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Experiment: Calibration of A Bourdon Pressure Gauge 2-1 Introduction

Hussein

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31 views

Experiment: Calibration of A Bourdon Pressure Gauge 2-1 Introduction

Hussein

Uploaded by

c9jgg45db6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment: Calibration of a Bourdon Pressure Gauge

2-1 introduction:

Instrument calibration is one of the primary processes used to maintain


instrument accuracy. It is the process of configuring an instrument to
provide results within an acceptable range. Known weights have been
applied on a Dead Weight Calibrator to apply pressure to a fluid for
checking the accuracy of readings from a pressure gauge.

Various types of pressure measuring instrument have been used to measure


the pressure intensity at any point in static or moving fluid. One of these
devices is the Bourdon tube pressure gauge. Bourdon-tube pressure gauges
are most widely used now-a-days because of their reliability, compactness,
low cost and ease of use. It consists of a curved tube (Figure 1) of elliptical
cross-section bent into a circular arc.

When pressure is applied to the tube, it tends to straighten out, and the
deflection of the end of the tube is communicated through a system of
levers to a recording pointer. This gauge is widely used for steam and
compressed gases. The pressure indicated is the difference between the
system pressure and to the external (ambient) pressure, and is usually
referred to as the gauge pressure.

Figure 1
Aims :

1. Understanding Pressure Measuremen:: To grasp the fundamental


principles of how pressure is measured in various applications and the
importance of accurate pressure readings.

2. Exploring Mechanical Design: To analyze the mechanical design and


components of the Bourdon gauge, including its working principle and
construction.

3 Applications in Industry:To identify and understand the various


industries and applications where Bourdon gauges are utilized, such as oil
and gas, HVAC, and water management.

4. Assessing Advantages and Limitations:To evaluate the advantages and


limitations of using Bourdon gauges compared to other pressure
measurement devices, including electronic sensors.

5.Calibration and Maintenance:To learn the procedures for calibrating


and maintaining Bourdon gauges to ensure their accuracy and reliability
over time.

6.Improving Safety and Efficiency: To appreciate how effective pressure


measurement contributes to safety and efficiency in industrial processes.

7. Historical Context:To recognize the historical significance of the


Bourdon gauge in the development of pressure measurement technologies.

8. Innovation and Advancements:To discuss potential advancements and


innovations in Bourdon gauge technology, including materials and design
improvements.

By achieving these aims, one can develop a comprehensive understanding of


the Bourdon gauge's role in pressure measurement and its relevance in
various fields.

Theory:
The bourdon gauge is the most popular pressure measuring device for both
liquids and gasses. It can be connected to any source of pressure such as a
pipe or vessel containing a pressurized fluid.
1.Bourdon Gauge:

The Bourdon Gauge (Figure 2) is fitted with a transparent dial, which lets
you see the internal workings of the gauge. The gauge consists of a thin
walled closed ended tube which is oval in cross section. This tube is bent
through an angle of about 270o along its long axis. The open end of the
tube is welded to a hollow mounting block which allows the pressurized
fluid to reach the tube. This causes the pressure from the source to be
transmitted directly to the inside of the bourdon tube. The applied pressure
causes the oval tube to become rounder (since a round cross section has the
maximum area for a given circumference). As it becomes rounder, the
bourdon tube tends to uncurl which causes its free end to move. A system
of linkages and levers transmits this motion to the gauge needle which
moves over the scale.

Figure 2

Procedure :

1. Preparation: - Ensure that the Bourdon gauge is clean and free


from any debris.
- Inspect the gauge for any visible damage or wear that could affect its
performance.

2. Connection:
- Identify the pressure source and ensure it is suitable for the pressure
range of the Bourdon gauge.
- Use a wrench to securely connect the Bourdon gauge to the pressure
source, ensuring there are no leaks at the connection point.

3. Setting Up the Pressure Source:


- Gradually open the pressure source valve to start applying pressure
to the Bourdon gauge.
- Monitor the gauge closely as pressure is applied to avoid exceeding
its maximum rating.

4. Reading the Pressure:


- Allow the gauge to stabilize for a moment once the desired pressure is
reached.
- Take the reading from the dial, noting the position of the pointer
against the scale.
- Record the reading for reference or further analysis.

5.Release Pressure:
- Carefully release the pressure from the system by gradually closing the
valve.
- Disconnect the Bourdon gauge using a wrench, ensuring to relieve
any residual pressure before removal.

6.Maintenance and Storage:


- Clean the gauge if necessary, especially if it has been exposed to any
corrosive substances.
- Store the gauge in a safe, dry place to prevent damage.

Calculations:
When using a Bourdon gauge, several calculations can be performed to
determine pressure and analyze performance. Here are some key
calculations:

1.Pressure Calculation:
The Bourdon gauge measures pressure based on the deformation of the
Bourdon tube. The formula for pressure \( P \) can be derived from the
relationship between the deflection of the tube and the internal pressure.

For a Bourdon tube, the pressure can be approximated using:

\[
P = \frac{E \cdot I \cdot (R - d)}{k \cdot L}
\]

Where:
\( P \) = Pressure (Pa)
\( E \) = Modulus of elasticity of the material (Pa)
\( I \) = Moment of inertia of the tube's cross-section (m^4)
\( R \) = Radius of curvature of the tube (m)
\( d \) = Diameter of the tube (m)
\( k \) = Constant based on gauge design
\( L \) = Length of the effective arc (m)

#### 2. **Deflection Calculation**


To calculate the deflection \( \delta \) of the Bourdon tube at a given
pressure:

\[
\delta = \frac{P \cdot L^2}{3 \cdot E \cdot I}
\]

Where:
\( \delta \) = Deflection (m)
\( P \) = Internal pressure (Pa)
\( L \) = Length of the Bourdon tube (m)
\( E \) = Modulus of elasticity (Pa)
\( I \) = Moment of inertia of the tube's cross-section (m^4)

#### 3. **Calibration**
Calibration of a Bourdon gauge involves determining the relationship
between the pressure applied and the corresponding reading on the gauge.
This can be represented as:

\[
\text{Reading} = m \cdot P + b
\]

Where:
\( \text{Reading} \) = Gauge reading
\( m \) = Slope of the calibration line (sensitivity)
\( b \) = Y-intercept (error at zero pressure)

#### Example Calculation


Assuming a Bourdon gauge with:
Modulus of elasticity \( E = 200 \times 10^9 \) Pa (steel)
Tube diameter \( d = 0.01 \) m
Radius of curvature \( R = 0.05 \) m
Effective length \( L = 0.1 \) m
Moment of inertia \( I = \frac{\pi d^4}{64} \)

**Calculate Moment of Inertia**:


\[
I = \frac{\pi (0.01)^4}{64} \approx 4.908 \times 10^{-10} \, m^4
\]

**Calculate Pressure for a deflection of 1 mm (0.001 m)**:


Rearranging the deflection formula:
\[
P = \frac{3 \cdot E \cdot I \cdot \delta}{L \]Substituting values:
\[ P = \frac{3 \cdot 200 \times 10^9 \cdot 4.908 \times 10^{-10} \cdot
0.001}{(0.1)^2} \approx 2940 \, Pa\]
Discussion:
Is the relative height between the calibrator and the gauge important in
calibration?
Is there a difference between actual pressure and gauge pressure?
General comments about the experiment.

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