Erbil Polytechnic University

Erbil Technology College

Construction and Materials Technology Engineering

Comparative Analysis
Ceramic Tiles Properties

Students name:
1.Zhala Saifaddin Hasan

2. Zaitun Muhammad Sdiq

3.Muhammad Abdulkhalq

4. Moayed Waysi

4rth Semester / G1
2023 - 2024

Supervisor Lecturer:

Mr. Arsalan H. Hasan

Table of content:
Content Page
Chapter One 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Ceramic tile classification 7
1.3 types of ceramic tiles 8
1.4 application of ceramic tiles 8
1.5 manufacturing ceramic tiles 9
1.6 advantages and disadvantages of ceramic tiles 10
1.7 advantages of Ceramic tile 11
1.7.1 tile will last for decades 11
1.7.2 pretty easy to maintain 11
1.7.3 water resistant floor tile 11
1.7.4 wide range of ceramic tile 12
1.7.5 prevents the growth of germs 12
1.7.6 eco-friendly flooring solution 12
1.8 Disadvantages of ceramic tiles 13
1.8.1 heavy 13
1.8.2 hard surface 13
1.8.3 installation can be tricky 13
Chapter two: installation of ceramic tiles 14
2.1 materials are needed to lay the tile floor 14
2.2 what is the tile adhesive 14
2.3 types of tile adhesive 15
2.4 tools 16
2.5 installation of ceramic tiles 18
2.5.1 installation 18
2.5.2 mixing adhesive 18
2.5.3 apply the adhesive 18
2.5.4 lay the tiles 19
2.5.5 level and adjust 20
2.5.6 grouting 20
2.5.7 caulking 20
2.5.8 cleaning the tiles and final check 21
Chapter Three: ceramic tiles tests 22
Experiment No.1 22
3.1 dimension test 22
3.1.1 scope 22
3.1.2 apparatus 22
3.1.3 test specimen 22

2
3.1.4 procedure 22
3.1.5 result 23
Experiment No.2 24
3.2 tile water absorption test 23
3.2.1 objective 24
3.2.2 apparatus 24
3.2.3 preparing the sample 25
3.2.4 Experiment method (procedure) 25
3.2.5 calculation equation 26
3.2.6 specification limits 26
3.2.7 Result 27
Experiment No.3 28
3.3 modules of rapture test of tiles 28
3.3.1 objective 28
3.3.2 apparatus 28
3.3.3 preparing the sample 28
3.3.4 excitement method (procedure) 29
3.3.5 calculation equation 29
3.3.6 specification limit 30
3.3.7 Calculations 32
3.3.8 results 31
Chapter Four: Result & Discussion 33
4.1 results 33
4.2 discussion 35
Chapter Five: Conclusion 37
4.4 references 38

List of Figures:
Figure Page
Figure1: different sample of ceramic tiles 7
Figure2: glazed ceramic tiles 9
Figure3:unglazed 9
Figure4:different textures of ceramic tiles 9
Figure5:using the grout in filling gaps 16
Figure6:mixing the adhesive 18
Figure7:Applying the adhesive 19
Figure8: tiles laying 19
Figure9: grouting 20
Figure10: caulking material 21
Figure11: Vernier calipers 22
3
Figure12: measurement tape 22
Figure13: water bath 24
Figure14: sensitive scale 24
Figure15: oven 24
Figure16: brush 24
Figure17: ceramic tiles rapture testing 28
Figure18: ceramic tile at failure 28
Figure19: Absorption ratio test result. 33
Figure20: modulus of rapture test result. 34

List of Tables
Tables Pages
Table1: Dimension Test Result 22
Table2: Preparing Number of tiles for test 24
Table3: Standard Specification of water absorption test 24
Table4: Maximum Water absorption ratio 25
Table5: water absorption test data 26
Table6: Preparing Number of samples of tiles for rapture test 27
Table7: Standard Specification for modules rapture of tiles test 28
Table8: minimum modules of rapture test tiles 29
Table9: modules rapture of tiles data 31
Table10: result and Specification for (Indian-Turky- 32
Iranian)ceramic tiles.

4
 Chapter one

1-1 Introduction:

Tile is a versatile construction material that comes in a variety of materials,

shapes, and finishes, and that can be used for both indoor and outdoor projects.
Tile isn’t just a design feature, it also serves a major functional purpose: It’s great
at withstanding moisture and is quite durable, making it ideal for high-traffic
areas.

Tile is usually used in high-moisture areas, like kitchens and bathrooms to

waterproof surfaces. Tile can also be used to substitute common wall and flooring
materials that don’t hold up well to moisture, like wood. Tile is also a design
element installed in pieces to cover walls, floors, countertops, and more.

One of the most widely used types of tiles currently is ceramic tiles, which are
made in various colors, shapes and sizes and are durable.

Ceramic tiles are very diverse with a myriad of options from natural stone looks
to solid colors in a variety of sizes. As you may have found during your search
for ceramic tile, there are so many interesting designs that are created with
ceramic tile. Here we touch on a few trends in ceramic tiles.

Natural stone is currently trending in designs for kitchens and bathrooms. Stone
is beautiful but can carry a price tag that is not for everyone. Ceramic in natural
stone looks provides all the design aesthetic of stone without the high price tag.
With advanced options for printing on ceramic, natural stone patterns can be
extremely realistic.

While hexagons and other tile shapes enjoy bursts of popularity, a majority of
tiles come in a linear rectangle or square. To achieve the former, manufacturers

5
use machines that create precise, uniform edges, resulting in a product called
“rectified” tile.

This research deals with the characteristics and quality of models of ceramic tiles
that are currently available on the market. taken three groups of tiles according to
the country of origin made (Indian - Iranian - Turkish) for the purpose of
researching the extent to which engineering standards exist in them and
conducting tests and comparing them with others.

6
1-2 ceramic tile Classification:

The different types of ceramic tile that exist are classified in many ways:

• For its finish, glazed (GL) or unglazed (UGL).

• By its location; exterior or interior, flooring, or cladding.
• By manufacturing process: pressing or extrusion.
• By water absorption capacity: High, medium, or low.

So, we can know the type of material we have in our hands just by reading the
tile box.

This encoding is summarized in the following table:

Fig (1): different samples of ceramic tiles

7
1-3 Types of ceramic tiles:

• Glazed Ceramic Tiles: These tiles have a layer of liquid glass applied to the
surface before the firing process. The glaze, which can be colored or patterned,
provides the tile with a protective layer that is resistant to stains, scratches, and
moisture.
• Unglazed Ceramic Tiles: Also known as quarry tiles, these lack protective
glaze, resulting in a more natural, earthy appearance. They are typically more
slip-resistant than glazed tiles, making them a popular choice for outdoor
applications.
• Porcelain Tiles: These are a subtype of ceramic tiles, made from finer,
denser clay and fired at higher temperatures. This results in a tile that is harder,
denser, and more resistant to moisture and frost than regular ceramic tiles.

1-4 Applications of Ceramic Tiles:

Ceramic tiles are versatile and can be used in various settings owing to their
unique properties. They are primarily employed in residential and commercial
projects for both indoor and outdoor uses.

• Flooring: Ceramic tiles are a popular choice for flooring due to their
durability, resistance to wear and tear, and aesthetic appeal. They are
frequently used in bathrooms, kitchens, and outdoor areas due to their
moisture-resistant properties.
• Walls and Backsplashes: Ceramic tiles are often used to adorn walls and
serve as kitchen or bathroom backsplashes. They provide an easy-to-clean
surface that can withstand heat and water, making them suitable for such
applications.
• Countertops: Particularly the more durable porcelain tiles, are used in
countertops for their resistance to scratches and high temperatures.
8
 Fig (2): Glazed ceramic Tile. Fig (3): unglazed
ceramic Tile.

Fig (4): Deferent textures of ceramic tiles

1-5 Manufacturing ceramic tile:

Manufacturers of ceramic tiles may use proprietary mixtures of elements to make
products. Typically, however, all ofPorcelain
these mixtures
ceramic include clay mixed with sand,
Tile.
feldspar, quartz, and water. All of these ingredients are mixed in a mill to create
a substance called body slip. The body slip contains approximately 30% water at

9
this point, until it is heated and dried to reduce the moisture content to about 6%.
The body slip has the appearance of dust or powder and is compressed into
ceramic tile shapes using a high-pressure electric or hydraulic press.

After pressing, the formed tile shape is called bisque. The bisque tiles are dried
to remove the remaining moisture. Some ceramic tiles remain unglazed, but most
are glazed using a glassy substance that contains a mix of pigments that give the
ceramic tiles their color and surface characteristics. Glazed ceramic tiles are fired
in tunnel kilns or roller-hearth kilns at temperatures of approximately 2000º F,
permanently fusing the glaze to the surface of the tile.

There are two special types of ceramic tiles for use outdoors. Vitrified tiles have
been treated to have very low porosity, making them strong and stain resistant.
Impervious or porcelain tiles are fired at very high temperatures, making them
very dense. Porcelain ceramic tiles have a high impact resistance to minimize
breakage. Both vitrified and porcelain ceramic tiles are able to withstand the
freezing and thawing conditions of outdoor applications. Other specialty types
include pre-grouted ceramic tiles, which come from the manufacturers in large,
pre-assembled sheets for quick installation.

1-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramic Tiles:

Ceramic tiles come with a host of advantages that make them a popular choice
for various applications. These benefits include their durability, resistance to
water and stains, ease of maintenance, and versatility in terms of colors, designs,
and finishes available. However, they also have a few drawbacks such as their
cold and hard surface, difficulty in installation, and potential for chips or cracks.

10
1-7 Advantages Of Ceramic Tiles :

Ceramic tiles are one of the most popular flooring materials out there be it
commercial or residential property. Let's take a look at some key advantages of
installing ceramic tiles:

1-7-1 Tiles Will Last for Decades

Professionally installed ceramic tiles will last for decades if maintained properly.
Even if one tile cracks, it is usually due to a hard impact, and you will find it
simple to repair one tile or just replace it. As a result, you'll be able to keep your
overall costs low because you won't have to replace tiles regularly.

1-7-2 Pretty Easy To Maintain:

One of the most popular reasons behind the popularity of floor tiles is how simple
it is to keep clean. The stains, dirt or liquids will just sit on top and not get
absorbed, making it easy to clean. You can keep them clean by sweeping any
loose debris and dirt off the floor using a vacuum with a soft brush attachment or
a broom. If stains do occur, nearly any cleaner may be used without damaging
the tile flooring. This is one of the many reasons why a ton of homeowners decide
to install ceramic tiles in their bathrooms and kitchens.

1-7-3 Water- Resistant Floor Tiles

Ceramic tiles are water-resistant, making them suitable for every nook and corner
of your space. The material has a protective layer on top that makes it stain and
water-resistant. This becomes useful when it comes to bathrooms and kitchens,
where the ceramic tile will last considerably longer than other materials. It also
withstands high humid conditions, so you don't have to worry about it being
damaged during the hot and humid summer months. Ceramic tiles will be suitable
in any wet climate.

11
1-7-4 A Wide Range Of Ceramic Tiles:

Ceramic tiles are available in a wide range of colors, textures, and styles, and
patterns can be made using flexible tile sizes. They may also be printed to look
like numerous hardwoods and natural stones. They are adaptable to nearly any
colour scheme or theme. We can now print anything on ceramic tiles thanks to
the advancement of digital printing technology. AGL Tiles has ceramic tiles in
countless designs & colours. You will find something you like over there.

1-7-5 Prevents The Growth Of Germs:

The ceramic tile floor is not only easy to clean, but it also does not harbour germs.
This characteristic of ceramic tiles is advantageous for running a public-service
business, such as a restaurant. Ceramic tiles' hard surface makes them
impermeable, which means they are resistant to water and moisture, making them
less prone to germs and moulds.

1-7-6 Eco-Friendly Flooring Solution:

Professionally installed ceramic tiles will last for decades if maintained properly.
Even if one tile cracks, it is usually due to a hard impact, and you will find it
simple to repair one tile or just replace it. As a result, you'll be able to keep your
overall costs low because you won't have to replace tiles regularly.

Ceramic tiles last longer, need fewer replacements and use fewer resources. Easy
to clean without strong chemicals, ceramic tiles support an eco-friendly lifestyle
in making and using. It can be an excellent option if you are looking for eco-
friendly floor tiles.

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1-8 Disadvantages Of Ceramic Tiles:

With every material of your choice, there will be some disadvantages, let's
explore the same for ceramic tiles.

1-8-1 Heavy:

This is not a major disadvantage of ceramic tiles but still should be considered.
Because ceramic floor tiles are heavy, it is not a good choice for upper-story
installations. If it is essential to install tile flooring on the top level of a
commercial building, a specialist should first inspect the structural integrity. You
must ensure that you are not subjecting your building to additional stress that it is
unable to bear.

1-8-2 Hard Surface:

Ceramic tiles may be durable and easier to maintain. However, the hard surface
makes standing on the floor for extended periods unpleasant. Unfortunately,
cushioned underlay cannot be used to soften hard ceramic tiles. You can use soft
rugs on the ceramic floor tiles to overcome this disadvantage.

1-8-3 Installation Can Be Tricky:

Ceramic tiles are heavier and harder than regular tiles. As a result, be certain that
these tiles are handled with care and that the required equipment is used. As a
result, experienced tile installers are required to install ceramic tiles. So
eventually you will have to hire a professional for the installation.

Considering the ceramic tiles' advantages and disadvantages, we can say that the
pros outweigh the cons. You can simply add some rugs around the house to make
ceramic tiles comfortable for your feet. Don't worry about where you can install
ceramic tiles; you can easily install them in every room of your house!

13
 Chapter two

Installation of ceramic tiles

2-1 Materials are needed to lay tile floor?

Having the right tools can make laying the tile floor an easy job. Here is a list of
what materials are needed to lay tile floor:

• Tile
• Adhesive material
• Grout
• Spacers
• Tile leveling system
• Trowel
• Grout float
• Tile cutting tools
• Sealers
• Personal protection equipment

2-2 What is Tile Adhesive?

Tile Adhesive is formulated polymer modified, flexible glue that can be used to
fix different types of tiles including mosaic tiles, ceramic tiles, clay & ceramic
(non-vitrified) tiles of small and large dimensions, engineered and all natural
stone tiles amongst others.

Enhancing the quality of binding the tiles to the surface, tile adhesive is a readily
available mixture made up of Portland cement, polymers, selected aggregate
particles with added additives. It contains specialized chemicals which provide
reduced shrinkage with excellent adhesive properties and superior strength. It is
very flexible to accommodate thermal & physical movements and is applied in
both wet and dry areas.

14
2-3 Types of Tile Adhesives:

There are five types of Tile Adhesives available based on their application and as
per IS 15477:2019. Classified as Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, Type 4, and Type 5,
they are defined and distinguished based on the following three aspects:

Chemistry: Dispersion, reactive resin, and cementitious

Performance: Regular or improved/heavy duty

Other characteristics: Quick setting, no shrinkage, reduced slip, etc.

Type 1: This is suitable for tiles with apparent porosity >3% and used for all clay
and ceramic (non-vitrified) tiles of small dimensions (<= 300mm x300mm) and
most cement-based backgrounds including cement plaster, cement concrete,
cement screed, amongst others.

Type 2: This is suitable for tiles with apparent porosity <3% and best fitted for
vitrified/fully vitrified tiles, glass mosaic tiles, all stones, dense, and large
dimensions (> 300mm x 300mm) tiles, and stones with demanding conditions
like wet or submerged areas.

Type 3: This is suited for tiles on exterior wall substrates like plaster or concrete.
It is specifically designed for tiles including ceramic, clay tiles, basalt tiles,
vitrified, glass mosaic tiles, porcelain tiles & all natural stone tiles.

Type 4: Along with being suitable for tiles and wall tiles as included in Type 1,
2, and 3, this adhesive is intended for installation on dry wallboard substrates.
Except for metal tiles or engineered stones installed on dry wallboard substrates,
this is suitable for all types of stones and tiles.

Type 5: This is best suited for all types of tiles including engineered stones which
are to be installed on glass or metallic substrates like gridiron, mild steel, stainless
steel, aluminum, or copper, etc.

15
2-4 Tools:

Grout:

will use grout to fill in the gaps in between tiles. There are two types of grout:
unsanded and sanded. Unsanded grout is used to fill tiles that are placed close
together. Sanded grout is used to fill gaps that are larger than 1/16th of an inch.
Choosing grout can also be an opportunity to add color or style to a space because
there are always many colors to choose from, and by choosing a color that
contrasts with your tile you can make your installation stand out.

Fig (5): Using the Grout in filling gaps

Pacers:

Tile spacers are small plastic bits that are shaped like an “X” or a “T”. They go
between tiles to make sure that they are placed evenly, which ensures a
professional floor tiling job.

Tile leveling system:

Using a tile leveling system will help prevent lippage and prevent the creation of
tripping hazards from unevenly laid tile.

Trowel:

A tile trowel is essential for laying the mortar base on the subfloor before laying
the tile. Tile trowels also help you measure the accurate amount of mortar. Grout

16
floats spread the grout in all of the gaps of the already laid tile. Because grout
floats are made of rubber, they will not scratch the tile flooring.

Tile cutting tools:

To cut the tile, you will need a tile cutter. There are four main types of tile cutters:

manual tile cutter

tabletop wet tile saw

handheld wet tile saw

overhead motor wet tile saw

Angle:

Manual tile cutters are a great option because they work quickly and can be used
with most types of tile. If you choose to use a wet tile saw, you will also need
reliable diamond blades.

Sealers:

Tile sealer protects natural stone and cement tiles and grout from general wear
and tear. To seal these types of tiles, you pour a sealer over the laid tiles. There
are two types of sealers: surface sealers and penetrating sealers.

Personal Protection Equipment:

Safely completing a tile-laying job is a key to successfully completing the job.

Wearing personal protective equipment like protective eyewear, cut-resistant
gloves, knee pads, and dust masks can protect you and your crew from injuries.

17
2-5 Installation of ceramic tiles:

2-5-1 Installation:

Before begin, it recommends reviewing all the following steps so can plan for
each step in the process. We’ll cover mixing and laying thinnest, laying tile, and
finishing touches, like grouting, sealing and caulking. Our Tile Experts are
available to help if you have questions about any of the steps.

2-5-2 Mixing adhesive:

To make the tile adhesive, make sure to follow the guidelines provided by the
manufacturer. Generally, you will have to combine the powder with water in a
tidy container using a drill equipped with a mixing paddle. It is important to
obtain a smooth and uniform paste while mixing the adhesive, as using it with
lumps can result in fragile tiles. Allow the mixture to settle for a few minutes and
then remix before applying.3- Laying Thinnest.

Fig (6): Mixing the adhesive

2-5-3 Apply the Adhesive:

Apply a generous amount of tile adhesive to a small area of the surface using a
notched trowel. Make sure that the adhesive is spread evenly and the ridges
formed by the notched trowel are in a consistent direction. This aids in achieving
effective tile adhesion. Take care not to let the adhesive dry up before laying the
tiles; instead, work in small pieces across the entire area. If you’re dealing with
18
large format tiles, you may want to consider double buttering. Double buttering
is a technique in which the adhesive material is spread flatly over the back of the
tile before installation. This helps ensure that all areas on the back of the tile are
covered and evenly dispersed.

Fig (7): Applying the adhesive

2-5-4 Lay the Tiles:

Apply pressure to the tiles in a twisting motion as you press them into the tile
adhesive gently to ensure they are firmly in place. Make sure they are in line with
your layout markings and that the gaps between tiles are consistent and even. To
achieve this, insert a tile spacer between each tile to maintain the desired grout
spacing. These spacers can be taken out right before the grouting stage.

Fig (8): Tiles Laying

19
2-5-5 Level and Adjust

Using a spirit leveler, make sure the tiles are level and aligned. If necessary,
lightly tap the tiles into position with a hammer or rubber mallet.

2-5-6 Grouting:

Depending on usage, grouting can be completed after a 24-hour period. Using a

grout float, apply the grout into the spaces between the tiles after mixing it
according to the manufacturer's directions and with the float's edge, push the
grout into the spaces and scrape out any excess grout.

Fig (9): Grouting

2-5-7 Caulking:

Caulk is used to create a strong and waterproof bond between joints, whether
between tiles, walls, counters, or bathroom accessories.

Caulk is used to create a strong and waterproof bond between joints, whether it
be between tiles, walls, counters or bathroom accessories.

20
You should caulk all 90° tile joints, whether they are between tile and wall, tile
and counter or two walls. There are different types of caulk and application
methods, so ask a Tile Expert at your local Tile Shop to recommend the best one
for your project.

Fig (10): Caulking material

2-5-8 Cleaning the Tiles and Final Check:

Use a moist sponge to remove any grout or tile adhesive that is still on the tiles.
Frequently rinse the sponge to avoid grout or adhesive haze. Examine your tile
installation for any flaws or leftover grout or tile adhesive once it has cured.
Perform any necessary cleaning or touch-ups.

21
 Chapter Three

Ceramic tile tests

Experiment No.1
3-1 Dimension Test
3-1-1 Scope: This test methods used for determining the dimensional
characteristics (length, width, thickness, straightness of sides, rectangularity) and
the surface quality of all ceramic tiles.

3-1-2 Apparatus:

1. Vernier calipers
2. Scale measurement.

Fig (11): Vernier calipers Fig (12): measurement tape

3-1-3 Test Specimens:

Ten whole tiles in each type shall be tested .(ICS 91.100.23 code).

3-1-4 Procedure:

Measures each side of the tiles length and widths by scale measurement then
thickness with Vernier measurement.

22
3-1-5 Results:

Table (1): Dimension Test result.

Length Width Thickness
No. of sample
(mm) (mm) (mm)
1 600 300 9
2 600 300 9
Indian 3 600 300 9
4 600 300 9
5 600 300 9
1 590 300 9
2 590 300 9
Turkey 3 590 300 9
4 590 300 9
5 590 300 9
1 600 300 11
2 600 300 10
Iranian 3 600 300 10
4 600 300 10
5 600 300 10

23
Experiment No.2
3-2 Tile water absorption test
3-2-1 Objective: This test method is to determine the resistance of the tiles to
the moisture.

3-2-2 Apparatus:

1. Water tank with temperature (20±2℃)

2. Brush

3. Piece of cloth

4. Sensitive scale (balance 1gm accuracy).

5. Drying oven with temperature between (105±5) Č

Fig (13): Water bath Fig (14): Sensitive Scale

Fig (16): Oven Fig (15): Brush

24
3-2-3 Preparing the samples.

Age of the samples must not less than (28) days.

Table (2): Preparing Number of tiles for test.

Number of
Sample type Number of taking samples samples for
test

(6)tile for every (5000) tile

Terrazzo tiles (6)tile
according to the specification IQS1049-84

20)tile for every (100m²) (6)tile

Ceramic tile
according to the specification NCCLR-09
20) Tile for every (100m²) according to the (6)tile
Granite
specification NCCLR-09
3-2-4 Experiment method (procedure):

1. The dimensions of the tiles are measured by the ruler.

2. Dry the samples using the ventilated oven at (105C*+5C") for 24 hrs, until
the weight of the samples were fixed (weight loss percentage not less than 1%).

3. The samples were cooled to room temperature & use the scale (balance) to
weighting the dried samples (md).

4. The dry sample shall be completely immersed in water tank at (20±2℃) .SO
that the water level above the top surface of the sample between (2-10mm) for
(24±0.5hr.)

5. Each sample shall then be removed the surface water wiped off with a damp
cloth & use the scale (balance) to weight the saturated samples (mh).

Table (3): Standard Specification of water absorption test.

Note: The test method is carried out according to the type of tile and
according to the following specification:
(terrazzo tiles): (BS EN 13748-1:2004)
(Ceramic tiles) : (ISO 10545-2,3&42004)
(Granite tiles): (IQS 1387-98)

25
3-2-5 calculation Equations:
𝑚ℎ(𝑔𝑚)−𝑚𝑑(𝑔𝑚)
Absorption (%)= × 100
𝑚𝑑(𝑔𝑚)

Mh (gm) The weight of the saturated sample with water after (24) hr.

Md (gm)-Dry sample weight

3-2-6 Specification limits

Table (4): Maximum water absorption ratio.

Maximum water absorption ratio (%) Sample type

8 According to the specification IQS 1042-84 Terrazzo tiles
3 According to the specification IQS 1704-92 Ceramic tile
0.4 According to the specification IQS 1387-89 Granite

A. Indian Tiles
3065.4_2809.8
1.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 9.096%
2809.8

3045−2814.8
2.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 2.449%
2814.8

3062.8−2814.4
3.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 8.826%
2814.4

3071.2−2810.4
4.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 9.279%
2810.4

2
3027−2628.4
5.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 15.165%
2628.4

B. Turkey Tiles
2998−2754
1.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 8.859%
2754

2979−2800.4
2.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 6.377%
2800.4

2821.6−2733.8
3.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 3.211%
2733.8
26
 3260.6−2822
4.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 15.542%
2822

2720.6−2555.2
5.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 2.186%
2555.2

C. Iranian Tiles
3260.6−2822
1.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 15.542%
2822
3259.6−2972.2
2.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 9.669%
2972.2
3209.2−2974.6
3.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 7.886%
2974.6
3335.8−3079.4
4.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 8.326%
3079.4
3245.2−2997
5.Absorption (%)= × 100 = 8.281%
2997

3-2-7 Result:

No. of Dry Weight Wet weight Absorption

Average (%)
sample (gm) (gm) (%)
1 2809.8 3065.4 9.096
2 2814.8 3045 8.178
Indian 3 2814.4 3062.8 8.826 10.110
4 2810.4 3071.2 9.279
5 2628.4 3027 15.165
1 2754 2998 8.859
2 2800.4 2979 6.377
Turkey 3 2733.8 2821.6 3.211 5.4212
4 2836.2 2898.2 2.186
5 2555.2 2720.6 6.473
1 2822 3260.6 15.542
2 2972.2 3259.6 9.669
Iranian 3 2974.6 3209.2 7.886 9.9408
4 3079.4 3335.8 8.326
5 2997 3245.2 8.281
Table ( 5): Water absorption test data.
27
Experiment No. 3
3-3 Modulus of rupture test of tiles
3-3-1 Objective: This test method is used to find the required load to break the
tile.

3-3-2 Apparatus:

1. Test machine.

2. Ruler to measure the dimensions of the sample.

Fig (17): Ceramic rapture testing Fig (18): Ceramic tile at failure

3-3-3 Preparing the samples

Age of the samples must not less than (28) days.

Table (6): Preparing Number of sample of tiles for rapture test.

No. of samples
Sample type Number of taking samples
for test
6)tile for every (5000)tile according to the
Terrazzo tiles specification (6)tile
IQS1049-84
(20)tile for every (100m²) according to the (6)tile
Ceramic tile
specification NCCLR-09
(20) Tile for every (100m²) according to the
(6)tile
Granite specification
NCCLR-09

28
3-3-4 Experiment method (procedure):

1. Place the samples in water tank at (20±5℃) for(24+3hr.)

2. Remove the samples from the water tank and put the sample on the
supports (distance between the supports should be equal to(2\3) the length
of the sample.
3. Center the applied load and bring the load applying rod in contact the
surface of sample.
4. Apply the load uniformly with a homogenous increase until rupture and
recorded the load.

3-3-5 calculation Equations:

(𝟑 × 𝑭 × 𝑳)
𝑻=
𝟐 × 𝒘 × 𝒉𝟐
T-Modulus of rupture (Mpa)
F- Failure load (N)
L-Distance between the supports (mm)
w-Width of the sample (mm)
h=Depth (thickness) of sample (mm).

Table (7): Standard Specification for modules rapture of tiles test.

Note: The test method is carried out according to the type of tile and
according to the following specification:
(terrazzo tiles): (BS EN 13748-1:2004)
(Ceramic tiles): (ISO 10545-2,3&42004)
(Granite tiles):(IQS 1387-98)

29
3-3-6 Specification limit

Table (8): Minimum modulus of rupture test of tiles.

Sample type The minimum modulus of rupture for tile

(Mpa)
Terrazzo tiles 3.0
According to specification IQS1042-84
Ceramic tile 20
According to specification IQS1704-92
Granite 10
According to specification IQS 1387-89

3-3-7 Calculations:
A. Indian Tiles
(3 × 470 × 600)
1. 𝑇 = = 17.407𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92
(3 × 440 × 600)
2. 𝑇 = = 16.296𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92
(3 × 440 × 600)
2. 𝑇 = = 16.296𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92
(3 × 460 × 600)
4. 𝑇 = = 17.037𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92
(3 × 530 × 600)
5. 𝑇 = = 19.629𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92

17.407+16.296+16.296+17.037+19.692
Average (Mpa) = = 17.333𝑀𝑝𝑎
5

B. Turkey Tiles
(3 × 660 × 590)
1. 𝑇 = = 24.037𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92

30
 (3 × 640 × 590)
2. 𝑇 = = 23.308𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92
(3 × 650 × 590)
3. 𝑇 = = 23.672𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92
(3 × 690 × 590)
4. 𝑇 = = 25.129𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92
(3 × 620 × 590)
5. 𝑇 = = 22.580𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 92

24.037+23.308+23.672+25.129+22.58
Average (Mpa) = = 23.7452𝑀𝑝𝑎
5

C. Iranian Tiles

(3 × 640× 600)
1. 𝑇 = = 15.867𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 112
(3 × 660 × 600)
2. 𝑇 = = 19.8𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 102
(3 × 670 × 600)
3. 𝑇 = = 20.1𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 102
(3 × 650 × 600)
4. 𝑇 = = 19.5𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 102
(3 × 740 × 600)
5. 𝑇 = = 22.2𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 × 300 × 102

15.867+19.8+20.1+19.5+22.2
Average (Mpa) = = 19.4934𝑀𝑝𝑎
5

31
3-3-8 Result:
Table (9): Modules rapture of tiles data.

Failure Failure failure

No. of Length Width Thickness Avg.
Load load load T(Mpa)
sample (mm) (mm) (mm) (Mpa
(kN) (Mpa) (N)
1 600 300 9 0.47 11.07 470 17.407
2 600 300 9 0.44 10.91 440 16.296
Indian 3 600 300 9 0.44 11.91 440 16.296 17.333
4 600 300 9 0.46 460 17.037
5 600 300 9 0.53 530 19.629
1 590 300 9 0.66 16.22 660 24.037
2 590 300 9 0.64 15.11 640 23.308
Turkey 3 590 300 9 0.65 15.37 650 23.672 23.7452
4 590 300 9 0.69 16.34 690 25.129
5 590 300 9 0.62 15.34 620 22.58
1 600 300 11 0.64 12.47 640 15.867
2 600 300 10 0.66 13.09 660 19.8
Iranian 3 600 300 10 0.67 12.99 670 20.1 19.4934
4 600 300 10 0.65 12.26 650 19.5
5 600 300 10 0.74 14.39 740 22.2

32
 Chapter Four

Result & Discussion

3-1 Results:

Table (10) Result and Specification for (Indian-Turky- Iranian) ceramic

tiles:

Modulus of
Absorption Modulus of
Ceramic Tile Absorption rapture IQS1704-
IQS 1704-92 rapture
Type (%) 92
(%) (Mpa)
(Mpa)
Indian 16.34% 17.333

Turkey 5.42% 3% 23.745 20 Mpa

Iranian 9.94% 19.493

Figure (19): Absorption ratio test result

12.00%

10.11% 9.94%
10.00%
Water Absorbtion (%)

8.00%

6.00% 5.42%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%
Indian Trukey Iranian
Cerimic tile product

33
Figure (20): modulus of rapture test result

25 23.745

19.493
Modulus of rapture (Mpa)

20
17.333

15

10

0
Indian Turkey Iranian
Cerimic tile product

34
3-2 Discussion:

This research will explain some of the properties that make ceramic tiles an ideal
material to be used both indoors and outdoors, in pavements, walls or facades,
being highly decorative and easily combinable with any style of interior design
or architecture. Also knowing the characteristics of the most prominent types that
are found in our country, as we conducted research on three common products
(Indian - Turkish - Iranian) and we tested the necessary tests to determine the
suitability for use and compare them and also compare them with the
specification limits.

In our research, we obtained three important results that determine the quality of
the product and its suitability for use. We conducted three tests (Dimension test -
water absorption test and modulus of rapture test) on three ceramic tiles products,
different in terms of country of origin, with the size (30 × 60) that is used. In
finishing interior and exterior walls.

In terms of checking the dimension, we obtained good results from the (Turkish-
Indian- Iranian) product, as we took (5-numbers) of each to check the
measurements. In general, the (Turkish-Indian) product, in terms of
measurements, is more accurate than the (Iranian) product, as we found
disagreement from Tile fish of Iranian origin.

In examining the water absorption rate, where we conducted the test on (5-
number) of each product according to the country of origin, we obtained the
lowest absorption rate by the Turkish product, which is (5.42%), and in second
place is the non-Iranian product, the absorption rate of which is (9.94), and the
product with the most water absorption. It is the Indian product, as its water
absorption rate ranges around (10.110%). The Iraqi specifications IQS 1704-92
set the upper limit for water absorption for ceramic tiles (3%), but all three of the
products do not conform to the specification’s limits. Thus, the Turkish product
is better than the rest of the products (Iranian - Indian) because its water
absorption property is lower than them, and this means that the product has a
lower percentage of voids and is denser.

According to the examination of (modulus of rapture), where we also obtained

(5-number) for each three products according to the country of origin, and we
obtained the greatest bending resistance from them by the (Turkish) product,
which reaches (23.74 MPa), and in second place is the (Iranian) product, which
has about (19.49 MPa) and the (Indian) product has the lowest bending resistance,
35
which is (17.33 MPa). Whereas the Iraqi specifications IQS1704-92 specified (20
MPa) as the specification limits for ceramic tiles This means that the Turkish
product is more resistant to bending forces and shocks and it is in agreement with
the specification limits.

36
 Chapter Five

Conclusion

From Table (10), Fig (19) & Fig (20) respectively can draw the following
conclusions:

1. The Water absorption ratio for (Indian – Turkey – Iranian) ceramic tiles
products were (16.34% , 5.42% , 9.94%) respectively, and the IQS1704-92
specified (3%) as a maximum Absorption ratio of ceramic tiles, thus mean none
of them do not much with IQS standards. But the (Turky product) has a lower
absorption ratio than (Indian & Iranian) products.

2. The modulus of rapture value of (Indian – Turkey – Iranian) ceramic tiles

products were (17.33 , 23.74 , 19.49)Mpa respectively, and and the IQS1704-92
specified (20 Mpa) as a minimum value of ceramic tiles, thus mean the (Turky
product) has a higher Strength of (rapture) than (Indian & Iranian) products. And
the turkey product was acceptable with IQS standards but (Indian & Iranin)
products do not much with standard which have lower value than IQS standard.

3. Finally, according to these results the (Turky) ceramic tile product is better
than the other products which we did teste on, In terms of water absorption and
also resistance to bending and shocks

37
References:
1. Ceramic Tile | Formula, Properties & Application (material-properties.org)
2. What's the Difference between Glazed Tiles and Unglazed Tiles? (lucretiatiles.com)
3. What Is Ceramic Tile? | Flooring America
4. Ceramic tiles: basic concepts, types, and characteristics (rubi.com)
5. 6 Common Types of Tile in Residential Construction (mtcopeland.com)
6. Advantages & Disadvantages of Ceramic Tiles (aglasiangranito.com)
7. Materials Needed to Lay Tile Floor: The Best Tools – Rubi Blog USA
8. How To Lay Floor Tile Installation Guide | The Tile Shop
9. How To Install Tiles Using Tile Adhesive | Expert Step-by-Step Guide
10. ASTM Standards, and ACI publications.
11. Handbook of Ceramic Tiles for an Architect – Learn the most important terms and
parameters
12. + ) ‫ وزارة االعمار واالسكان (الهيئة العامة للمباني‬,) ‫المواصفات الفنية لألعمال المدنية (مدونة بناء عراقية‬
) ‫وزارة التخطيط (الجهاز المركزي للتقييس والسيطرة النوعية‬

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