UCSP NOTES MODULE 1

•STATE
 State is an organized political community under a government, united by
common laws and laws. It uses absolute power to direct society and uses
political coerciveness, such as armed forces and stricter laws, to achieve
societal goals. Market exchange is the primary form of economic
subsistence for a state. States differ in sovereignty, governance,
geography, and interests. The concept of the state is different from the
concept of a nation, which refers to a large geographical area and people
with a common identity. As a state, individuals are subject to legal
norms, such as paying taxes and contributing to political life. The state
aims to maintain control over violence, allocate resources and rewards,
and be the primary focus of identity for its people.
 States consist of three essential elements: population, territory,
government, and sovereignty. Population is the people who make the
state, while territory includes land, water, and airspace. Government is
the organization that enforces and adjudicates laws, while sovereignty is
the exclusive element of a state. States come in various forms, such as
authoritarian, totalitarian, and oligarchy governments. Authoritarian
governments, such as monarchies, have an individual head of state,
while totalitarian governments aim to regulate all aspects of public and
private life. Oligarchic governments, on the other hand, have power
resting with a small-elite segment of society, distinguished by royalty,
wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony.
 Theocracy is a government guided by divine guidance, with leaders being
clergy members. Democratic government, on the other hand, is a form
where the majority of citizens hold the right to govern. There are 99
democratic nations globally, including the Philippines, Norway, New
 Zealand, United States, Canada, Columbia, Italy, and South Africa. State
roles include providing security against external aggressions, ensuring
security against internal disturbances, legally granting and guaranteeing
people’s rights, regulating currency, creating conditions for socio-
economic-politico-cultural development, granting citizenship, conducting
foreign relations, and securing national interests. Nonstate institutions,
such as banks, corporations, cooperatives, trade unions, and
development agencies, also participate in international affairs and
relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation.
 Banks are financial institutions that provide loans for personal
consumption, investment, and businesses. They can be categorized into
commercial banks and investment banks. Commercial banks offer
financial deposits, serve as payment agents, issue securities, and act as
brokers for institutional clients. They are subject to more regulations.
Investment banks, on the other hand, are financial intermediaries that
perform various services for businesses and governments. They are
under the supervision of regulatory bodies like the SEC, FINRA, and the
US Treasury. Corporations, created by individuals, are separate entities
guided by a Board of Directors.
 Corporations can be formed as for-profit or non-for-profit entities, with
for-profit entities generating revenues and providing a return to
shareholders. Non-profit entities, such as Human Rights Campaign and
Greenpeace, use their revenues to further their objectives. Multinational
Corporations (MNCs) extend ownership, management, production, and
sales activities into several or more countries, benefiting economic
growth and development. However, they can also have negative effects,
such as offering ill-suited technology, retarding economic growth,
causing dependency, harming human rights, harming the environment,
and damaging national culture.
 MNCs like Google, HSBC, Uber, Palo Alto Networks, Procter and Gamble,
Thomson Reuters, Accenture, Citibank, Maersk, Hewlett Packard, Coca
Cola Far East, and Deutsche Bank are already present in the Philippines.

2
 Cooperatives, people-centered enterprises, are owned and operated by
members to realize common economic, social, and cultural needs. They
play a critical role in building community wealth by providing quality
goods and services, investing in local communities, retaining business
profits, building social networks, assisting small local businesses, and
creating quality jobs for community members.
 Trade unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields to
advocate for fair pay, working conditions, and benefits. They represent a
cluster of workers and act as a communication link between
management and workers. Trade unions in the Philippines include the
Federation of Free Workers, Kilusang Mayo Uno, and the Trade Union
Congress of the Philippines. They advocate for fair compensation, better
working conditions, strikes, social welfare, education, and legislative
protections. They also represent workers in national and international
forums, negotiate collective bargaining agreements, and advise
management on personnel policies.
 TAGS (Tax Advocacy and Campaigns) are organizations that develop
advocacies and campaigns for specific causes, ideas, values, and beliefs.
Examples include Human Rights Watch, Amnesty, Oxfam, Save children,
Greenpeace, and Friends of the Earth. Development agencies are
organizations that promote cooperation between the public, private, and
civil society sectors, focusing on growth, progression, and advancement
of specific concerns.

 International Organizations (IGOs) are public or private institutions that
facilitate cooperation among members. Non-government Organizations
(NGOs) function independently of governments and serve social or
political goals, promoting democracy and social change. NGOs often
target underserved populations, such as women, the elderly, disabled
persons, the poor, and marginalized social groups.

3
 Government and non-state institutions interact to regulate society,
influencing development. Interference can lead to integration or conflict
due to potential societal control over one institution.