Review on Derivatives
MTH 311 – Calculus 3
Prepared by:
Tom Paulie M. Tongol
Definition:
• A derivative represents the rate at which a function is changing at
any given point. It is a fundamental concept in calculus and
describes the behavior of functions.
Notation:
𝑑𝑓
• The derivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) is denoted as 𝑓′(𝑥), 𝑦′, , or
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
• Higher-order derivatives are denoted as 𝑓′′(𝑥) or 𝑦′′ for the
second derivative, 𝑓′′′(𝑥) or 𝑦′′′ for the third, and so on.
Rules of Differentiation
• The rules of differentiation are formulas and techniques that
allow us to find the derivative of various functions.
• Here are the fundamental rules:
𝐝
1. ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: 𝐜 =𝟎
𝐝𝐱
𝐝 u and v are differentiable
2. ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: 𝐱 =𝟏 functions of x, and n is any
𝐝𝐱 real number, c is a constant
𝐝
3. ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐌𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: 𝐜𝐮 = 𝐜𝐮′
𝐝𝐱
Rules of Differentiation
𝐝 𝐧 𝐧−𝟏
𝐝𝐮
4. ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: 𝐮 = 𝐧𝐮
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐝
5. ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐮𝐦 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: 𝐮 + 𝐯 = 𝐮′ + 𝐯′
𝐝𝐱
𝐝
6. ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: 𝐮 − 𝐯 = 𝐮′ − 𝐯′
𝐝𝐱 u and v are differentiable
functions of x, and n is any
𝐝
7. ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: 𝐮𝐯 = 𝐮𝐯 ′ + 𝐯𝐮′ real number, c is a constant
𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐮 𝐯𝐮′ − 𝐮𝐯′
8. ) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐐𝐮𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: =
𝐝𝐱 𝐯 𝐯𝟐
The Chain Rule
Basic Trigonometric Functions and Their Derivatives
Derivative of Logarithmic Functions Formula
𝐝 𝐮′
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 𝐮 =
𝐝𝐱 𝐮 𝐥𝐧(𝐛)
𝐝 𝐮′
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐮 =
𝐝𝐱 𝐮 𝐥𝐧(𝟏𝟎)
𝐝 𝐮′
𝐥𝐧 𝐮 =
𝐝𝐱 𝐮
Derivative of Exponential Functions Formula
𝐝 𝐮 𝐮
𝐞 = 𝐞 ∙ 𝐮′
𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐮 𝐮
𝐚 = 𝐚 (𝐥𝐧𝐚) ∙ 𝐮′
𝐝𝐱
where 𝐚 > 𝟎 and 𝐚 ≠ 𝟏
REVIEW: Laws of Exponents
𝟏. ) (𝐚𝐛)𝐦 = 𝐚𝐦 ∙ 𝐛𝐦 𝟒. ) (𝐚𝐦 )𝐧 = 𝐚𝐦𝐧
𝐦 𝐧 𝐦+𝐧 𝐦 𝐦
𝟐. ) 𝐚 ∙ 𝐚 = 𝐚 𝐚 𝐚
𝟓. ) = 𝐦;𝐛 ≠ 𝟎
𝐛 𝐛
𝐚𝐦 𝐦−𝐧
𝟑. ) 𝐧 = 𝐚
𝐚
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐦 > 𝐧 & 𝐚 ≠ 𝟎
REVIEW: Laws of Radicals
𝐧 𝐧
𝟏. ) 𝐚𝐧 =𝐚 𝐚 𝐧 𝐚
𝟒. ) = 𝐧
𝐦 𝐛 𝐛
𝐧
𝟐. ) 𝐚𝐦 = 𝐚𝐧
𝐦 𝐧 𝐦𝐧
𝐧 𝐧 𝐧 𝟓. ) 𝐚= 𝐚
𝟑. ) 𝐚∙ 𝐛= 𝐚𝐛
REVIEW: Laws of Logarithms
𝟏. ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐌𝐍) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐌) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐍)
𝐌
𝟐. ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐌) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐍)
𝐍
𝟑. ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐌𝐩 ) = 𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐌)
𝟒. ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐛 (𝐛) = 𝟏
𝟓. ) 𝐛 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐛(𝐍) = 𝐍
Common Logarithms (log)
REVIEW: Laws of Logarithms
𝟏. ) 𝐥𝐧(𝐌𝐍) = 𝐥𝐧(𝐌) + 𝐥𝐧(𝐍)
𝐌
𝟐. ) 𝐥𝐧 = 𝐥𝐧(𝐌) − 𝐥𝐧(𝐍)
𝐍
𝟑. ) 𝐥𝐧(𝐌𝐩 ) = 𝐩𝐥𝐧(𝐌)
Natural Logarithms (ln)
Derivative of Hyperbolic Functions Formula
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝐮 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐮 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝐮 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐮
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝐝𝐮
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐮 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝐮 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐮 = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐮 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝐮
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
𝐝 𝟐
𝐝𝐮 𝐝 𝟐
𝐝𝐮
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝐮 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐮 = −𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝐮
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
Some Identities of Hyperbolic Functions
𝟏 𝐞𝐱 − 𝐞−𝐱 𝟏 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝐱 = = 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝐱 = = 𝐱
𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝐱 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝐱 𝐞 − 𝐞−𝐱
𝟏 𝐞𝐱 + 𝐞−𝐱 𝟏 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐱 = = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐱 = = 𝐱
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐱 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐱 𝐞 + 𝐞−𝐱
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝐱 𝐞𝐱 − 𝐞−𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐱 𝐞𝐱 + 𝐞−𝐱
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝐱 = = 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐱 = = 𝐱
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐱 𝐞 + 𝐞−𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝐱 𝐞 − 𝐞−𝐱
Derivative of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
𝐝 𝐮′ 𝐝 𝐮′
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝐮 = −𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝐮 =
𝐝𝐱 𝐮𝟐 + 𝟏 𝐝𝐱 𝐮𝟐 − 𝟏
𝐝 −𝟏
𝐮′ 𝐝 −𝟏
𝐮′
𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝐮 = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐮 = −
𝐝𝐱 |𝐮| 𝟏 + 𝐮𝟐 𝐝𝐱 𝐮 𝟏 − 𝐮𝟐
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐮 ≠ 𝟎 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝟎 < 𝐮 < 𝟏
𝐝 −𝟏
𝐮′ 𝐝 −𝟏
𝐮′
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝐮 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐮 =
𝐝𝐱 𝟏 − 𝐮𝟐 𝐝𝐱 𝟏 − 𝐮𝟐
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐮 < 𝟏 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐮 > 𝟏
Some Identities of Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions
