScript("document.getElementById('Pass').value='######'");
73.How can you check the state of a checkbox/radio button?
Ans. We can call the isSelected() method to test the status of these elements.
Example Code:
boolean test = driver.findElement(By.xpath("checkbox/radio button
XPath")).isSelected();
74.How would you simulate the right click operation in WebDriver?
Ans. You can make use of the Actions class features.
Actions test = new Actions(driver); // Here, driver is the object of WebDriver class.
test.moveToElement(element).perform();
test.contextClick().perform();
75.What is the best way to check for the highlighted text on a web page?
Ans. Use the below code to verify the highlighted text for an element on the web page.
String clr =
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='TechBeamers']")).getCssValue("color");
String bkclr =
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='TechBeamers']")).getCssValue("background-
color");
System.out.println(clr);
System.out.println(bkclr);
76. What is an ‘element’?
Every single object that is present on the webpage is called an element.
77.What’s Junit?
Junit is a Java-based framework designed for unit testing.
78.How to skip a test method in TestNG?
If you want to skip a certain test method within TestNG, you’ll have to set that test’s
parameter to “false” in the annotation area.
79.Briefly explain what the following snippet of Java code does:

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WebElement sample = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[contains(text(), 'data')]"));

It defines a variable sample of type WebElement, and uses an XPath search to

initialize it with a reference to an element that contains the text value “data”.
80.Is it possible to automate captcha?
Yes, we can automate the captcha, but there is a limitation that we can automate our
own captcha but not others'
For example, a company has captcha on their website, so somebody has to check it,
but at the same time, it is not possible for a manual tester to check all the captcha's.
So we have to automate the captcha in the dev/QA environment by getting the
captcha answer in some attribute of the element, so based on that attribute, we can
enter the value to the text bar, which accepts captcha value.
We should remove this attribute while pushing the code to the Live environment.
81. What are the annotations used in TestNG?
@Test, @BeforeSuite, @AfterSuite, @BeforeTest, @AfterTest, @BeforeClass,
@AfterClass, @BeforeMethod, @AfterMethod
82 How do you read data from excel?
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream (“path of excel file”);
Workbook wb = WorkbookFactory.create (fis);
Sheet s = wb.getSheet (“sheetName”)
String value = s.getRow (rowNum).getCell (cellNum).getStringCellValue ();
83. What is the use of xpath?
It is used to find the WebElement in web page. It is very useful to identify the
dynamic web elements.
84. What is the alternate way to click on login button?
Use submit () method but it can be used only when attribute type=submit.
85. How do you verify if the checkbox/radio is checked or not?
We can use isSelected () method.
Syntax – driver.findElement (By.xpath (“xpath of the checkbox/radio
button”)).isSelected ();
If the return value of this method is true then it is checked else it is not.
86. Give the example for method overload in WebDriver.
Frame (string), frame (int), and frame (WebElement).
87. How do you simulate browser back and forward?
Driver. Navigate ().back ();
Driver. Navigate ().forward ();
88. How do you get the current page URL?
driver.getCurrentUrl ();
89. What is the difference between ‘/’ and ‘//’?
// It is used to search in the entire structure.
/ It is used to identify the immediate child.
90. How do you clear the contents of a textbox in selenium?
Use clear () method.
driver.findElement (By.xpath (“xpath of box”)).clear ();
91. What are the prerequisites to run selenium WebDriver?
JDK, Eclipse, WebDriver (selenium standalone jar file), browser, application to be
tested.
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92. What are the advantages of selenium WebDriver?
a) It supports with most of the browsers like Firefox, IE, Chrome, Safari, Opera etc.
b) It supports with most of the language like Java, Python, Ruby, C# etc.
b) Doesn’t require to start server before executing the test script.
c) It has actual core API which has binding in a range of languages.
d) It supports of moving mouse cursors.
93. How to get the number of frames on a page?
List < WebElement> frames List = driver.findElements (By.xpath (“//iframe”));
int numOfFrames = frameList.size ();
94. What is the use of get Options () method?
get Options () is used to get the selected option from the dropdown list.
95. What is the use of deselect All () method?
It is used to deselect all the options which have been selected from the dropdown list.
96. Is WebElement an interface or a class?
WebDriver is an Interface.
97. Firefox Driver is class or an interface and from where is it inherited ?
Firefox Driver is a class. It implements all the methods of WebDriver interface.
98.What are the benefits of using TestNG?
a) TestNG allows us to execute of test cases based on group.
b) In TestNG Annotations are easy to understand.
c) Parallel execution of Selenium test cases is possible in TestNG.
d) Three kinds of report generated
e) Order of execution can be changed
f) Failed test cases can be executed
g) Without having main function we can execute the test method.
h) An xml file can be generated to execute the entire test suite. In that xml file we can
rearrange our execution order and we can also skip the execution of particular test
case.
99.While explaining the framework, what are points which should be covered?
a) What is the frame work.
b) Which frame work you are using.
c) Why This Frame work.
d) Architecture.
e) Explanation of every component of frame work.
f) Process followed in frame work.
g) How & when u execute the frame work.
h) Code (u must write code and explain).
i) Result and reporting.
100.How to press Shift+Tab?
String press = Keys.chord(Keys.SHIFT,Keys.ENTER);
webelement.sendKeys(press);

Syntax for WebDriver Methods

1. Creating New Instance Of Firefox Driver – this will open an new Empty browser
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
2. Command To Open URL In Browser
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driver.get("http://selenium-suresh.blogspot.com");
This syntax will open specified URL of software web application in web browser.
3. Clicking on any element or button of webpage
driver.findElement(By.id("id of any element or button")).click();
4. Store text of targeted element in variable - This will retrieve text from targeted element
of software web application page and will store it in variable = suresh
String suresh = driver.findElement(By.tagName("select")).getText();
5. Typing text in text box or text area.
driver.findElement(By.name("txtboxname")).sendKeys("My First Name");
6. Applying Implicit wait in webdriver - This syntax will force webdriver to wait for 15
second if element not found on page of software web application.
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
7. Applying Explicit wait in webdriver - This will wait for till 15 seconds for expected text
"Time left: 7 seconds" to be appear on targeted element.
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 15);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.textToBePresentInElementLocated(By.xpath("xpathofeleme
nt"), "Time left: 7 seconds"));
8. Get page title in selenium webdriver
driver.getTitle();
9. Get Current Page URL In Selenium WebDriver- It will retrieve current page URL and
you can use it to compare with your expected URL.
driver.getCurrentUrl();
10. Get domain name using java script executor - This will retrieve your software
application's domain name using webdriver's java script executor interface and store it in
to variable.
JavascriptExecutor javascript = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
String CurrentURLUsingJS=(String)javascript.executeScript("return document.domain");
11. Generate alert using webdriver's java script executor interface -- It will generate alert
during your selenium webdriver test case execution.
JavascriptExecutor javascript = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
javascript.executeScript("alert('Test Case Execution Is started Now..');");
12. Selecting or Deselecting value from drop down in selenium webdriver.
Select By Visible Text-- It will select value from drop down list using visible text value =
"Audi".
Select mydrpdwn = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("Carlist")));
mydrpdwn.selectByVisibleText("Audi");
Select By Value- It will select value by value = "Italy".
Select listbox = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='FromLB']")));
listbox.selectByValue("Italy");
Select By Index- It will select value by index= 0(First option).
Select listbox = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='FromLB']")));
listbox.selectByIndex(0);
Deselect by Visible Text- It will deselect option by visible text = Russia from list box.
Select listbox = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='FromLB']")));
listbox.deselectByVisibleText("Russia");
Deselect by Value- It will deselect option by value = Mexico from list box.

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Select listbox = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='FromLB']")));
listbox.deselectByValue("Mexico");
Deselect by Index- It will deselect option by value = Mexico from list box.
Select listbox = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='FromLB']")));
listbox.deselectByIndex(5);
It will deselect option by Index = 5 from list box.
Deselect All - It will remove all selections from list box of software application's page.
Select listbox = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='FromLB']")));
listbox.deselectAll();
isMultiple()-It will return true if select box is multiselect else it will return false
Select listbox = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='FromLB']")));
boolean value = listbox.isMultiple();
13. Navigate to URL or Back or Forward in Selenium Webdriver - 1st command will
navigate to specific URL, 2nd will navigate one step back and 3rd command will navigate
one step forward.
driver.navigate().to("http://selenium-suresh.blogspot.com");
driver.navigate().back();
driver.navigate().forward();
14. Verify Element Present in Selenium WebDriver -- It will return true if element is
present on page, else it will return false in variable iselementpresent.
Boolean iselementpresent =driver.findElements(By.xpath("//input[@id='text2']")).size()!=
0;
15. Capturing entire page screenshot in Selenium WebDriver - It will capture page
screenshot and store it in your D: drive.
File screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(screenshot, new File("D:\\screenshot.jpg"));
16. Generating Mouse Hover Event In WebDriver- This will move mouse on targeted
element.
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
WebElement moveonmenu = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@id='menu1']/div"));
actions.moveToElement(moveonmenu).build().perform();
17. Handling Multiple Windows In Selenium WebDriver.
Get All Window Handles.—This will give you to get window handle and then how to
switch from one window to another window.
Set<String> AllWindowHandles = driver.getWindowHandles();
Extract parent and child window handle from all window handles.
String window1 = (String) AllWindowHandles.toArray()[0];
String window2 = (String) AllWindowHandles.toArray()[1];
Use window handle to switch from one window to other window.
driver.switchTo().window(window2);
18. Check Whether Element is Enabled Or Disabled In Selenium Web driver- This will
verify that element (text box) fname is enabled or not. You can use it for any input element.
boolean fname = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='fname']")).isEnabled();
System.out.print(fname);
19. Selenium WebDriver Assertions With TestNG Framework
assertEquals

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Assert.assertEquals(actual, expected);
assertEquals assertion helps you to assert actual and expected equal values.
assertNotEquals
Assert.assertNotEquals(actual, expected);
assertNotEquals assertion is useful to assert not equal values.
assertTrue
Assert.assertTrue(condition);
assertTrue assertion works for boolean value true assertion.
assertFalse
Assert.assertFalse(condition);
assertFalse assertion works for boolean value false assertion.
20. Submit() method to submit form
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='Company']")).submit(); It will submit the
form.
21. Handling Alert, Confirmation and Prompts Popups
String myalert = driver.switchTo().alert().getText(); To store alert text.
driver.switchTo().alert().accept(); To accept alert.
driver.switchTo().alert().dismiss(); To dismiss confirmation.
driver.switchTo().alert().sendKeys("This Is John"); To type text In text box of prompt
popup.
22.Handling DRAG and DROP
WebDriver d = new FirefoxDriver();
Actions a=new Actions(d);
a.dragAndDrop(d.findElement(By.id(“draggable”)),d.findElement(By.id(“droppable”))).
build().perform;
23.Handling the frames in Webdriver
To Enter/Select the Frame – driver.switchTo().frame(“frameid/name / index”)
To Exit from Frame - driver.switchTo().defaultContent()
24. CALENDAR popups -/*IRCTC calendar*/
driver.findElement(By.id("calendar_icon1")).click();
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@id='CalendarControl']/table[tbody[tr[td[text()='Octo
ber 2012']]]]/descendant::a[text()='5']")).click();
25. Context Click (Right Click)
WebElement parentMenu = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Tourist Trains")); Actions act
= new Actions(driver); //Create Action object for Driver
act.contextClick(parentMenu).build().perform(); //Context Click
act.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_RIGHT).build().perform(); Thread.sleep(1000);
act.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN).build().perform(); Thread.sleep(1000);
act.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER).build().perform();
26. Other Browser (Internet Explorer)
System.setProperty("webdriver.ie.driver","D:l\\browserdrivers\\IEDriverServer.exe");
WebDriver driver =new InternetExplorerDriver();
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
27. Other Browser (Chrome)
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","D:\\browserdrivers\\Chromedriver.exe")
; WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

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driver.get("http://www.google.com");
28. Using Auto-IT tool -To handle windows authentication and calling that code in
Selenium
--Auto-IT code
WinWaitActive("Authentication Required")
Send("admin")
Send("{TAB} admin{TAB} {ENTER}")
Save the file as default save.(Authentication1.exe)
Calling AutoIT .exe file in selenium
Process P = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("D:\\AUTOIT\\Authentication1.exe");
29.File download using RobotClass
Robot robot = new Robot();
//it clicks on SaveFile Radio btn
robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ALT);
robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_S);
robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ALT);
robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_S);
Thread.sleep(2000);
//Clicks on OK btn
robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
robot.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("File downloaded successfully");
30.File Uplad using WebDriver
WebElement fileInput =
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='file'][@name='photofile']"));
fileInput.sendKeys("C:\\Users\\Public\\Pictures\\Sample Pictures\\Desert.jpg");
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("File uploaded successfully");

How to Explain Project in Interview

1. Overview of Client & Project Introduction:
2. Modules description:
3. Main functionality of your application:
4. Tools, Technologies, and Platform used:
5. Personal contribution and your role in the project:
Example: I worked on ABC Project. This project has total 4 modules. I worked on B
module. Explain the functionality flow. I was involved in writing test cases/designing test
scripts for which we used <tool name>, we executed the test cases/test scripts<tool
name>and while testing, we found bugs. For bugs, we used <toolname>. You can mention
the framework being used during automation testing and elaborate more upon asking.

Note: You have to give the answer within 2-3 minutes so that interviewer can ask you
further questions. Do not spend 5 minutes or more in explaining the project. You will miss
the opportunity. Do not bore the interviewer.

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How to Explain Automation Framework in Interview
This answer will vary from person to person in general we can explain as below.
In current project I am working on Hybrid Framework which is having the features of –
(WebDriver + TestNG + TestSuite+Log4J).
 WebDriver had used to develop automation scripts
 TestNg had used to Generate Html Reports
 TestSuite to Execute Group of testCases
 Log4j to Generate log file.
You need to draw the folder strucuter for the interview and explain what is the purpose
of each and every file including navigation followed by one sample test script.

General.Java : All re-usable functions to perform particular action based on Manual test
case steps.
Global.java : considered like object repository which are maintaing all varibles and objects
information
Com.hrms.testscripts : all automation scripts need to be created in this folder
TC504.java : Accessing all required methods from general.java based on manual test case
steps.
ExcelUtils.java : All re-usable functions to perform excel related activities.
Log.Java : All re-usable functions to generate logfile
Test-ouput : html reports or TestNG reports
Log4j.xml : To Generate log file
Logfile.log : printing test case step execution details in text file or logfile
Testng.xml : Test Suite to execute group of testcases.

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