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CHAP1

Uploaded by

waelmed.charaoui
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Instrumentation and

Programmable Devices
Instrumentation and Programmable Devices

Objective
This course provides the fundamentals of measurement instrumentation
in a power system. Topics range from basic measurements, signal
processing, analog and digital transmission, to virtual instrumentation
and smart intelligent electronic devices.

The required knowledge :


The student is supposed to have attended DSP and Electronic courses.
Course outlines :

1. Introduction.
2. Measurement and instrumentation principles.
3. Signal processing and Measurement systems.
4. Instrument transformers
5. Hall effect current/voltage sensors
6. Programmable devices (PLC)
7. Introduction to data acquisition and virtual instruments.
8. Substation instrumentation and control.
9. Introduction to SCADA system.

Evaluation Mode: Continuous + Final exam

References
J.G. Webster, Measurement, Instrumentation and sensors Handbook, CRC press LLC,
1999./
Chapter I Introduction

Instrument
A device is used for direct or indirect measurement,
monitoring, or control of different variables and protection.

Measurement
A determination of a magnitude of process variables by
comparator with a predefined standard.
Introduction : Functional Units
•The measuring instrument or a measurement system generally
consists of several elements or blocks known as functional units.
• Most of the instrumentation system contains 3 basic functional Units.
Introduction : Basic Architecture for
an Instrumentation Measurement
System
Introduction : Basic Architecture for
an Electronic Instrumentation
Measurement System
Instrumentation Measurement
System
CLASSIFICATION

The history of development of instrument includes 3 types


1) Mechanical instrument:
It is based on mechanical principle,
It is more reliable for static and stable condition.
Disadvantage
It does not respond rapidly for variable condition,
It is more noisy

Example : Odometer, Burdon Tube pressure.


CLASSIFICATION

2) Electrical (Electro-mechanical) Instrument :


It is based on both mechanical and electrical principle,
It is faster than the previous one,

Disadvantage ;
It is slow for real-time system.
Example : analogue multi-meter,
CLASSIFICATION

3) Electronic instrument: Further classification


It is based on semiconductor devices a) Static
Advantages: b)Mechatronic
• Fast respond, c) Digital
• Light,
• High degree of reliability,
• High sensitivity,
• Low power consumption,
• Remote sensing.
Examples: digital multi-meter, ultrasonic
sensor, PMU transducer….
Resolution

Resolution
The resolution of a measurement system is the smallest yet to
distinguish different in values. The specified resolution of an
instrument has no relation to the accuracy of measurement.
Digital measuring systems
A digital system converts an analog signal to a digital equivalent with
an AD converter. The difference between two values, the resolution, is
therefore always equal to one bit. Or in the case of a digital
multimeter, this is 1 digit.
Analog measuring systems
In the case of analog measuring instruments where the measured
value is displayed in a mechanical way, such as a moving-coil meter,
it's difficult to give an exact number for the resolution.
Precision/Accuracy

• Precision: consistency of the measurement. It is associated to the


capacity of the sensor to give the same output (measurement) under
output (measurement) under the same input (Stimulus).

• In modern sensors uncertainty is preferred asociated to the


Limiting error of the measurement (to be discussed later)
Dynamic Characteristics
Parameters of the time response
Frequency response
Thank You

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